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Chapter 8: Arrays

TRUE/FALSE

1. You can declare an array variable by placing curly brackets after the array name.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 398

2. When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it
is common to perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the
array.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 406

3. When you want to determine whether a variable holds one of many valid values, one option is to use a
do…while loop to compare the variable to a series of valid values.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 418

4. When using parallel arrays, if one array has many possible matches, it is most efficient to place the
less common items first so that they are matched right away.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 420

5. Many programmers feel that breaking out of a for loop early disrupts the loop flow and makes the
code harder to understand.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 421

6. When initializing an array, you must initialize all elements or none.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 404

7. When you create an array variable, memory space is automatically reserved.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 399

8. When array elements are passed by value, a copy of the value is made and used within the receiving
method.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 426-427

9. Since an array name is a reference, you are able to use the = operator for assigning and the == operator
for comparisons.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 427

10. When returning an array reference, square brackets are included with the return type in the method
header.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 429

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. After you create an array variable, you still need to ____ memory space.
a. create c. reserve
b. organize d. dump
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 399

2. In Java, the size of an array ____ declared immediately following the array name.
a. can be c. is never
b. is always d. should be
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 399

3. Languages such as Visual Basic, BASIC, and COBOL use ____ to refer to individual array elements.
a. ( ) c. { }
b. [ ] d. < >
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 399

4. A(n) ____ is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables.
a. postscript c. variable header
b. subscript d. indicator
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 399

5. When you declare an array name, no computer memory address is assigned to it. Instead, the array
variable name has the special value ____, or Unicode value ‘\u0000’.
a. empty c. false
b. null d. zero
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 404

6. In Java, boolean array elements automatically are assigned the value ____.
a. null c. true
b. ‘\u0000’ d. false
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 404

7. When you create an array of objects, each reference is assigned the value ____.
a. null c. true
b. ‘\u0000’ d. false
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 404

8. You use a ____ following the closing brace of an array initialization list.
a. . c. :
b. ; d. ,
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 404

9. Providing values for all the elements in an array is called ____ the array.
a. populating c. filling
b. declaring d. irrigating
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 404
10. When any ____ type (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, or double) is passed
to a method, the value is passed.
a. array c. element
b. dummy d. primitive
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 427

11. The length ____ contains the number of elements in the array.
a. box c. area
b. field d. block
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 407

12. A(n) ____ loop allows you to cycle through an array without specifying the starting and ending points
for the loop control variable.
a. do…while c. enhanced for
b. inner d. enhanced while
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 407

13. If a class has only a default constructor, you must call the constructor using the keyword ____ for each
declared array element.
a. default c. first
b. new d. object
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 411

14. Comparing a variable to a list of values in an array is a process called ____ an array.
a. validating c. checking
b. using d. searching
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 418

15. A ____ array is one with the same number of elements as another, and for which the values in
corresponding elements are related.
a. cloned c. property
b. parallel d. two-dimensional
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 419

16. When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use ____ so that the values that correspond to
each other visually align on the screen or printed page.
a. tabs c. spacing
b. indentation d. dashes
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 420

17. When you perform a ____, you compare a value to the endpoints of numerical ranges to find the
category in which a value belongs.
a. range match c. reference
b. sort d. search
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 422

18. It is a good programming practice to ensure that a subscript to an array does not fall below zero,
causing a(n) ____.
 a. array dump c. conundrum
b. runtime error d. compiling error
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 423

19. Individual array elements are ____ by value when a copy of the value is made and used within the
receiving method.
a. sorted c. received
b. passed d. stored
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 426-427

20. Primitive type variables are always passed by ____.

a. value c. location
b. reference d. memory
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 428

21. When a method returns an array reference, you include ____ with the return type in the method header.
a. { } c. < >
b. ( ) d. [ ]
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 429

22. Which of the following println statements will display the last myScores element in an array of
10?
a. System.out.println(vals[0]); c. System.out.println(vals[9]);
b. System.out.println(vals[1]); d. System.out.println(vals[10]);
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 400

23. Which of the following statements correctly declares and creates an array to hold five double scores
values?
a. integer[] scores = new double[5] c. double[] = new scores[5]
b. double[] scores = new integer[5] d. double[] scores = new double[5]
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 400

24. Which of the following statements correctly initializes an array with an initialization list?
a. int[] nums = {2, 4, 8}; c. int nums = [2, 4, 8];
b. int[] nums = (2, 4, 8); d. int nums() = int{2, 4, 8}
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 404

25. In which of the following statements is the value of myVals null?

a. int myVals = "" c. myVals = int[null]
b. int [] myVals; d. int[null] = myVals
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 404

COMPLETION

1. A(n) ____________________ is a named list of data items that all have the same type.

ANS: array
 PTS: 1 REF: 398

2. When you declare or access an array, you can use any expression to represent the size, as long as the
expression is a(n) ____________________.

ANS: integer

PTS: 1 REF: 400

3. When you declare int[] someNums = new int[10];, each element of someNums has a value
of ____________________ because someNums is a numeric array.

ANS:
0
zero

PTS: 1 REF: 404

4. An instance variable or object field is also called a(n) ____________________ of the object.

ANS: property

PTS: 1 REF: 407

5. When any primitive type is passed to a method, the ____________________ is passed.

ANS: value

PTS: 1 REF: 427

MATCHING

Match each term with the correct statement below.

a. array variable f. length
b. reference type g. foreach loop
c. elements h. reference types
d. int i. return
e. Java object names
1. Numbered beginning with 0
2. An array field
3. An enhanced for loop
4. Declared in the same way you declare any simple variable
5. A nonprimitive object
6. A primitive type
7. Represent computer memory addresses
8. A statement used to return an array from a method
9. Hold memory addresses where values are stored

1. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 399

2. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 407
3. ANS: G PTS: 1 REF: 408
 4. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 398
5. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 427
6. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 427
7. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: 403
8. ANS: I PTS: 1 REF: 429
9. ANS: H PTS: 1 REF: 427

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe a situation in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not meet your needs.

ANS:
At times you might encounter situations in which storing just one value at a time in memory does not
meet your needs. For example, a sales manager who supervises 20 employees might want to determine
whether each employee has produced sales above or below the average amount. When you enter the
first employee’s sales value into an application, you can’t determine whether it is above or below
average because you don’t know the average until you have all 20 values. Unfortunately, if you
attempt to assign 20 sales values to the same variable, when you assign the value for the second
employee, it replaces the value for the first employee.

PTS: 1 REF: 398

2. What is a subscript and how are the array’s elements numbered?

ANS:
A subscript is an integer contained within square brackets that indicates one of an array’s variables, or
elements. In Java, any array’s elements are numbered beginning with 0, so you can legally use any
subscript from 0 to 19 when working with an array that has 20 elements.

PTS: 1 REF: 399

3. What does an array’s name represent and what value does it hold when declared?

ANS:
Array names represent computer memory addresses; that is, array names contain references, as do all
Java objects. When you declare an array name, no computer memory address is assigned to it. Instead,
the array variable name has the special value null, or Unicode value ‘\u0000’. When you declare
int[] someNums;, the variable someNums has a value of null.

PTS: 1 REF: 404

4. When working with arrays, why is it beneficial to use a loop with a declared symbolic constant equal
to the size of the array?

ANS:
It is convenient to declare a symbolic constant equal to the size of the array and use the symbolic
constant as a limiting value in every loop that processes the array. That way, if the array size changes
in the future, you need to modify only the value stored in the symbolic constant, and you do not need
to search for and modify the limiting value in every loop that processes the array.

PTS: 1 REF: 407

5. When using an array with all elements used, why would a programmer use a loop control variable
from 0 to one less than the size of the array? Give an example.

ANS:
When an application contains an array and you want to use every element of the array in some task, it
is common to perform loops that vary the loop control variable from 0 to one less than the size of the
array. For example, if you get input values for the elements in the array, alter every value in the array,
sum all the values in the array, or display every element in the array, you need to perform a loop that
executes the same number of times as there are elements.

PTS: 1 REF: 406

6. How would you use a method that belongs to an object that is part of the array? Use an example and
demonstrate with Java code.

ANS:
To use a method that belongs to an object that is part of an array, you insert the appropriate subscript
notation after the array name and before the dot that precedes the method name. For example, to print
data for seven Employees stored in the emp array, you can write the following:

for(int x = 0; x < NUM_EMPLOYEES; ++x)

System.out.println (emp[x].getEmpNum() + " " +
emp[x].getSalary());

PTS: 1 REF: 411

7. Why would you use spacing when initializing parallel arrays?

ANS:
When you initialize parallel arrays, it is convenient to use spacing so that the values that correspond to
each other visually align on the screen or printed page.

PTS: 1 REF: 420

8. How would a programmer perform a range match when writing an application that takes into
consideration different discount rates for customers? Give an example.

ANS:
Create two corresponding arrays and perform a range match, in which you compare a value to the
endpoints of numerical ranges to find the category in which a value belongs. For example, one array
can hold the five discount rates, and the other array can hold five discount range limits. If you only use
the first figure in each range, you can create an array that holds five low limits:

int[] discountRangeLimit= {1, 13, 50, 100, 200};

A parallel array can hold the five discount rates:

double[] discountRate = {0, 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.20};

Then, starting at the last discountRangeLimit array element, for any numOfItems greater than
or equal to discountRangeLimit[4], the appropriate discount is discount[4]. In other
words, for any numOrdered less than discountRangeLimit[4], you should decrement the
subscript and look in a lower range.
 PTS: 1 REF: 422

9. What is different about passing an array to a method rather than passing a primitive type to a method?

ANS:
The outcome is quite different when you pass an array (that is, pass its name) to a method. Arrays, like
all nonprimitive objects, are reference types; this means that the object actually holds a memory
address where the values are stored and the receiving method gets a copy of the array’s actual memory
address. Therefore, the receiving method has access to, and the ability to alter, the original values in
the array elements in the calling method.

PTS: 1 REF: 426-427

10. How can you use the enhanced for loop?

ANS:
You can use the enhanced for loop to cycle through an array of objects. For example, to display data
for seven Employees stored in the emp array, you can write the following:

for(Employee worker : emp)

System.out.println(worker.getEmpNum() + " " + worker.getSalary();

In this loop, worker is a local variable that represents each element of emp in turn. Using the
enhanced for loop eliminates the need to use a limiting value for the loop and eliminates the need for
a subscript following each element.

PTS: 1 REF: 412

11. When populating an array with an initialization list, you do not need to use the new keyword or
provide an array size. Explain why this is the case.

ANS:
When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not
give the array a size because the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the
initializing list. Also, when you initialize an array, you do not need to use the keyword new. New
memory is assigned based on the length of the list of provided values.

PTS: 1 REF: 404

12. Why is the length field a good option when writing a loop that manipulates an array? What
programming error is common when attempting to use length as an array method?

ANS:
You can use a field (instance variable) that is automatically assigned a value for every array you
create. The length field contains the number of elements in the array. Later, if you modify the size
of the array and recompile the program, the value in the length field of the array changes
appropriately. When you work with array elements, it is always better to use a symbolic constant or the
length field when writing a loop that manipulates an array.

A frequent programmer error is to attempt to use length as an array method, referring to

xxx.length(). However, length is not an array method; it is a field. An instance
 variable or object field such as length is also called a property of the object.

PTS: 1 REF: 407

13. While you can provide any legal identifier you want for an array, conventional rules are typically
followed. List and describe the naming conventions for naming arrays.

ANS:
Java programmers conventionally name arrays by following the same rules they use for variables:
Array names start with a lowercase letter.
Use uppercase letters to begin subsequent words.

Additionally, many programmers observe one of the following conventions to make it

more obvious that the name represents a group of items:
Arrays are often named using a plural noun such as studentScores.
Arrays are often named by adding a final word that implies a group, such as salesList.

PTS: 1 REF: 398-399

14. int[] sixNumbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};

The above code creates an array named sixNumbers. Describe how array sizes are determined when
using an initialization list and how memory is assigned.

ANS:
When you populate an array upon creation by providing an initialization list, you do not give the array
a size—the size is assigned based on the number of values you place in the initializing list. For
example, the sixNumbers array in the sample code has a size of 4. Also, when you initialize an
array, you do not need to use the keyword new because new memory is assigned based on the length
of the list of provided values. In Java, you cannot directly initialize part of an array. For example, you
cannot create an array of 10 elements and initialize only five; you must initialize either every element
or none of them.

PTS: 1 REF: 404

15. The following statement declares an array:

int[] increaseValues = new int[5]

final int PLUSTWO = 2;

Create a loop that will add 2 to every array element. Use a symbolic constant named PLUSTWO and
use the length field in the loop that will contain the number of elements in the array.

ANS:
for(counter = 0; counter < increaseValues.length; ++counter)
increaseValues[counter] += PLUSTWO;

PTS: 1 REF: 406-407

CASE

1. public class CostArray

 {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double[] costs = new double[3];
costs[0] = 5.00;
costs[1] = 7.00;
costs[2] = 9.00;
System.out.println(costs[3]);
}
}

Once the above code is compiled and executed, an error message is generated. Explain the error
message that will result and explain the reason for the error.

ANS:
An out-of-bounds error is generated when the code is compiled and executed. The last executable line
in the code is an output statement that attempts to display a costs value using a subscript that is
beyond the range of the array: System.out.println(costs[3]). The program will run
successfully when the subscript used with the array is 0, 1, or 2. However, when the subscript reaches
3, the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error is generated. The message indicates that the
subscript is out of bounds and that the offending index is 3.

PTS: 1 REF: 403

2. String[] countyNames = {"Clark", "Delaware", "Madison"};

Using the above statement, what will be the value of countyNames[0], countyNames[1], and
countyNames[2]?

ANS:
countyNames[0] will hold the value “Clark”
countyNames[1] will hold the value “Delaware”
countyNames[2] will hold the value “Madison”

PTS: 1 REF: 412

3. Write the statement to create an array named studentScores that will store five integer value
student scores. Initialize the array using an initialization list with the values 70, 85, 92, 67, and 76.

ANS:
int[] studentScores = {70, 85, 92, 67, 76};

PTS: 1 REF: 404

4. Using just one statement, declare and create an array that will reserve memory locations for 10
scores values that are type double.

ANS:
double[] scores = new double[10];

PTS: 1 REF: 399

5. Write the statement to declare an array of integers that will hold studentScores.
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 ANS:
int[] studentScores;

PTS: 1 REF: 398

6. double[] studentScores;
double studentScores[];

Are both of the above statements valid for declaring an array variable? Why or why not?

ANS:
You declare an array variable in the same way you declare any simple variable, but you insert a pair of
square brackets after the type. To declare an array of double values to hold studentScores, you
can write the following:

double[] studentScores;

In Java, you can also declare an array variable by placing the square brackets after the array name, as
in double studentScores[];. This format is familiar to C and C++ programmers, but the
preferred format among Java programmers is to place the brackets following the variable type and
before the variable name.

PTS: 1 REF: 398

7. String[] countyNames = {"Clark", "Delaware", "Madison"};

What will be the value of countyNames[0].length(), countyNames[1].length(), and

countyNames[2].length()?

ANS:
countyNames[0].length() will have a value of 5
countyNames[1].length() will have a value of 8
countyNames[2].length() will have a value of 7

PTS: 1 REF: 407

8. public static int[] sampleArray()

{
int studentScores = {72, 91, 83};
____
}

Using the above code, write the statement that will return the array name.

ANS:
return studentScores;

PTS: 1 REF: 429

9. Write the statement to declare an array variable named studentScores with type double. Write a
second statement to create an array of 10 objects.
 ANS:
double[] studentScores;
studentScores = new double [10];

PTS: 1 REF: 399

10. double[] studentScores = new double[3];

studentScores[0] = 93;
studentScores[1] = 77;
studentScores[2] = 85;

Write a println statement to display the last element of the studentScores array.

ANS:
System.out.println(studentScores[2]);

PTS: 1 REF: 399-400

Other documents randomly have
different content
towards him; but another voice told her she had no right, outcast as
she was, to marry this man; that such an act would make her guilty
forever of having destroyed him as a part of society. A sacrifice was
demanded of her! She must be more generous even than he,
subdue herself, suffer, submit to her fate, refrain from dragging him
down with her! She did not know where the voice came from. It may
have been crying out to her from that afternoon when she first
listened to Monsalvat telling her to suffer in order to find
redemption; but it was a voice that awed her tormented soul even
while it bade her speak and leave this man. Then the strange
serenity of sacrifice came to her rescue. She was pale as death, and
smiled so as not to weep. She summoned all the love within her not
to let her yield.
"Yes, you must marry me," Monsalvat was insisting desperately.
"No."
"What is it, Nacha? Why are you so strange? I love you, you love
me...."
Her will triumphed. She called to mind other moments of her life and
made one supreme effort. Then she began to laugh.
"No, I couldn't love you. All this is ridiculous anyway! Such make-
believe is unworthy of you. I put you out of my house once before,
and I'll do it again. You simply want to make fun of me, because I'm
a poor girl, and defenceless. You wanted to make a fool of me,
getting me to swallow all this stuff! But now it's my turn to laugh at
you, just as I did in the cabaret. I—married! And to you, a crazy
man!"
She broke into a laugh that was loud and false and harsh.
Monsalvat remained seated, his hands clasped over his head; he was
dizzy with pain, and he could not understand....
"You are mad ... you have gone mad!" he exclaimed.
Was she really fainting? She saw Monsalvat cover his face with his
hands; she turned to the wall and leaned against it, letting herself
weep for a brief moment. There was relief in that. With renewed
strength, she sat down on a chair and waited. Soon Monsalvat stood
up. He too was pale as he came near her and, barely looking at her,
held out his hand.
"Some time ... you will ... let me see you?" he faltered.
"No. Why should I? I don't love you. Leave me. And if it's true that
you love me, forget me as soon as you can. Go, please! I am ill, and
want to be alone...."
Monsalvat did not insist. He could not have done so. He took his hat
and went away, stumbling like a man who has come to the end of
his strength. One might have thought him sick, or crazy, or perhaps
drunk, as he staggered out. Crossing that threshold was like
wrenching his soul from his body; and in the little parlor that knew
only shabbiness and shame, grief remained, lending it a dignity it
had never known before.
Nacha could no longer hold her anguish at bay. She snatched off her
hat with a frantic gesture, and tore it into bits. Moaning and weeping
she fled into one of the other rooms and threw herself down on the
bed.
The cripple rolled her wheel chair to the door and looked in.
Believing that she understood Nacha's trouble, she did not disturb
her, but went away again. She talked to the girls awhile; but the
tragedy she saw close at hand saddened her; for it reminded her of
old intimate griefs of her own. She too, in her youth, had known
love, in far away Italy; and that love had been maimed and
destroyed. After that, dishonor and vice seemed a small matter; yet,
at times, even now, she went back in thought to the home of her
childhood, so different in its simple beauty from the wretchedness of
her present surroundings. But here she was, old, crippled, with no
choice but to go on in the familiar rut. Why let herself be saddened
then? She had known life, and found that melancholy had a bad
effect on the liver! So she chatted with the girls, merrily, as was her
custom whenever she felt a touch of sadness.
But someone came in, and asked for Nacha. The cripple rolled her
chair into the bedroom where the girl was still weeping, her head
almost hidden by the pillow.
"Nacha child! Don't cry that way! Why let yourself suffer so? No man
is worth it. You know that. You are worth more than the best of
them, you have a good heart ... and they...."
She muttered an obscene word to herself and began to laugh.
"Come, Nacha, someone wants to see you. They are all alike! No
one of them is worth more than another. They're all rotten—just
good to ruin women and then desert them. Come, child, come—
here's a friend!"
She patted Nacha on the shoulder, and told her she would send her
caller in. Nacha suddenly sat up. She wiped away her tears and said
quietly, "No, señora. Don't send him. I am going away for good."
"But, child, why? Are you angry with me?" the old cripple exclaimed,
astonished by Nacha's tone. "Aren't you ever coming back to my
house?"
"Neither to your house nor to any other. I am not angry. You have
been very kind to me, and I shall never forget it."
"Well then...." The woman did not know what to make of the girl's
words.
Nacha was silent while she smoothed her hair, and straightened her
dress. Then she kissed the cripple, took both her hands and said,
her lips quivering with pain:
"It's because ... I want to be worthy ... of that man's love...."
"Oh, I see. You want to be respectable for awhile, and then get
married...."
The cripple spoke with the certainty of a woman who understands
what she is talking about. Nacha's expression, however, indicated
that her purpose was not quite as the cripple supposed.
"What is it then? Tell me. You know I like you, child, and respect
you. And I'd do for you anything you ask. If you want to live decent,
and need money, I'll give it to you—I'll save so I can!"
Nacha was touched.
"You are good, señora. I thank you from my very heart; and because
I know how good you are, I'll tell you. No, I'm not going to get
married. I couldn't let him marry me. But he loves me—so much!
And if he gives me such great love, I want to be decent. Not to get
married, no, just to be worthy of living in his thoughts, and in his
heart...."
The paralytic drew the girl's head down to her twisted old lips and
kissed her. Freeing herself from the woman's embrace, Nacha hastily
left the room.
As she fled down the stairs she realized that it was many years since
she had felt as happy as at that moment!
 CHAPTER XVI
One afternoon as Torres was lunching with Ruiz de Castro in a
restaurant on the Esmeralda he thought he caught a glimpse of
Nacha.
As a matter of fact it was Nacha. She was returning to the store
where she had been employed some six years earlier, and with her
were a number of other girl employees, for it was nearly two o'clock,
the end of the lunch hour. Torres would have gone up to speak to
her if he had been alone; but Ruiz was relating his adventures with
that plump lady who had carried on so persistent a discussion with
Monsalvat at de Castro's dinner party, and had so eloquently
defended established institutions.
"You don't say!" murmured Torres, absently; for all his attention was
fixed on the slender figure hovering in front of the huge shop door
which was about to open and swallow her up.
"She's a wonder, my friend," proclaimed Ruiz, who was given to
committing indiscretions in words as well as actions. "What passion!
and how she can sob!"
When Torres reached his house he went at once to talk to Monsalvat
who was now living with him. After the serious illness that had
followed close upon his interview with Nacha, Torres had taken him
in hand, and when he discovered that his patient was paying no
attention to doctor's orders, had carried him off to his own home
where he could insist on obedience. He persuaded Monsalvat to ask
for a two months' leave, for there was no doubt that he was
suffering from brain-fag and serious nervous derangement.
Torres had a theory that Monsalvat's condition was not entirely due
to his passion for Nacha. He knew the history of his friend's moral
struggles, and he believed that the causes of Monsalvat's illness
were numerous and complex. The latter's abrupt change of attitude
towards life could not but profoundly affect his whole nature.
Following this, had come several months of constant self-reproach,
and self-disgust for the uselessness and selfishness of his life up to
that time. He went as far as to blame himself for his inability to
transform the world. Torres had tried, vainly, to prove to him that he
was far from useless, and that no one could have called him selfish.
His conduct compared surprisingly well with that of other men of his
generation; and his reputation indicated general recognition of that
fact. Monsalvat protested that all this might be true from a
superficial and worldly view of his life, but it only proved how false
were society's standards.
"Useless and selfish," Monsalvat repeated. "Not less so than
prominent politicians or ranch owners, lawyers, and men in society.
We are all selfish. I do not condemn myself only. I condemn all the
rest as well. The world is full of evil, selfishness, meanness—and I
have shared in it all. That is why I despise myself, and abhor my
past life."
Torres wisely kept silent, for fear of exciting his patient.
It was clear also that the knowledge of his sister's mode of life, and
of the degradation his mother had fallen into before her death, had
seriously injured Monsalvat's nervous system. The scene with Irene,
his worrying about the tenement, the anxieties of that search
through the world of fallen women, the sight of so many horrors,
had all left their mark on him; and finally the shock of Eugenia's
death, intensified by the manner in which he had learned of it, had
played its part in undermining his health. Obviously his love for
Nacha, his unsuccessful attempt to save her, the knowledge that she
was leading a vicious life, perhaps because of him, were the
principal causes of his breakdown, but all these other matters played
an important part in bringing about his present condition.
Now, however, after two months of rest and quiet, Monsalvat was
beginning to be himself. The companionship of Torres had done him
a great deal of good. The doctor made him eat, gave him stimulants
when he needed them, encouraged him to spend most of his time
out of doors and even stayed up with him on the nights when he
was unable to sleep.
Torres might have accomplished a complete cure, had not the evil
that flourishes in certain human hearts prevented. Monsalvat had
recently received some anonymous letters, four in all. One of them
insulted him by insulting his mother, another called him to account
for living on women, and being an anarchist! The other two were
content with intimating that he belonged in a lunatic asylum, and
would soon be put there. The effect of these letters was to excite
him so that he could neither sleep nor eat. The first especially
reawakened in him his life-long obsession, cruelly reminding him of
what was, in his estimation, the reason for his moral bankruptcy.
The doctor wondered who could have sent these letters, for
Monsalvat's position was not such as to excite envy. At the Ministry
his new ideas had become known, and Monsalvat was looked upon
with hostility or contempt. Even the Minister mistrusted him now. In
the social circles where he was once respected, he had lost all
consideration. Ercasty was methodically discrediting him, with
admirable persistence and thoroughness. Informed by mutual
acquaintances of Monsalvat's views with respect to Nacha and other
girls of her sort, and of that frantic search through houses of ill-
fame, he confirmed the rumor that Monsalvat had fallen very low
indeed. At first he was content with making insinuations; but finally
he came out with the bald statement that Monsalvat was a vulgar
exploiter of women. Of course there were not lacking those who
accused him of participating in frightful anarchist plots, and
preparing bombs for wholesale assassinations.
Financially too he was ruined. The forty thousand of the mortgage
raised on his property had melted away. His mother's debts, the
mulatto's blackmail, Moreno's incessant appeals, had taken several
thousand. His excursion through the city's public houses had cost
him four thousand pesos. Ten thousand pesos had gone for
improvements on the tenement. Monsalvat decided he would have
to sell the building, for his salary was barely enough for his own
expenses, and his tenants either paid no rent or paid very little.
That afternoon Monsalvat was reading as he lay in bed. The book
beside him was the New Testament. On his face was reflected
something of the serenity of late afternoon. When Torres opened the
window to let in air and sunshine, everything in the room seemed to
draw a breath, and grow animate. A bar of light like a luminous
golden coverlet spread over the bed.
"Look at that!" exclaimed the doctor. "And you spend your time shut
up here almost in the dark. You'll never get well that way. You ought
to go to Palermo, stay out in the sun—and not read or write a line."
"I know what I need," replied his friend quietly.
"What do you need? You are always mysterious."
Monsalvat went on reading. Torres remained with him for a few
moments and then withdrew without a word.
The doctor had been observing his friend for over a month, with
constantly growing curiosity. Monsalvat's intelligence seemed to have
grown sharper and deeper. He was still weak in body but his mind
was keener than ever. He reasoned with irrefutable logic, and
divined his opponent's arguments at a word. Torres attributed this
mental fitness to mental exercise. His patient talked with no one but
his host, did not go out, read very little; but all day long he was
occupied in thinking and remembering, trying to interpret his past
life, trying to understand the significance of the life he was then
experiencing. He spent hours analyzing the persons he knew, and
with extraordinary penetration. Torres was more than once
overcome with amazement when Monsalvat guessed his thoughts.
"Why should you be startled?" Monsalvat asked him on a certain
occasion. "What has happened is simply this. I am living from within
now. Up to six months ago I lived from without, superficially; and
the life I lived seemed to be the life of other people rather than my
own. It was an objective, a false, a lying kind of life. Just like your
own and that of nearly everyone. A materialistic kind of life, never
transcending the commonplace, devoid of mystery, and of genuinely
spiritual anxiety. But now my eyes are open and I begin to
understand. I have analyzed myself, I have looked within; and I
have discovered a great many things there that I knew nothing of. I
know now what there is in me, and what parts of it are worth
something, and what I must give to others. And I even begin to
suspect why I am alive!"
"I knew before that...."
Torres stopped abruptly, not caring to end his sentence. He
pretended to have forgotten what he wanted to say.
"Why don't you go on? Have you really forgotten what was on the
tip of your tongue? Well, I know what it was. You were going to say
that all that happened this past year, and the love I found, would
lead me straight to ... mysticism!"
"What? No, no, not that, exactly."
But that was exactly what he had been thinking. Monsalvat knew
how abhorrent to a man as orderly and normal, as submissive to
society's dicta, as Torres, the word "mysticism" must be. The doctor
had come to admit society's responsibility for much of the
unhappiness in the world; but he had no sympathy for those heroic
acts necessary to drive out injustice. He admired Monsalvat but at
the same time considered his passion for redeeming others a form of
insanity. According to Torres a normal man should accept things as
they are. The rebel, he who at sight of the suffering of life's victims,
breaks out into indignant accusations or takes up some useless but
heroic work, was, in his estimation, a madman.
Since his recent glimpse of Nacha, Torres had been anxious to talk
to her. Once or twice he watched the girls coming out of the shop.
He saw Nacha again, but it was very evident that she avoided him.
Convinced that Nacha did not care to hear any news of Monsalvat,
whose friendship with him she must have known, he gave up his
attempt to communicate with her.
The days went by. Monsalvat never spoke of Nacha and little by little
Torres came to the conclusion that he had forgotten her.
One morning, in March, Torres went to his guest's room at a very
early hour, to dissuade him from going away.
"Why leave me, Monsalvat? Stay here a couple of months longer,
until you are quite all right again. The kind of breakdown you're just
getting over is no joke, my dear boy. And where are you going
without a cent to your name, eh? Back to your quixotic notions
about righting all humanity's wrongs, and redeeming people who
have nothing to redeem about them? That's all nonsense, and leads
nowhere. One man alone can't accomplish anything. All you can do
is harm, filling the heads of those poor people with wild ideas. No,
my son. The world is full of evil. Well, what's to be done? You have
to take it as it is, and get what good you can out of it, and
—'forward, march!' Eh?"
Monsalvat did not reply. He lay on his side, his elbow resting on the
pillow, his hand on his breast, and his eyes turned towards the
window. But he was not looking at what was out there beyond him:
he was looking within, searching his own heart and the hearts of a
multitude of other human beings whom he saw there standing
between him and his friend. The doctor's words reached him from
far, far away—so far that he scarcely understood them. Meanwhile
the window seemed to be catching fire, making its offering of light
to Monsalvat as from a golden, quivering sheet of flame!
The doorbell rang. Without moving, Monsalvat said:
"That's the postman. He is bringing a letter from Nacha—for you."
Torres smiled at this prophecy; a forced smile, however, for he
feared that it might be true. He got up and was about to leave the
room when the maid came in with a letter. The doctor signed the
receipt for which the messenger was waiting, placing it for that
purpose on the table near Monsalvat's bed. He did not notice that
Monsalvat's eyes were fixed intently on the small bit of paper. Then
he opened the letter and looked at its signature, disconcerted.
Monsalvat laughed, enjoying his friend's confusion.
"It's from Ruiz de Castro. He wants to see me ... some affair of his
... he doesn't say what ..." stammered Torres, thrusting the letter
into his pocket. Then he went out, embarrassed and perplexed,
while Monsalvat smiled to himself.
For the letter actually did come from Nacha! She wrote that she
wanted to see Torres, but not at the entrance to the shop. From her
letter it appeared that she did not know where Monsalvat was. She
wanted to find out—that was why she wrote about him. She had
learned that he was ill; "Was it true?" she asked; and "was she to
blame?"
That evening Torres went to the lodgings at the address Nacha had
sent him. He found a respectable house, the tenants of which
appeared to be shop employees and their families.
"You don't know what I've been through," murmured Nacha. "We
met one afternoon, and I—"
Torres knew something of this meeting.
"But you don't know why I acted as I did," Nacha continued. "It was
because I loved him; because I didn't want to do him harm. So that
he, distinguished and fine as he is, shouldn't be ruined by
associating his life with that of a ... someone like myself.... You see?
Since that day I have lived straight; and somehow, I'm still alive,
although really I am dying ... with grief.... But this I accept, for his
sake, and to make up for the kind of life I led before. I accept it so
that he may not have to suffer, so that he will forget me, and be
happy, and go on with the kind of life he ought to have—even
though I die of it. What good am I?"
They were alone, facing each other over a small table, lit by a small
lamp which had been pushed to one side. Torres felt the shadows of
the room pressing around his throat, choking him. Nacha's face
alone stood out, catching the light. The doctor was thinking of the
frightful pranks Destiny can play.
But this emotion passed, and the man of the world, laden with
prejudices, falsehood, cruelties—and good, withal, replaced the plain
and honest man of feeling.
"You couldn't know what I've been through," Nacha repeated. "Since
that afternoon I have earned my living by work. First there were
days of discouragement, when I went hungry. Then I found
employment in a shop. Eleven hours a day and thirty dollars a
month! I get a bonus too. But there are fines for the slightest thing.
Altogether I earn about sixty dollars more or less—there's no rest
during those eleven hours. Sometimes they send me with a load of
goods up to the fifth floor. We aren't allowed to use the elevators. It
isn't a gay life, you see. But it's for him, so I don't mind! Not so that
he'll love me—I'm not worthy of living with him—just to deserve,
even at a distance, a little of the love he has for me!"
Torres looked away from her; it occurred to him that this change in
Nacha was a danger for Monsalvat. He believed he must save his
friend once for all, and to accomplish that required a lie. He reflected
that it was really too bad that deceit should at times be necessary,
even to accomplish good results. Something inquired of him if he
really believed that the purpose he had in view was "good." He
hesitated a moment; but he remembered the world's opinion, the
world's morality, the world's sentiments. He turned towards Nacha,
and with a gesture as if he was casting from him an unpleasant
thought, and in a hard voice, he said:
"You must not see him again, Nacha, ever. Anyway, he has forgotten
you. Yes! He is in love with another woman, and is thinking of
getting married. You don't want to wreck his plans, eh?"
She could not see. Everything was dark. She felt a "yes" come
mechanically from her throat, and she put out a hand, so inert, that
it barely felt the rapid pressure of another hand. Then came the
noise of a closing door, and the sound of retreating footsteps. But
darkness remained, empty ... and endless.

As she sat at the small table, her senses dull to everything, she did
not hear a knock at her door; nor was she aware that a man had
come in and was there, before her, waiting. A sudden leap of her
heart, and a flash of consciousness made her raise her eyes. She
thought she must be feverish, in a delirium! She would have cried
out, but something within her, that overpowered her, muffled her
voice.
"Nacha!" he said.
"Is this true? It is not a dream? Not a dream?"
They were face to face, but they could not speak. No words could
express what shone in Monsalvat's eyes, and echoed in Nacha's
breathless weeping. The room seemed to fill with memories of the
distant past, scenes fraught with sorrow, and ancient longings,
taking on a strange, mysterious life, like an old temple that has
heard the prayers of centuries.
Nacha's tears were for what had been, and what ought to have
been; for what she had not wanted to be, and what the world had
forced her to become. Monsalvat sat at her side, caressing her
hands; but he saw facing him the two men he had been in his
lifetime, and he demanded an account of them for what his life had
been, looking into their very souls, cursing them; and before Nacha
passed the different women who had dwelt in her body, the bad
woman, and the good, the victim and the weakling.
And in that dim light, they understood one another, these two
suffering human beings. The light in the heart of each shone out to
the other. Their heads drew close together. Without knowing it,
without seeking it, they kissed gently, like children of one mother.
 CHAPTER XVII
Monsalvat that very afternoon had taken lodgings in the house in
order to be near Nacha. As Torres signed it, he read the receipt of
the special delivery letter; and he hurried to the Messenger Service
Bureau and there learned Nacha's address. When he reached the
building where she lived he noticed a sign announcing a furnished
room to let in this tenement which was an old family dwelling, now
rented out to numerous lodgers. Monsalvat took the room on the top
floor facing the street. Thus, it happened that when he appeared in
Nacha's quarters he was already a tenant in the same house.
Torres' efforts to find out what had become of Monsalvat were all
unsuccessful. He even wrote to Nacha, who replied that she had not
seen him nor had any news of him. These falsehoods did not much
trouble her conscience. She wanted to keep Monsalvat near her,
have him for herself alone; and she was fearful of his friends, of his
associates at the ministry, of everything which threatened to
interrupt her possession of him. When, in the afternoon, she came
home from work, she could scarcely breathe with the anxiety and
the fear of no longer finding him there.
But the emotion she felt was to all appearances purely fraternal.
Suffering had spiritualized it. The first kiss had been the last. Nacha
knew how little the physical aspect of love meant. She could not
offer her lover something of as little price as her body. To Monsalvat
she would give her heart and soul and whatever good there was in
her; her tenderness, as immeasurable as space, and her suffering,
as deep as the sea. Nor did he desire her. Nacha was no longer a
mere woman to him; she had become a symbol, tremendously
significant, of all women who pay the penalty she was paying, of
those victims rejected by society—daughters of the mire and of
human misery; and she was his sister as well. If at times he desired
Nacha, the desire was fleeting, a passing sentiment. He knew that it
was this sentiment which had drawn him towards her; and in this
fact he saw a proof of the wisdom of instinct, of nature's
fundamental soundness; for desire had, in moments of vacillation
and uneasiness of conscience, led him to the right road. Now he was
no longer a man of the world, nor a distinguished lawyer, nor
anything else that he had been. As far as the world was concerned,
he was a ruined man. But in his own eyes he had saved himself,
found a purpose for his life; the purpose to give everything he had
to others, and to suffer for them. What did all the rest matter if, in
this course of conduct, he found what he recognized as the "Good"
he craved?
And so time passed. Nacha went to the shop in the morning, and
returned at night. Monsalvat went out only to go to the Ministry, and
to offer relief to those in great need. When he came back from the
office he gathered the children in the house together and taught
them to read; and his evenings were for Nacha, for long waking
dreams—a book in his hands, and silence keeping watch over them
like a faithful dog. His evenings were for that idealized love which
Nacha too now understood.
But one evening Nacha told him of the doubts that troubled her.
Why sacrifice one's life, and tranquillity, and happiness, for others?
With so much wretchedness in the world, what could one man's slow
and small accomplishment matter? And why give one's whole soul to
something that offered no visible reward?
"Nacha," he replied, "to sacrifice ourselves for others is a duty. It is
the only reason for our living. If we all accepted this principle, life
would be inconceivably beautiful. And what other principle makes
our lives consistent with our opinions and our ideals—granted we
have opinions and ideals? It is an obligation we owe to those from
whom we have taken their share of happiness. There are not many
who pay this debt, not many who comply with this law. People not
only resist the law of love implicit in sacrifice, but they will to be
selfish, and bad. But doesn't that make it all the more our duty,
Nacha, to do what we can? We must win forgiveness for the wrongs
we do our brothers, for the guilt of society in which we all share."
He stopped, and looked dreamily before him, as though he saw
some luminous object in the distance. Then, after a moment of
silence, he added:
"The work of one individual has tremendous value as an example.
Good work is not lost. It arouses other souls; and each one of these
will waken others, who, but for them, would continue to sleep. So,
little by little, daylight will come; injustice will cease; and poverty will
be a word."
Monsalvat was at work on two plays which Nacha helped him to
copy. They proved to be somewhat incoherent compositions, full of
anguish, and love, and pity. They excited keen interest among the
theatrical managers to whom he submitted them but no one cared
to produce them. Some one of the readers who examined them
called the plays "anti-social"; and they were generally considered
dangerous to established order. In truth, they contained too much
human sympathy: but it may well be that justice, or even simple
honesty, is a serious menace to society!
One Sunday afternoon Julieta came to call on Nacha. She was no
longer the smiling Julieta of old. Bad luck had been haunting her
footsteps of late; and for the last few weeks she had known what it
was to go hungry. While she was telling Nacha her troubles
Monsalvat came in. Julieta did not know him, and stopped short.
"It is my friend," said Nacha. "He can help you. Go on!"
Julieta, reassured as much by a glance at Monsalvat as by Nacha's
words, told how her small savings had all been spent to help Sara
who had suddenly developed a horrible disease.
"I thought I could earn more if I had to," said Julieta, "but I haven't
been able to. I've had to give up my room at Lavalle Street; and
they are going to put me out of the lodging house where I have
been staying, because my rent isn't paid. I can't go out on the
street! But I'm discouraged. What can I do? I had hoped to get away
from this life somehow; and now it seems as though I would have to
go deeper into it than ever before—and after seeing what has
happened to poor Sara! Oh, I can't bear to think of it!"
"Everything is going to come out right for you," Monsalvat said to
her gently. "What little I have is yours. Don't thank me. No, I shall
be angry if you do. It isn't mine after all. No one is the owner of
money. It's stupid to think so! Don't lose heart. I'm going to take
care of all your troubles. No, it isn't only for you I am doing this. It's
for myself, you see."
Monsalvat had received his salary that afternoon. He had just paid
his rent; and he gave all that remained to Julieta, who let herself be
persuaded finally to accept it. Then he left the girls alone.
As he went out of the door, he found, leaning against the wall
opposite, his legs crossed, an ill-favored individual who looked at
him with an impudent and sinister smile. Nacha could not endure
this cross-eyed and thoroughly unprepossessing loafer, who, it was
rumored, was a police spy. His small, close-set eyes, low forehead,
crushed-in nose and vicious expression all suggested the jail bird;
and Nacha could never see him without having a ghastly vision of all
the crimes a man is capable of; nor was she alone in fearing him.
But she learned on a certain occasion that he knew her past life, and
the discovery kept her awake many nights. As the days passed
without her hearing anything more from him, she put aside the
worst of her fears. The man watched Monsalvat closely and even
followed him on the street.
When Monsalvat returned to Nacha's room, Julieta had gone. Nacha
was depressed and this he naturally attributed to Julieta's trouble.
But Nacha was tormented by various concerns of her own, of which
she never spoke. One was her wretched poverty. To eke out her
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