<questiont> Define the term morphology • Require a direct object to complete their • Combines a main clause (Can you

a main clause (Can you tell me)

and explain its significance in meaning. with an embedded indirect question (where the
understanding word structure in English. • Example: She wrote a letter. (“a letter” is the nearest train station is).
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that direct object).
studies the internal structure of words and how Intransitive verbs: <questiont> Describe the difference
they are formed. It examines the smallest units • Do not take a direct object. between finite and non-finite verbs,
of meaning, called morphemes, which can be • Example: He sleeps. (no object required). including examples.
roots, prefixes, suffixes, or infixes. <question3t>Identify the main clause and Finite verbs:
Significance: subordinate clause(s) in the following • Show tense, number, or mood.
• Morphology helps us understand how words sentence: • Serve as the main verb of a clause.
are constructed and modified to convey "When the storm passed, we went outside to • Example: He runs every morning. (runs is
different meanings or grammatical functions. survey the damage." finite; it shows present tense).
• For example, the word “unhappiness” is • Main clause: We went outside to survey the Non-finite verbs:
made up of three morphemes: “un-” (prefix, damage (independent clause). • Do not indicate tense, number, or mood.
meaning “not”), “happy” (root), and “-ness” • Subordinate clause: When the storm passed • Include infinitives, participles, and gerunds.
(suffix, indicating a state or condition). • It (adverbial clause indicating time). • Example: Running is good for health.
also aids in learning word-formation rules (Running is a gerund, non-finite).
(e.g., derivation and inflection), which is <questiont>Explain the concept of subject- Difference: Finite verbs act as the core action
essential for understanding vocabulary and verb agreement and its grammatical in a sentence, whereas non-finite verbs
grammar in English. importance. function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
<question2t> Discuss the differences Subject-verb agreement refers to the rule that <question2t> Explain word order rules in
between finite and non-finite verbs, the subject and verb in a sentence must match English and why they are critical to
providing examples of each type and in number and person. sentence meaning.
explaining their syntactic roles within a • Example: She runs every morning (singular Word order rules in English follow a Subject-
sentence. subject, singular verb). Verb-Object (SVO) structure.
Finite verbs: Importance: • Ensures clarity and grammatical For example:
• Express tense, number, or mood. correctness. Misagreement can lead to • Correct: The dog chased the cat.
• Act as the main verb in a clause. confusion (They was late vs. They were late). • Incorrect: The cat chased the dog.
• Example: She walks to school. (finite verb: <question2t> Discuss the types of auxiliary Why critical:
“walks” indicates present tense). verbs in English, giving examples of each. • Changing word order alters meaning or
Non-finite verbs: Types of auxiliary verbs: makes the sentence ungrammatical.
• Do not indicate tense, number, or mood. 1. Primary auxiliaries: be, have, do Example:
• Include infinitives, gerunds, and participles. • Example: She is running. • She gave the book to him (clear).
• Example: Walking to school, she felt 2. Modal auxiliaries: can, will, may, should, • Him gave the book to she (confusing and
energized. (“Walking” is a non-finite verb etc. incorrect).
used as a participle). Syntactic roles: • Example: He should go now. <question3t>Identify and explain the
• Finite verbs function as predicates, driving <question3t>Analyze the following sentence function of any modifiers in the following
the sentence’s main action. for its grammatical structure and identify sentence:
• Non-finite verbs often act as adjectives, the function of each phrase: "She quickly ran to the store before it closed."
adverbs, or nouns within sentences. "She gave him a book that he had wanted for a •Quickly: Adverb modifying ran, describing
<question3t>Analyze the sentence below. long time." how the action was performed.
Identify the grammatical functions of each Analysis: •To the store: Prepositional phrase modifying
clause and explain the type of complex • She gave him a book: Main clause with ran, indicating where she ran.
sentence structure: subject (She), verb (gave), indirect object •Before it closed: Subordinate clause acting as
"Although he was tired, he continued working (him), and direct object (a book). an adverbial modifier, specifying the time of
until he finished his project." • That he had wanted: Relative clause the action.
Analysis modifying “a book.”
Clauses: • For a long time: Prepositional phrase <questiont> Define morphology and its role
• Although he was tired: Subordinate indicating duration. in understanding word formation in
(adverbial) clause indicating contrast. English.
• He continued working: Main clause, <questiont> Define phrase structure rules Morphology: The study of the structure and
expressing the primary action. and explain their role in English grammar. formation of words. It analyzes morphemes,
• Until he finished his project: Subordinate Phrase structure rules: Formal guidelines the smallest units of meaning.
(adverbial) clause indicating time. describing how phrases are formed in a Role:
Complex sentence structure: This is a complex language. • Explains word creation (e.g., happy →
sentence because it contains one independent Example: S → NP + VP (a sentence consists unhappy → unhappiness).
clause (he continued working) and two of a noun phrase and a verb phrase). • Distinguishes between inflection
subordinate clauses (although he was tired and Role: (grammatical changes like walk → walked)
until he finished his project). • Provides a framework for sentence and derivation (creating new words like friend
generation. → friendship).
<questiont> Define syntax and explain its • Helps linguists and learners analyze <question2t> Discuss nominalization and
importance in the structure of English grammatical structures systematically. provide examples of how verbs can be
sentences. <question2t> Differentiate between active transformed into nouns.
Syntax refers to the rules and principles and passive voice, providing examples to Nominalization: The process of converting
governing the arrangement of words into illustrate the difference. verbs or adjectives into nouns.
phrases, clauses, and sentences. Importance: Active voice: The subject performs the action. Examples:
• Syntax determines sentence structure and • Example: The cat chased the mouse. • Verb → Noun.
ensures grammaticality (e.g., He eats pizza vs. Passive voice: The subject receives the action. • Decide → Decision.
Eats he pizza). • Example: The mouse was chased by the cat. • React → Reaction.
• It establishes relationships between words, <question3t>Identify the sentence type of • Adjective → Noun:
such as subject-verb agreement or the role of the following and explain the choice of • Happy → Happiness.
modifiers. structure: • Able → Ability. Nominalization is often
<question2t> Describe the difference Can you tell me where the nearest train station used in formal writing to create abstract
between transitive and intransitive verbs, is?" concepts (e.g., The implementation of the
providing examples. Sentence type: This is an interrogative policy instead of They implemented the
Transitive verbs: sentence (question). policy).
Choice of structure:
<question3t>Break down the following <question2t> Describe the structure and The teacher assigned the students a difficult
sentence into its subject, predicate, and function of relative clauses, giving project."
objects: examples. • Subject: The teacher (performs the action of
"The committee decided to postpone the Relative clauses: Subordinate clauses that assigning).
meeting until further notice." modify a noun or pronoun, introduced by • Verb: Assigned (transitive verb indicating
• Subject: The committee. relative pronouns (who, which, that, whose, the action performed).
• Predicate: decided to postpone the meeting where). • Indirect Object: The students (receives the
until further notice. Structure: direct object).
• Direct object: the meeting. • Relative pronoun + subject + verb. • Direct Object: A difficult project (the item
• Adverbial modifier: until further notice • Example: The book that she wrote is a being assigned).
(indicating time or condition). bestseller. The sentence follows a subject-verb-indirect
Function: Provide additional information object-direct object structure.
<questiont> Define parts of speech and about the noun without starting a new
discuss their role in English grammar. sentence. <questiont> Define compound sentence and
Parts of speech: Categories of words based on <question3t>Identify the main clause and provide examples of different types.
their function in a sentence. The main ones subordinate clause in the following Compound Sentence: A sentence containing
are: sentence: two or more independent clauses joined by a
• Nouns: Name people, places, or things (cat, "He stayed up late because he wanted to finish coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a
city). his assignment." conjunctive adverb.
• Verbs: Express actions or states (run, is). • Main clause: He stayed up late (independent; Examples:
• Adjectives: Describe nouns (beautiful, red). can stand alone). 1. With coordinating conjunction:
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other • Subordinate clause: Because he wanted to • I went to the store, and I bought some bread.
adverbs (quickly, very). finish his assignment (dependent; provides the 2. With a semicolon:
• Pronouns: Replace nouns (he, they). reason for the main clause). • She loves reading; he prefers watching
• Prepositions: Indicate relationships (on, movies.
under). <questiont> Discuss modality in English 3. With a conjunctive adverb:
• Conjunctions: Connect words or clauses grammar and list the modal verbs, with • He was late; however, he still completed the
(and, but). examples. project on time. In compound sentences, each
Role: Parts of speech form the building blocks Modality refers to the linguistic expressions of clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
of sentences and determine word placement necessity, possibility, permission, ability, or <question2t> Explain the role and structure
and grammatical relationships. obligation. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs of participial phrases in English grammar.
<question2t> Explain the difference used to express modality. Participial Phrases: Groups of words that
between inflectional and derivational List of Modal Verbs: begin with a participle (present or past) and
morphemes, providing examples of each. • Can: Expresses ability or possibility (She can include any modifiers or complements.
Inflectional morphemes: Modify a word’s swim). Role:
grammatical function without changing its • Could: Expresses past ability or polite • Function as adjectives, providing additional
core meaning or category. possibility (Could you help me?). information about nouns or pronouns.
Example: • May: Expresses permission or possibility Structure:
• Plural: cat → cats. (You may leave early). • Present participle (-ing) or past participle (-
• Past tense: walk → walked. • Might: Expresses less certain possibility (It ed) + modifiers or complements.
Derivational morphemes: Create new words might rain later). • Example: Running late for the meeting, he
by altering the meaning or grammatical • Shall: Expresses future intention or hurried to the office.
category. suggestion (Shall we start the meeting?). • Running late for the meeting modifies he.
Example: • Should: Expresses advice or obligation (You Participial phrases must clearly relate to the
• Noun to adjective: beauty → beautiful. should exercise more). noun they modify to avoid dangling modifiers.
• Verb to noun: teach → teacher. • Will: Expresses certainty or future intention <question3t> Identify and analyze the
<question3t>Analyze the grammatical (I will call you tomorrow). function of the participial phrase in this
structure of the following sentence and • Would: Expresses hypothetical situations or sentence:
identify the type of each phrase: polite requests (Would you like some tea?). "Walking through the park, she found a quiet
"The beautiful, old house on the corner was • Must: Expresses necessity or strong place to read."
recently sold." obligation (You must finish your homework). • Participial Phrase: Walking through the park.
• The beautiful, old house: Noun phrase (The Modal verbs are unique because they do not • Function: Acts as an adjective modifying
= determiner; beautiful, old = adjectives change form and are followed by the base she, describing what she was doing while
modifying house). form of the verb. finding the quiet place.
• On the corner: Prepositional phrase The phrase provides context for the main
modifying house. action in the sentence
• Was recently sold: Verb phrase (was sold = <question2t>Explain the difference between
passive verb; recently = adverb modifying simple and complex prepositions and give <questiont> Define determiners and their
sold). examples. function in English grammar, giving
Simple Prepositions: Single-word prepositions examples
<questiont> Define tense and aspect and that indicate relationships between elements in Determiners: Words placed before nouns to
explain how they differ in expressing time a sentence. • Examples: in, on, at, by, for, specify quantity, definiteness, possession, or
in English. under, with. reference.
Tense: Refers to the time of an action (past, • The book is on the table. Types and Examples:
present, or future). Complex Prepositions: Multi-word phrases • Articles: a, an, the (The book is on the
• Example: She walks (present), She walked functioning as prepositions, often combining table.).
(past). simple prepositions with other words. • Demonstratives: this, that, these, those (This
Aspect: Describes the nature or duration of the • Examples: in front of, on behalf of, car is fast.)
action (completed, ongoing, etc.). according to, because of. • Possessives: my, your, his, her (Her dog is
Example: • She acted on behalf of her team. friendly.).
• Simple aspect: He eats. The difference lies in their structure: simple • Quantifiers: some, many, few, several (Many
• Progressive aspect: He is eating. prepositions are single words, while complex people attended the event.).
• Perfect aspect: He has eaten. prepositions are multi-word expressions. • Numbers: one, two, three (Three cats are in
Difference: Tense is about when the action <question3t> Break down the sentence the room.).
occurs, while aspect is about how the action below into its subject, verb, and object, and Function: Determiners clarify or limit the
unfolds. describe each component's role: meaning of the nouns they precede.
<question2t> Discuss the concept of <question3t>Identify the coordinating and • Affirmative: She is coming.
agreement in English grammar, focusing on subordinating conjunctions in the following • Negative: She is not coming.
subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent sentence, and explain how they connect the 2. Using negative
agreement. clauses: pronouns/determiners:
Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and "She wanted to stay home, but she had to go to • Nobody was there.
verb must agree in number and person. work because of an important meeting." • There is no time left.
Example: • Coordinating Conjunction: But (connects 3. Using adverbs of negation:
• Singular: She runs every morning. two independent clauses: She wanted to stay • She never eats meat.
• Plural: They run every morning. Pronoun- home and she had to go to work). <question3t>Transform the following
Antecedent Agreement: A pronoun must agree • Subordinating Conjunction: Because affirmative sentence into a negative one,
with its antecedent in number, gender, and (introduces the dependent clause because of an maintaining the original meaning:
person. important meeting, explaining why she had to "She always arrives on time." Negative: She
Example: go to work). never arrives late.
• Singular: The boy forgot his book. (his
agrees with boy). <questiont> Define prepositions and <questiont> Describe appositive phrases
• Plural: The students forgot their books. (their describe their role in forming prepositional and their function in sentence structure.
agrees with students). phrases. Appositive Phrases: Nouns or noun phrases
Both forms of agreement ensure clarity and Prepositions: Words that show relationships placed next to another noun to rename or
grammatical correctness. between nouns/pronouns and other parts of the provide additional information.
<question3t>Identify the subject and main sentence, indicating direction, place, time, Function: Clarify or elaborate on the noun they
verb of each clause in the following cause, or manner. follow.
sentence: • Examples: in, on, at, by, for, with, about. • Example: My friend, a talented artist,
"Even though it was raining, they decided to Prepositional Phrases: Start with a preposition designed this poster.
go for a walk." and include its object and any modifiers. <question2t> Explain the role of relative
1. Subordinate Clause: • Example: On the table (on = preposition, the pronouns in English, listing examples and
• Subject: It. table = object). their uses.
• Main verb: Was raining. Role: Prepositional phrases act as adjectives or Relative Pronouns: Introduce relative clauses,
2. Main Clause: adverbs, modifying nouns, verbs, or entire connecting them to the noun they describe.
• Subject: They. clauses. Examples and Uses:
• Main verb: Decided. • The book on the table is mine (adjective). • Who/Whom: Refers to people (The man who
The subordinate clause provides a condition, • She ran with great speed (adverb). called you is here).
while the main clause expresses the primary <question2t> Differentiate between simple, • Which: Refers to animals or things (The
action. compound, and complex sentences with book, which is on the table, is mine).
examples. • That: Refers to people, animals, or things in
<questiont> Explain phrase structure and 1. Simple Sentence: Contains one restrictive clauses (The car that he bought is
the types of phrases commonly found in independent clause. red).
English sentences. • Example: She went to the store. • Whose: Indicates possession (The girl whose
Phrase structure refers to the arrangement of 2. Compound Sentence: Contains two dog ran away is crying).
words in a sentence, forming meaningful units or more independent clauses joined by a <question3t>Identify the appositive phrase
that perform specific grammatical roles. coordinating conjunction or semicolon. in the sentence below and explain its
Phrases lack a subject-predicate relationship. • Example: She went to the store, and she grammatical role:
Types of Phrases: bought some milk. "My brother, an excellent guitarist, performed
1. Noun Phrase (NP): Contains a noun 3. Complex Sentence: Contains one at the concert last night."
and its modifiers. independent clause and at least one dependent • Appositive Phrase: An excellent guitarist.
• Example: The tall man in the hat. clause. • Role: Renames and provides additional
2. Verb Phrase (VP): Consists of a • Example: She went to the store because she information about my brother.
verb and its complements or modifiers. needed milk.
• Example: Was running quickly. <question3t>Identify the type of sentence <questiont> Define infinitive verbs and
3. Adjective Phrase (AdjP): Includes below (simple, compound, or complex) and their uses in English grammar.
an adjective and its modifiers. describe the function of each clause: Infinitive Verbs: Base form of the verb
• Example: Extremely difficult to solve. "If you finish your work early, we can go to preceded by to (e.g., to run, to sing).
4. Adverb Phrase (AdvP): Contains an the park or the museum." Uses:
adverb and its modifiers. Type: Complex sentence. 1. Noun: To read is her favorite hobby.
• Example: Very quietly. Function of Clauses: 2. Adjective: She has a lot of work to finish. 3.
5. Prepositional Phrase (PP): Begins • Dependent Clause: If you finish your work Adverb: He came to help.
with a preposition and includes its object and early (conditional, cannot stand alone). <question2t>Discuss the different types of
modifiers. • Independent Clause: We can go to the park noun phrases and provide examples.
• Example: Under the table. or the museum (main idea, can stand alone). A noun phrase (NP) is a group of words
Phrase structure explains how these units centered around a noun (the head noun) that
combine to form grammatical sentences. <questiont> Define interrogative sentences may include modifiers, determiners, or
<question2t> Describe coordinating and and describe their structure in English. complements.
subordinating conjunctions, and provide Interrogative Sentences: Questions used to Types of Noun Phrases:
examples of each. request information or confirmation. 1. Simple Noun Phrase:
Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words, Structure: • Contains only a noun or a pronoun.
phrases, or clauses of equal importance. 1. Yes/No Questions: • Example: Books; She.
• Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Auxiliary/modal verb + subject + main verb. 2. Noun Phrase with a Determiner:
• Example sentence: She likes tea, but he • Example: Is she coming? • Includes a determiner such as the, a, an, this,
prefers coffee. 2. Wh- Questions: Wh-word + that.
Subordinating Conjunctions: Link a dependent auxiliary/modal verb + subject + main verb. • Example: The car; An idea.
(subordinate) clause to an independent clause, • Example: Where are you going? 3. Noun Phrase with Adjectives:
showing a relationship like time, reason, or <question2t> Explain the concept of negation • Contains one or more adjectives modifying
condition. in English grammar, giving examples of the noun.
• Examples: because, although, while, if, negative structures. • Example: The red ball; A tall, handsome
since, when. Negation: Making a sentence negative by man.
• Example sentence: She stayed home because adding not, no, or other negative words. 4. Noun Phrase with a Prepositional
she was feeling unwell. Examples: Phrase:
1. Using not:
 • Includes a prepositional phrase that adds • Examples: each other, one another. Indirect Speech: She said she would meet me
information about the noun. • Example: They respect each other. at the library.
• Example: The book on the table; The girl <question3t>Identify and describe the non-
with the blue dress. finite clause in this sentence: <questiont> Define compound-complex
5. Noun Phrase with a Relative "Leaving the party early, she missed the sentences and provide examples.
Clause: surprise announcement." A compound-complex sentence combines at
• Contains a relative clause that gives more • Non-Finite Clause: Leaving the party early. least two independent clauses and one or more
information about the noun. • Description: A participial clause acting as an dependent clauses. It reflects complex
• Example: The teacher who helped me; The adverb, explaining the reason for she missed relationships and multiple ideas within a single
house that Jack built. the surprise announcement. sentence.
6. Noun Phrase with an Appositive: Examples:
• Includes an appositive that renames or <questiont> Describe modal verbs and their 1. Although it was raining, we went to
provides additional details about the noun. functions in expressing ability, permission, the park, and we enjoyed the day.
• Example: My friend, a skilled guitarist. obligation, etc. • Independent Clauses: We went to the park
7. Complex Noun Phrase: • Combines Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express and We enjoyed the day.
multiple modifiers, complements, and phrases. various nuances of mood or attitude, such as • Dependent Clause: Although it was raining.
• Example: The young woman wearing a red ability, permission, obligation, necessity, or 2. She didn’t feel well, so she stayed
jacket and carrying a laptop. Noun phrases possibility. Modal verbs do not change their home because she needed rest.
play crucial roles as subjects, objects, and form and are always followed by the base • Independent Clauses: She didn’t feel well
complements in sentences. form of a verb. and She stayed home.
<question3t>Identify and analyze the Key Modal Verbs and Their Functions: • Dependent Clause: Because she needed rest.
infinitive phrase in the following sentence, 1. Ability: • Can, Could <question2t> Discuss adverbial phrases and
explaining its functi on: • Examples: She can play the piano. / He could their role in modifying verbs, adjectives, or
"To succeed in life, one must work hard and solve the problem easily. other adverbs.
stay focused." 2. Permission: • Can, Could, May An adverbial phrase is a group of words that
• Infinitive Phrase: To succeed in life. • Examples: You can borrow my book. / May I functions as an adverb, modifying a verb,
• Function: Acts as an adverb, explaining the leave early? adjective, or another adverb by providing
purpose of must work hard and stay focused. 3. Obligation/Necessity: • Must, Have information about time, place, manner, reason,
to, Should, Ought to or degree.
<questiont> Explain finite and non-finite • Examples: You must wear a seatbelt. / We Functions:
clauses and provide examples of each. should study for the test. 1. Modifying Verbs: • Example: She sings
Finite Clauses: Contain a subject and a verb 4. Possibility: • May, Might, Could, beautifully in the choir. (How she sings)
that show tense. Can 2. Modifying Adjectives: • Example: He is
• Example: She went to the store. • Examples: It might rain later. / This can very confident. (To what degree he is
Non-finite Clauses: Contain a verb that does happen to anyone. confident)
not show tense (infinitive, gerund, participle). 5. Prohibition: • Must not, Cannot 3. Modifying Other Adverbs: • Example: She
• Example: Running late, she hurried to the • Examples: You must not smoke here. / You runs surprisingly fast. (To what degree she
bus. cannot park here. runs fast) Adverbial phrases add depth and
<question2t> Define pronouns and explain 6. Future Intention: • Will, Shall precision to descriptions.
the various types (personal, possessive, • Examples: I will call you tomorrow. / Shall <question3t>Identify and analyze the
reflexive, etc.) in English. we go to the park? compound-complex sentence structure in
Pronouns are words used to replace nouns to Modal verbs are essential for nuanced the following:
avoid repetition and simplify sentences. Types expression and context in English "She wanted to go to the museum, but her
of Pronouns: 1. Personal Pronouns: communication. friend preferred the park because it was a
• Represent specific people or things. <question2t> Explain reported speech and sunny day."
• Subject Forms: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. the rules for changing direct speech to • Independent Clauses: • She wanted to go to
• Object Forms: me, you, him, her, it, us, indirect speech. the museum. • Her friend preferred the park.
them. Reported speech (or indirect speech) involves • Dependent Clause: • Because it was a sunny
• Example: She went to the park. conveying someone’s message without day.
2. Possessive Pronouns: quoting their exact words, usually by making • Structure: • This is a compound-complex
• Show ownership. changes to the verb tense, pronouns, and time sentence because it contains two independent
• Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. expressions. clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction
• Example: That book is mine. Key Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect but and one dependent clause introduced by
3. Reflexive Pronouns: Speech: the subordinating conjunction because.
• Refer back to the subject. 1. Change of Pronouns: Adjust
• Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, pronouns based on the speaker and listener. <questiont> Define clauses and differentiate
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. • Direct: “I am tired,” she said. • Indirect: She between independent and dependent clauses
• Example: He hurt himself. said she was tired. with examples.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns: 2. Change of Verb Tense: Shift the A clause is a group of words containing a
• Point to specific things. tense back (sequence of tenses), unless the subject and a predicate.
• Examples: this, that, these, those. reporting verb is in the present or the Independent Clause: • Can stand alone as a
• Example: This is my favorite. statement is a universal truth. complete sentence. • Example: She reads
5. Interrogative Pronouns: • Direct: “I will call you,” he said. • Indirect: books every day. Dependent Clause: • Cannot
• Used to ask questions. He said he would call me. stand alone and depends on an independent
• Examples: who, whom, whose, which, what. 3. Change of Time/Place Words: Adapt clause for meaning. • Example: Although she
• Example: Who is calling? references to time and place. was tired.
6. Relative Pronouns: • Direct: “I’ll see you tomorrow,” she said. • Difference: An independent clause expresses a
• Introduce relative clauses. Indirect: She said she would see me the next complete thought, while a dependent clause
• Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that. day. provides additional information but lacks
• Example: The person who called you is here. 3. No Change for Certain Modal completeness.
7. Indefinite Pronouns: Verbs: Could, Should, Would, Might, Must <question2t> Discuss sentence types
• Refer to nonspecific people or things. often remain the same. (declarative, interrogative, imperative,
• Examples: someone, anyone, everyone, no • Direct: “You must finish it,” he said. • exclamatory) and provide examples.
one, something, nothing, everything. Indirect: He said I must finish it. 1. Declarative Sentences: State facts or
• Example: Anyone can participate. <question3t>Convert the following sentence information. • Example: The sky is blue.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns: from direct to reported speech: 2. Interrogative Sentences: Ask questions. •
• Show mutual actions or relationships. "I will meet you at the library," she said. Example: What is your name?
3. Imperative Sentences: Give commands or gave him a book. (Him is the indirect object <question3t>Rewrite the following direct
requests. • Example: Close the door. because the book is given to him.) question as an indirect question:
4. Exclamatory Sentences: Express strong Key Rule: Indirect objects usually come "Where did she buy that dress?"
emotions or surprise. • Example: What a before direct objects without a preposition but • Indirect Question: Do you know where she
beautiful day! may follow the direct object with a preposition bought that dress?
<question3t>Identify the adverbial phrase (e.g., to or for).
in this sentence and describe its function: <question2t>Define adjective clauses and <questiont> Explain pronoun antecedents
"She read quietly in the library to avoid their role in modifying nouns within and the importance of pronoun-antecedent
disturbing others." sentences. agreement in English.
• Adverbial Phrase: To avoid disturbing An adjective clause (or relative clause) is a A pronoun antecedent is the noun or noun
others. dependent clause that modifies a noun or phrase that a pronoun refers to or replaces in a
• Function: Acts as an adverb modifying read pronoun by providing additional information sentence. Importance of Pronoun-Antecedent
by explaining the purpose of the action. about it. Adjective clauses typically begin with Agreement:
relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, 1. Number Agreement: A singular
<questiont> Define gerunds and explain that) or relative adverbs (when, where, why). antecedent requires a singular pronoun; a
their uses in English sentences. Example: • The man who helped us was very plural antecedent requires a plural pronoun.
A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing that kind. • Who helped us is the adjective clause Example: Each student must bring his or her
functions as a noun in a sentence. Gerunds can modifying the man. notebook. (Correct for singular antecedent
serve as the subject, object, complement, or <question3t>Identify the adjective clause in student)
the object of a preposition. the sentence below and explain its function: • The students finished their assignments.
Uses of Gerunds: "The book that she recommended was (Correct for plural antecedent students)
1. As the Subject of a Sentence: • Example: fascinating." 2. Gender Agreement: Pronouns
Swimming is good exercise. • Adjective Clause: That she recommended • should match the gender of the antecedent.
2. As the Object of a Verb: • Example: He Function: It modifies the noun book by Example: The girl said she was ready.
enjoys reading. specifying which book is being discussed. 3. Clarity: Pronoun-antecedent
3. As a Subject Complement: • Example: Her agreement ensures sentences are clear and
favorite hobby is painting. <questiont> Describe passive constructions unambiguous.
4. As the Object of a Preposition: • Example: and explain when they are typically used in • Ambiguous: When Anna talked to Sarah, she
She is interested in learning French. English. said she was tired.
5. As a Noun in Other Roles: • Example: They Passive constructions occur when the subject • Clear: When Anna talked to Sarah, Anna
discussed going to the park. of the sentence is the recipient of the action said she was tired.
<question2t> Describe conditional sentences rather than the doer. The verb is formed using <question2t>Define conjunctive adverbs
and the different types (zero, first, second, to be + past participle. and describe their function in connecting
and third conditionals). Uses of Passive Voice: ideas
Conditional sentences are composed of two 1. When the doer is unknown or unimportant: Conjunctive adverbs are words or phrases that
clauses: the if-clause (condition) and the main • Example: The window was broken. join independent clauses or sentences while
clause (result). These sentences express 2. To emphasize the action or object: • showing relationships such as contrast,
hypothetical or real situations. Example: The cake was baked by Sarah. addition, cause-and-effect, or sequence.
Types of Conditionals: 3. In formal or scientific writing: • Example: Functions:
1. Zero Conditional: • Used for general truths The experiment was conducted in controlled 1. Show Contrast: however, nevertheless, on
or facts. • Structure: If + present simple, conditions. the other hand • Example: It was cold;
present simple • Example: If you heat water, it <question2t>Define nominal clauses and however, they went hiking.
boils. provide examples of their use as subjects, 2. Show Cause and Effect: therefore,
2. First Conditional: • Used for real objects, or complements. consequently, thus • Example: She didn’t
possibilities in the future. • Structure: If + Nominal clauses (noun clauses) are dependent study; therefore, she failed the test. 3. Show
present simple, will + base verb • Example: If clauses that function as nouns.Examples: Addition: furthermore, moreover, additionally
it rains, we will stay indoors. 1. As a Subject: • What he said is important. • Example: He is talented; moreover, he is
3. Second Conditional: • Used for unreal or 2. As an Object: • She knows that he is right. hardworking.
hypothetical situations in the present or future. 3. As a Subject Complement: • The issue is 4. Show Sequence: then, afterward, next •
• Structure: If + past simple, would + base who will lead the team. Example: We went shopping; then, we had
verb • Example: If I had a car, I would drive to <question3t>Transform the following lunch..
work. sentence from active to passive voice: <question3t>Identify the conjunctive
4. Third Conditional: • Used for unreal "The chef prepared a delicious meal for the adverb in the sentence below and explain
situations in the past (regrets or missed guests." how it links the ideas:
opportunities). • Structure: If + past perfect, • Passive Voice: A delicious meal was "She wanted to go for a walk; however, it
would have + past participle • Example: If he prepared by the chef for the guests. started to rain."
had studied, he would have passed the exam. • Conjunctive Adverb: however • Function: It
<question3t>Identify and analyze the <questiont> Define comparative and links the two clauses by showing contrast
gerund phrase in the sentence below and superlative adjectives and explain how they between her desire to walk and the fact that it
explain its function: are used in English. started raining.
"Swimming in the ocean is her favorite • Comparative Adjectives compare two items,
activity." using -er or more/less. • Example: This book is <questiont> Describe noun clauses in
• Gerund Phrase: Swimming in the ocean • better than that one. English grammar.
Function: It acts as the subject of the sentence. • Superlative Adjectives compare three or A noun clause is a dependent clause that
• Analysis: The gerund swimming is modified more items, using -est or most/least. • functions as a noun in a sentence. It can serve
by the prepositional phrase in the ocean, and Example: This is the best movie I’ve seen. as a subject, object, complement, or the object
together they form a noun phrase. <question2t>Discuss direct and indirect of a preposition.
questions and the grammatical changes Examples:
<questiont> Explain the difference between involved in forming each. 1. As Subject: What he said shocked everyone.
direct and indirect objects in a sentence. 1. Direct Questions: • Ask for information 2. As Object: I don’t know where she went.
• A direct object receives the action of the verb directly, typically using question words (who, 3. As Complement: The problem is that we are
directly. • Example: She gave a book. (Book is what, where, when, why, how) or auxiliary out of time.
the direct object because it receives the verbs. • Example: Where is she going? 4. As Object of Preposition: She is concerned
giving.) 2. Indirect Questions: • Ask indirectly and are about how he’ll react.
• An indirect object indicates to whom or for often part of a larger sentence. The word order <question2t>Explain the concept of voice in
whom the action is performed. • Example: She changes to subject-verb (declarative order). • grammar, focusing on the distinctions
Example: Can you tell me where she is going? between active and passive voice.
Voice refers to the relationship between the year gives additional information but is not Types:
subject and the action in a sentence. necessary for identifying the car. 1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
1. Active Voice: The subject performs the <question2t>Describe phrasal verbs and Connect words or clauses of equal importance
action. • Example: The chef cooked dinner. discuss their unique structure in English (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).
2. Passive Voice: The subject receives the grammar. • Example: She wanted to go out, but it was
action. • Example: Dinner was cooked by the Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and raining.
chef. one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs) 2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Key Differences: that create a meaning different from the Introduce dependent clauses and show
• Focus: Active voice emphasizes the doer, original verb. relationships like cause, time, or condition
while passive voice emphasizes the action or Types: (because, although, if, when, since).
recipient. 1. Literal: The meaning of the verb and • Example: She stayed home because it was
• Usage: Passive voice is used when the doer particle is straightforward. • Example: She raining.
is unknown, unimportant, or when the focus is turned off the light. • Function: Shows a cause-effect relationship
on the action/result. 2. Idiomatic: The meaning is not directly between the dependent clause (because it was
<question3t> Identify the noun clause in the related to the individual words. • Example: He raining) and the independent clause (She
following sentence and explain its function: gave up smoking. stayed home).
"What he decided surprised everyone." <question3t>Identify whether the clause in the 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Work in
• Noun Clause: What he decided • Function: It following sentence is restrictive or non- pairs to connect balanced words or clauses
acts as the subject of the sentence. restrictive, and explain why: (either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not
"The car, which was recently repaired, broke only…but also).
<questiont> Define conditional clauses and down again." • Example: Not only is he talented, but he is
explain how they function in expressing • Clause: Which was recently repaired also hardworking.
hypothetical situations. • Type: Non-Restrictive • Function: Emphasizes both ideas and
Conditional clauses express conditions that • Reason: It provides extra, non-essential balances them within the sentence.
must be met for the main clause to occur. They information about the car and is set off by <question2t>Describe infinitive phrases and
typically begin with if or unless. commas. their uses in sentences.
Examples and Functions: An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
1. Real or Possible Situations (First <questiont> Define subject complements (to + base verb) and any modifiers or objects
Conditional): • If it rains, we will stay indoors. and explain their role in sentence structure. that accompany it.
• The condition (if it rains) must happen for A subject complement is a word or phrase Uses in Sentences:
the result to occur. (usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective) that 1. As a Subject: To study regularly is
2. Hypothetical or Unreal Situations (Second follows a linking verb and provides additional important.
Conditional): • If I were rich, I would travel information about the subject by identifying or 2. As an Object: She wants to travel.
the world. • Describes an unlikely or describing it. 3. As an Adjective: He has a book to read.
imaginary situation. Types: 4. As an Adverb: He left early to catch the bus.
3. Past Unreal Situations (Third Conditional): 1. Predicate Nominative: A noun or pronoun Infinitive phrases add flexibility to sentences
• If I had studied, I would have passed. • that renames the subject. • Example: She is a by functioning as nouns, adjectives, or
Reflects a hypothetical scenario that did not teacher. (teacher renames she.) adverbs.
happen. 2. Predicate Adjective: An adjective that <question3t>Identify the infinitive phrase
<question2t>Differentiate between simple describes the subject. • Example: The soup in the following sentence and explain its
past and past perfect tenses, providing tastes delicious. (delicious describes soup.) function:
examples. Role: Subject complements complete the "To find the answer, he searched through all
1. Simple Past: Describes completed meaning of the subject and linking verb, his notes."
actions in the past. giving clarity and detail. • Infinitive Phrase: To find the answer
• Example: She ate breakfast at 8 AM. <question2t>Discuss the difference between • Function: Acts as an adverb, explaining the
• Use: Focuses on when an action happened. present perfect and present perfect purpose of the action (he searched through all
2. Past Perfect: Describes an action continuous tenses, with examples. his notes).
completed before another past action. 1. Present Perfect Tense: • Form:
• Example: She had eaten breakfast before she have/has + past participle <questiont> Define determiners and explain
left for work. • Use: Focuses on actions completed at some the different types used in English
• Use: Emphasizes the sequence of events. point before now or actions with relevance to grammar.
<question3t>Identify the tense used in each the present. Determiners are words placed before nouns to
clause of the following sentence and explain • Example: She has visited Paris several times. specify their meaning, quantity, ownership, or
its usage: 2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: • definiteness. Types:
"She had finished her homework before she Form: have/has + been + present participle 1. Articles: a, an, the • Example: The cat is
went to bed." • Use: Emphasizes the duration of an ongoing sleeping.
• First Clause: She had finished her homework action that started in the past and continues 2. Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our,
(Past Perfect) • Indicates the action was into the present. their • Example: Her idea was brilliant.
completed earlier in the past. • Second Clause: • Example: She has been studying for three 3. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those •
She went to bed (Simple Past) • Describes the hours. Example: These apples are fresh.
action that occurred after the homework was Key Difference: • Present perfect highlights 4. Quantifiers: some, any, many, few, several,
finished. completion, while present perfect continuous all • Example: She bought some books.
focuses on the action’s duration or continuity. 5. Numbers: Cardinal or ordinal numbers (one,
<questiont> Explain the difference between <question3t>Rewrite the sentence below two, first, second). • Example: Two students
restrictive and non-restrictive clauses, using present perfect continuous tense: arrived late.
providing examples. "She has lived in the city for five years." 6. Interrogatives: which, what, whose •
1. Restrictive Clauses: Provide • Rewritten Sentence: She has been living in Example: Which dress do you prefer?
essential information about the noun they the city for five years. <question2t>Explain the concept of tense
modify. They are not set off by commas. consistency and why it is important in
• Example: The car that he bought is very fast. <questiont> Explain the function of English sentences.
• The clause that he bought specifies which car conjunctions and the difference between Tense Consistency refers to maintaining the
is being discussed. coordinating, subordinating, and same tense throughout a sentence or a piece of
2. Non-Restrictive Clauses: Provide correlative conjunctions. writing unless there is a clear reason to change
extra, non-essential information about the Function of Conjunctions: Conjunctions it.
noun. They are set off by commas. connect words, phrases, or clauses, helping to Importance:
• Example: The car, which he bought last year, create coherence and show relationships 1. Ensures clarity and coherence. • Example
is very fast. • The clause which he bought last between ideas. (Inconsistent): She was reading a book, and
now she takes a nap. • Example (Consistent): • Example: She is reading a book. (Action is • Example: She likes reading books. (reading
She was reading a book, and then she took a ongoing at the present time.) is a non-finite verb, as it functions as a gerund,
nap. 2. Perfect Aspect: Refers to actions not showing tense.)
2. Helps readers follow the timeline of events that are completed relative to another time or Key Difference: Finite verbs are tensed and
without confusion. event. tied to the subject, while non-finite verbs do
Common Rule: Tenses should shift only when • Example: She has finished her homework. not show tense and are used in various
there is a logical time change in the narrative. (The action is completed before the present.) grammatical functions.
<question3t>Correct any issues with tense Role: Aspect provides context for whether an <question3t>Identify the gerund phrase in
consistency in the following sentence: action is ongoing, completed, or repeated, the sentence below and explain its function:
"She was reading a book when her friend calls helping to clarify the time frame and nature of "Running every morning has improved her
her." the action. health."
• Corrected Sentence: She was reading a book <question2t> Define countable and • Gerund Phrase: Running every morning
when her friend called her. uncountable nouns and discuss their • Function: The gerund phrase acts as the
Reason: Both actions occurred in the past, so differences in usage. subject of the sentence, referring to the activity
the verbs should consistently use past tense 1. Countable Nouns: These are nouns of running. It functions as a noun, and the
(was reading and called). that can be counted, meaning they have both whole phrase represents an action or habit.
singular and plural forms.
<questiont> Describe relative clauses and • Examples: apple (apples), car (cars), chair
their role in providing additional (chairs).
information in sentences. • Usage: You can use numbers with countable
A relative clause is a dependent clause that nouns (two apples), and they can take articles
modifies a noun or pronoun by providing more a or an in the singular (a chair).
information about it. It usually begins with a 2. Uncountable Nouns: These are
relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, nouns that cannot be counted as individual
that) or a relative adverb (where, when, why). items because they represent a mass, concept,
Role: Relative clauses offer extra details to or abstract idea.
specify or clarify the noun they modify • Examples: water, sugar, information,
without starting a new sentence. They help furniture.
make sentences more informative and • Usage: Uncountable nouns do not use plural
coherent. forms and cannot be preceded by a or an
Examples: • The book that I borrowed is (some water, a piece of furniture).
fascinating. (The clause modifies book, Key Difference: Countable nouns can be
explaining which one.) • She’s the woman counted and have plural forms, while
who helped me yesterday. (The clause uncountable nouns cannot be counted
modifies woman, providing more detail.) individually and do not have plurals.
<question2t>Define appositive phrases and <question3t>Rewrite the following sentence
discuss their function within sentences. to include ellipsis where possible:
An appositive phrase is a noun or noun phrase "She wanted to go to the library, and she
that renames or provides additional wanted to study for her exam."
information about another noun in the • Rewritten Sentence: She wanted to go to the
sentence. It typically follows the noun it library and study for her exam.
modifies and is set off by commas, dashes, or Reason: The second she wanted is omitted
parentheses. using ellipsis to avoid repetition, making the
Function: Appositive phrases add detail, sentence more concise.
context, or clarification to the noun they
follow. They can also be essential (restrictive) <questiont> Define gerund phrases and
or non-essential (non-restrictive) information. their uses in English grammar.
Examples: A gerund phrase is a phrase that begins with a
• My brother, an accomplished musician, will gerund (the -ing form of a verb) and may
perform tonight. (Non-essential, provides extra include additional objects or modifiers.
information about brother.) Gerund phrases function as nouns in a
• The writer J.K. Rowling is famous for the sentence.
Harry Potter series. (Essential, specifies which Uses:
writer is meant.) 1. As the subject: Swimming every morning
<question3t>Identify the relative clause in improves health.
the following sentence and explain its 2. As the object: She enjoys swimming every
function: morning.
"The movie that I watched last night was 3. As the object of a preposition: He is
thrilling." interested in swimming every morning.
• Relative Clause: that I watched last night Gerund phrases allow actions to function as
• Function: The relative clause modifies the subjects or objects in a sentence.
noun movie, providing additional information <question2t>Explain the difference between
about which movie is being referred to. It finite and non-finite verbs and give
specifies the movie by describing the action of examples.
watching it. 1. Finite Verbs: These are verbs that
show tense and agree with the subject in
<questiont> Explain aspect in English number and person. They can stand alone as
grammar and its role in expressing the main verb in a sentence.
different nuances of time. • Example: She reads a book. (reads is finite,
Aspect refers to the way an action, event, or showing present tense and agreeing with she.)
state is viewed in terms of its completion, 2. Non-finite Verbs: These verbs do
duration, or repetition. It expresses nuances of not show tense and do not change based on the
time beyond when an action occurs (tense). subject. They often appear in verb phrases
The two primary aspects in English are: with auxiliary verbs or as part of gerunds,
1. Progressive (Continuous) Aspect: infinitives, or participles.
Indicates an ongoing action, often happening
at the present moment or around it.