DIP: LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND MEDIA STUDIES

SOT10AS

SESOTHO I (THUTOPUO)
Credits – 24
NQF level- 6
E HLOPHISITWE KE:

2023
Ngaka L Motake

BARUPELLI:
Dr M.A Nhlapo ([email protected])

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MODULE/COURSE Language Practice and Media Studies
Name of Module Sesotho I
Responsible Department Communication Sciences
Teaching load 2 periods per week for teaching applied Sesotho (85 minutes each)
Total Credits of module 24
NQF Level 6
Compulsory/Optional Compulsory
Pre-requisites/Co requisites/ Sesotho
Ancillaries
Expected Learning Outcomes • Appraise social norms of language usage.
• Demonstrate understanding of different functions language.
• Identify language variations such as accents, dialects and slang.
• Develop language competence in the publishing setting.
• Review and analyse literary texts.
• Edit texts for publication.
• Write literary and scholarly texts for publication.
Assessment Methods • Students will write summative assessments to show their understanding.
• Peer assessments where students articulate their understanding and apply
principles.
• Class presentations will also be used to assess understanding, application
and knowledge of social norms.
• Calculation of course mark – Task 1 +Task 2
2

• Calculation of the final mark – course mark + examination mark

Schedule/Workplan/Semester • Term 1= test

planning • Term 2 = assignment
Summary of module content Linguistics: Socio-linguistics, text analysis
Textbooks, prescribed and Prescribed textbook:
recommended readings for the
module Molotsane, M.B. 2013.
Puo ya Sesotho (Kerama). Matatiele: Bensom Publishers.

Recommended reading:

Fromkin V., Rodman, R. & Hyams, N. 2007.

An introduction to language. USA: Thomas Wadsworth.

Ladefoged, P. 2001.
A course in Phonetics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Ngcangca, D.J.M. 1992.

Ngola Sesotho ka nepo. Heinenmann Publishers.

Khoali, B.T. et al. 1993.

Mampodi Sehlopa sa 8-10

Graduate Attributes • Communication

• Team Work
• Community engagement
• Entrepreneurship
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy for • Students need to know how to write Sesotho academically as well as
Question Formulation understand the language.

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Writing centre information The aim of the Writing Centre is to assist students with academic writing
at any stage of the writing process:

• Help first year students with the process of transitioning into a

university with relevance to Academic Writing
• Post-Graduate Students with Research projects and proposals.

This service is offered at no cost by Writing Advisors, who are mainly

postgraduate students (Masters & PhD), including part-time lecturers.

Services offered:

• Helping undergraduate students learn how to write academically for

their disciplines;
• Supporting postgraduate students in learning how to write for
research purposes;
• Creating collaborations with staff to enhance academic writing in
their modules and conducting writing workshops;
• Structuring an essay or assignment, analyzing questions, and
developing the structure of the assignment;
• Developing a coherent argument and providing evidence to support
an argument;
• The use of relevant sources from literature, referencing and avoiding
plagiarism;
• Supporting student’s projects of Creative writing;
• Assisting with the usage of appropriate writing style and tone; and
• Helping students with similarity reports using SafeAssign and
Turnitin.

Location

Welkom: Room H4

G&H Building

Bloemfontein: Room 025, Ground Floor

Student Academic Support Centre

Consultation Hours

Monday – Friday: 08:00- until 16:30

For general enquiries: Writing Centre Coordinator at 0579103593

([email protected]) / 051 507 3978 ([email protected])

Personal behaviour and class All registered students are representatives of the CUT on and off
conduct and code of academic campus and are expected to behave in a respectable and professional
integrity

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 manner at all times and situations. On campus students are expected to
comply with the University regulations regarding general conduct in and
out of classes. Students must ensure that they amongst others comply
with the dress code, arrive on time for classes and shall not leave a class
while in progress, nor conduct their own discussions or behave in any
matter that disrupts the class or intimidates any student or lecturer in any
way. Should a student have to leave a class while in session under
emergency situations, permission must be requested from the lecturer.

No student may at any time act in any way that disrupts a class, shows
disrespect to any other student or lecturer, inhibits the learning of
another student through his or her actions, influence or entice any fellow
student to act in a particular way not in accordance with the prescribed
codes of conduct and/or participate in any action not promoting the
learning culture the university subscribes to. Students are specifically
referred to chapter 9 par 9.5 and Chapters 12 and 13 (calendar of
CUT) with regard to general conduct of students on and off
campus.

Communication, Complaints & • All lecturer communication shall be conducted through eThuto
Grievances (Blackboard). Students are to review the home page of the subject
regularly. Notices, announcements and any other important
information will also be sent to the student’s email account. It is the
responsibility of the student to make sure that he/she is aware of
any communication directed via eThuto). Classes are used in the
first instance for direct communication with lecturers, tutors and
instructors.
• Students may also consult their lecturers, tutors or instructors during
the consulting times indicated in this study guides and on office
doors.
• Students are also allowed to make use of email to contact the
lecturer.
• Students who have any problems with a subject must first discuss
the matter with the lecturer concerned and if not resolved with the
direct line manager (HOD or DM) of the lecturer and higher if
necessary. In case of collective problems, the class representative
needs to follow the same procedures.

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CUT VISION 2030

“By 2030, Central University of Technology, Free State will be a leading African
University of Technology, shaping the future through innovation.” This is the
aspirational statement for the CUT of the future that was agreed upon at a
broad Extended Management and Stakeholder Lekgotla on 3 March 2020. The
notion of CUT as a leading African University of Technology should be seen
against the background of the University’s aspiration to be socially relevant and
to have a positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of the community it
serves. To be a leading African UoT is to recognise the location of the
University geographically but also, more importantly, to recognise its location
within the matrix of social and economic challenges that the continent faces. It
talks to indigenous knowledge, a de-colonised curriculum, and distinctively
African values such as ubuntu. The future orientation of the vision statement –
by 2030 – requires the University to project itself 10 years into the future, in an
uncertain and rapidly changing world. “Shaping the future through innovation”
speaks to CUT’s aspiration to be an active force for change, finding novel and
innovative solutions to the problems that the country and the continent face.
The vision statement is underpinned by seven strategic goals arising from the
stakeholder engagements and by the University’s mission statement, values,
motto, and graduate attributes.

CUT MISSION

In aspiring to fulfil its vision the reimagined CUT, as a university of technology:

• Delivers high-quality, appropriate Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) academic programmes, as well as those in Management
Sciences, Education and Humanities, supported by applied research;
• Engages with the community for mutually beneficial development;
• Promotes access with success in attracting potentially successful students, and
supporting them to become employable and job-creating graduates;
• Attracts and retains high-quality students and expert staff, and supports their
development and well-being; and
• Forges strategic partnerships that are mutually beneficial.

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CUT CORE VALUES

The core values of the University are:

• Ubuntu
• Integrity
• Diversity
• Innovation
• Excellence

CUT MOTTO

The motto of CUT is Thinking beyond.

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TOKELO YA KGATISO

Ha ho motho ya dumelletsweng ho hatisa tataiso ena ka ntle ho tumello ya

mongodi. Ka hoo, kgatiso le phatlalatso ya tataiso ena ka ntle ho tumello ya
mongodi ke tlolo ya molao.

Tokelo ya kgatiso © 2023.

vii
 TSE KA HARE
LEQEPHE

1. KAMOHELO LE TLHEKELO ....................................................................................... 1

2. MORUPEDI ................................................................................................................... 2

3. MATSHWAO A BOHLOKWA....................................................................................... 2

4. SILABASE .................................................................................................................... 3

5. MOTJHA WA TEKOLO ................................................................................................ 3

6. DINTLHA TSE BOHLOKWA ........................................................................................ 4

7. MEHLODI ..................................................................................................................... 4

8. LENANE LA DITEMA ................................................................................................... 5

9. MORALO WA DITHUTO .............................................................................................. 7

10. DIHLOMATHISO ........................................................................................................ 10

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1. KAMOHELO LE TLHEKELO

Kgotso moithuti

Re a o amohela thutong ya Sesotho I (Thutopuo) mme re a tshepa hore thuto ena e

tla o thusa ho matlafatsa tsebo ya hao ya puo ya Sesotho.

Puo e nngwe le e nngwe e itshetlehile medumong ya puo e teng ho yona. Ka mefuta

ya medumo feela, re na le hona ho nka diqeto tsa hore puo eo momamedi a e
mametseng, a e buang, a e balang kapa a e ngolang, ke Sesotho kapa ha se sona.
Ntlha ena e tlama moithuti e mong le e mong ya ikgethelang lekala la ho sebedisa
puo, a e fetolela puong e nngwe, esita le yona tshebediso ya puo ka bophara, ho ithuta
puo eo ho tloha motheong wa yona, e leng medumo ya puo eo.

Thuto ya Sesotho I, e hlophisitswe ka mokgwa o latelang:

Karolo ya pele

Mona ho tla hlwauwa medumo e teng puong ya Sesotho le qapodiso ya medumo eo.
Qapodiso ya medumo ya Sesotho e tla hlakiswa, diphapang di hlaloswe. Qetellong,
moithuti a be le hona ho ka sebedisa mongolo wa difonetiki.

Karolo ya bobedi

Karolong ena teng ho tla hlahlojwa dikarolo kapa ditho tsa puo le tshebediso ya tsona
puong. Se lebelletsweng ho moithuti qetellong, ke ho lemoha phapang e teng dithong
tsena tsa puo le tshebediso ya tsona.

Karolo ena ya thutopuo ya Sesotho I, e tla rutwa sebaka sa semestara e le nngwe (e

leng nako ya dikgwedi tse tsheletseng) feela. Lenane la mosebetsi o tla etswa le
kenyeleditswe tataisong ena. Sebedisa tataiso ena ka mehla ho itlhophisetsa dithuto
tsa hao mme o tle ka yona phaphosing ka nako tsohle.

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2. MORUPELLI

Lebitso: Dr M.A Nhlapo

Sebaka: Phaposi ya 09 Moaho wa Humanitas
Nomoro ya mohala: (057) 507 3329
e-mail: [email protected]

Aterese ya poso: School of Communication Sciences

Central University of Technology, Free State
Private Bag X20539
BLOEMFONTEIN
9300
South Africa

3. MATSHWAO A BOHLOKWA

Mosebetsi wa batho ba
Thuto ya letsatsi
babedi

Ke mang a tla hlophisa

Metjha ya ho ruta
diteko?
Letsatsi la ho nehela
Mehlodi
mosebetsi

Iphumanele mehlodi Mosebetsi

Boitshwaro Ke lokela ho etsa eng?

Tsebo le bokgoni Tekolo

Diphetho tse
Mosebetsi wa dihlopha
lebelletsweng

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4. SILABASE

4.1 Tema ya 1: Ditumammoho

4.2 Tema ya 2: Ditumanotshi

4.3 Tema ya 3: Mongolo wa difonetiki

4.4 Tema ya 4: Lebitso, leemedi le lekgethi

4.5 Tema ya 5: Leetsi le lehlalosi

4.6 Tema ya 6: Polelonolo

5. MOTJHA WA TEKOLO

Matshwao a hao a tla koponywa ka

mokgwa o latelang:
Teko ya

Teko ya
1

2
ya mahare
Tlhahlobo

a selemo

Matshwao kaofela: Teko 1, 2,

+ Tlhahlobo = 100%

3
6. DINTLHA TSE BOHLOKWA

 Ho latela melawana ya yunivesithi, ditlhahlobo mmoho le diteko di tla itshetleha

hodima tsebo, lesedi esita le kutlwisiso. Ke maikarabelo a moithuti ho netefatsa
hore o utlwisisa melao le melawana ya hlahlobo mme yona e fumaneha
khalendareng ya baithuti ya selemo sa 2023.

 Ebang o ile wa sitwa ho ngola teko kapa wa hloleha ho etsa mosebetsi ofe kapa
ofe bakeng sa matshwao, o tshwanela ho tlisa lengolo la ngaka nakong ya
matsatsi a mararo. Ntle le lengolo lena kapa bopaki bo bong, o keke wa fumana
monyetla wa ho ngola.

 Morupedi o na le tokelo ya ho botsa dipotso ka mosebetsi oo ho ileng ha buisanwa

ka wona ka phaphosing le hoja o sa hlahe dibukeng tse hlwauweng.

 Bolofa ha bo a dummellwa. Ke setlamo hore moithuti e mong le e mong a

iponahatse dithutong tsohle. Ha ho dithuto tse tla phethwang bakeng sa baithuiti
ba neng ba lofile. Diteko tsohle di tla ngolwa ka nako ya dithuto, ka lebaka lena,
ho hlokolosi hore moithuti a be teng dithutong ka mehla.

 Morupedi o na le tokelo ya ho fetola lenane la mosebetsi hara nako empa baithuti

ba tla tsebiswa ka phetoho efe kapa efe nakong ya dithuto.

 Ebang Morupedi a le morao nakong bakeng sa dithuto, baithuti ba lokela ho:

-ema metsotso e 10 phaphosing;

-ka mora metsotso eo, moithuti a le mong ya kgethilweng o lokela ho ya kantorong
ya mongodi wa lefapha ho lo utlwa hore na ha ho mosebetsi oo Morupedi a o
sietseng baithuti.

 Ho qopitsa ha wa dumellwa. Morupedi o na le tokelo ya ho se fe baithuti ba

amehang matshwao (0) lebakeng la mosebetsi o amehang.

7. MEHLODI

7.1 Buka e hlwauweng:

Molotsane, M.B. 2013.

Puo ya Sesotho (Kerama). Matatiele: Bensom Publishers.

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7.2 Tse kgothalletswang:

Fromkin V., Rodman, R. & Hyams, N. 2007.

An introduction to language. USA: Thomas Wadsworth.

Ladefoged, P. 2001.
A course in Phonetics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Ngcangca, D.J.M. 1992.

Ngola Sesotho ka nepo. Heinenmann Publishers.

Khoali, B.T. et al. 1993.

Mampodi Sehlopa sa 8-10

8. LENANE LA DITEMA

MAIKEMISETSO/SEPHEO SEPHETHO SA THUTO METJHA YA

TEKOLO

1. DITUMAMMOHO Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho lemosa moithuti ka medumo ya ditumammoho le • ditho tsa mmele tse Mosebetsi wa dihlopha
dikarolo tsa mmele tse hlokehang bakeng sa ho sebediswang qapodisong ya
bopa medumo ena. medumo ya puo Diphuputso

• ditsela tsa qapodiso ya medumo

ya puo

• dibaka tsa qapodiso

2. DITUMANOTSHI Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho hlakisa mekgwa ya ho hlophisa le ho hlalosa • ho hlalosa ditumanotshi ka Mosebetsi wa dihlopha

medumo ya ditumanotshi. botlalo
Diphuputso
• ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa
mefuta yohle ya ditumanotshi

• ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa

ditumanotshi le ditumammoho

3. MONGOLO WA DIFONETIKI Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho hlakisa phapang pakeng tsa mongolo wa kamehla • ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa Mosebetsi wa dihlopha
le mongolo wa difonetiki. mongolo o tlwaelehileng le wa
difonetiki Diphuputso
• ho ngola mongolo wa difonetiki

4. LEBITSO, LEEMEDI, LE LEKGETHI Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho hlalosa sebopeho sa mabitso a Sesotho le • ho hlalosa lebitso le ho le Mosebetsi wa dihlopha

dihlopha tseo a welang ho tsona. kgetholla dikarolong tse ding
tsa puo Diphuputs
Ho hlalosa sebopeho sa leemedi le lekgethi mmoho
le tshebediso ya tsona dipolelong tsa Sesotho.
• ho hlalosa leemedi le ho le
kgetholla dikarolong tse ding
tsa puo

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 • ho hlalosa lekgethi le ho le
kgetholla dikarolong tse ding
tsa puo

5. LEETSI LE LEHLALOSI Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho bontsha mokgwa oo ketsahalo e ithlahisang ka • ho hlalosa leetsi le ho le Mosebetsi wa dihlopha

wona puong ya Sesotho. kgetholla dikarolong tse ding
tsa puo Diphuputs

• ho hlalosa lehokamoetsi le ho le
kgetholla dikarolong tse ding
tsa puo

• ho hlalosa boleng ba leetsi

• ho hlalosa boleng ba lehlalosi

6.POLELONOLO Moithuti o lokela ho tseba: Teko

Ho bontsha phaphano pakeng tsa mefuta e • ho hlalosa polenolo Mosebetsi wa dihlopha

fapaneng ya dipolelo tse fumanwang puong ya
Sesotho. • dikarolwana tsa polelonolo Diphuputs

• phaphang pakeng tsa polenolo

le mefuta e meng ya dipolelo

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9. MORALO WA DITHUTO

KOTARA YA PELE: Tlhakubele - Mmesa 2021

Letsatsi Thuto Metjha ya Nako e Metjha ya Metjha ya

ho ruta lekanyed ho laola ho
itsweng boleng tshehetsa
moithuti
13-17
Hlakola Kamohelo ya baithuti
20-24
Hlakola
1. DTUMAMMOHO
• Ditho tsa medumo Barupedi
-Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 - ho latela -Dipuisano le
-leleme
baithuiti dihora ditataiso Morupedi
-matshwafo
-Ho fana ka tsa HEQC -Dibuka
-kodu
thuto ya letsatsi -Laeborari
-mahalapa
-Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
-dipounama
dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
-mahanana
ba bang kapa
-lehano
Morupedi

20-24
Hlakola • Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 IBarupedi Dipuisano le
-ditumapou baithuiti dihora - ho latela Morupedi
-dialefiyolare -Ho fana ka ditataiso -Dibuka
-dikgitli thuto ya letsatsi tsa HEQC -Laeborari
-diforekathifo -Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
-diaforekheite dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
ba bang kapa
Morupedi
27-03
Hlakubele

2. DITUMANOTSHI - Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 - Barupedi - Dipuisano le

baithuiti dihora - ho latela Morupedi
-Ho fana ka ditataiso -Dibuka
• karolo ya leleme e
thuto ya letsatsi tsa HEQC -Laeborari
sebediswang
-Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
• bophahamo ba leleme ka
dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
hanong
ba bang kapa
• Pebenyo ya dipounama Morupedi
• Phapang pakeng tsa
ditumanotshi le
ditumammoho
27-03
Hlakubele Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 Barupedi Dipuisano le
baithuiti dihora - ho latela Morupedi
3. MONGOLO WA DIFONETIKI -Ho fana ka ditataiso -Dibuka
thuto ya letsatsi tsa HEQC -Laeborari
• Ditumanotshi -Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
• dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
Ditumammoho
ba bang kapa
Morupedi
06-10
Hlakubele

Teko ya 1

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13-17
Hlakubele Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 Barupedi Dipuisano le
4. LEBITSO, LEEMEDI LE baithuiti dihora - ho latela Morupedi
LEKGETHI -Ho fana ka ditataiso -Dibuka
thuto ya letsatsi tsa HEQC -Laeborari
• Lebitso: leq 57-68 -Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
-tlhaloso dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
-dikarolo tsa mabitso ba bang kapa
-dihlopha tsa mabitso Morupedi

20-24-
Hlakubele -nyenyefatso Dipuisano le 1 credit= 10 - Barupedi - Dipuisano le
-kgodiso baithuiti dihora - ho latela Morupedi
• leemedi: leq 69-74 -Ho fana ka ditataiso -Dibuka
-tlhaloso thuto ya letsatsi tsa HEQC -Laeborari
-mefuta ya maemedi -Mosebetsi wa -Tshehetso ya
-maemedi a tobileng dihlopha tswa ho baithuti
-boiketsi le moetsuwa ba bang kapa
-maemedi a sa tobang Morupedi -
-maemedikgethi
• lekgethi: leq 51-52
-tlhaloso
-mefuta ya kgethi

KOTARA YA BOBEDI: Mmesa - Phupjane 2021

Letsatsi Thuto Metjha Nako e Metjha Metjha ya ho

ya ho lekanyeditsweng ya ho tshehetsa
ruta laola moithuti
boleng
12-14 Mmesa 5. LEETSI LE
LEHLALOSI Dipuisano 1 credit= 10 dihora barupelli - Dipuisano le
le baithuiti - ho latela morupelli
• leetsi: leq 17-46 -Ho fana ditataiso -Dibuka
-tlhaloso ka thuto ya tsa HEQC -Laeborari
-leetsi letsatsi -Tshehetso ya
-sebopeho sa leetsi -Mosebetsi tswa ho baithuti ba
-lehokedi wa bang kapa
-katoloso ya leetsi dihlopha morupelli
-boleng ba leetsi
-mahaelli/mathusi

17-21 Mmesa -leetsisamodumo

-leba Dipuisano 1 credit= 10 dihora - barupelli - Dipuisano le
-lekgathe le baithuiti - ho latela morupelli
-mehato ya -Ho fana ditataiso -Dibuka
ketsahalo ka thuto ya tsa HEQC -Laeborari
-sekao letsatsi -Tshehetso ya
-sekao-peho -Mosebetsi tswa ho baithuti ba
-sekao-taelo wa bang kapa
-sekao-kgoneho dihlopha morupelli
-sekao-ho
-sekao-hore

24-28 Mmesa
• lehlalosi: leq 47- - Dipuisano 1 credit= 10 dihora barupelli - Dipuisano le
50 le baithuiti - ho latela morupelli
-tlhaloso -Ho fana ditataiso -Dibuka
-mefuta ka thuto ya tsa HEQC -Laeborari
letsatsi

8
 • lelahlelwa: leq -Mosebetsi -Tshehetso ya
53-56 wa tswa ho baithuti ba
-tlhaloso dihlopha bang kapa
-mefuta morupelli g

01-05
Motsheanong

TEKO YA 2
08-12 6. POLELONOLO
Dipuisano 1 credit= 10 dihora barupelli Dipuisano le
Motsheanong POLELO: leq 1- 15 le baithuiti - ho latela morupelli
• Tlhaloso -Ho fana ditataiso -Dibuka
• Mefuta ka thuto ya tsa HEQC -Laeborari
-polelonolo letsatsi -Tshehetso ya
-polekopane -Mosebetsi tswa ho baithuti ba
wa bang kapa
dihlopha morupelli

08-12
-polelwanakgethi Dipuisano 1 credit= 10 dihora barupelli Dipuisano le
Motsheanong le baithuiti - ho latela morupelli
-polelwantlhalosi
-polelwanakutu -Ho fana ditataiso -Dibuka
-polelwanabitso ka thuto ya tsa HEQ -Laeborari
letsatsi -Tshehetso ya
-Mosebetsi tswa ho baithuti ba
wa bang kapa
dihlopha morupell

15-19
7. BOITOKISETSO BA
Motsheanong HLAHLOBO
22
DIBEKE TSA
Motsheanong- DIHLAHLOBO
23 Phupjane

9
DIHLOMATHISO
MEDUMO LE QAPODISO YA PUO (DIFONETIKI)
TEMA YA 1: DITUMAMMOHO
Sepheo

Qetellong moithuti o lokela ho tseba:

1 ditho tsa mmele tse sebediswang qapodisong ya medumo ya puo;

2 ditsela tsa qapodiso ya medumo ya puo;
3 dibaka tsa qapodiso;

1. Selelekela
Puo ke medumo hobane dibui di qapodisa medumo mme di nke qeto hore medumo
eo e bolelang mme difonetiki ke thuto e amanang le medumo ya puo. (Mampodi,
1993:168). Ka hoo, puo e nngwe le e nngwe e itshetlehile medumong ya teng.
Thutong ena re tla shebana le medumo ya puo ya Sesotho le qapodiso ya teng. Ditho
tsa mmele tse sebediswang qapodisong ya medumo ya Sesotho di tla hlaloswa,
mekgwa ya qapodiso ya medumo esita le tulo tsa qapodiso le tsona di tla hlaloswa ka
botebo. Qetellong phapang pakeng tsa ditumammoho le ditumanotshi e tla
totobatswa.

2 Ditho tsa mmele tse sebediswang puong

Ditho tsa mmele di bohlokwa haholo qapodisong ya medumo hobane di re thusa ho

hlalosa esita le ho hlophisa medumo e fapafapaneng ya Sesotho. Ditho tseo re di
sebedisang qapodisong ya medumo di kenyelletsa matshwafo, qoqotho, kodu,
lehano, mahalapa, lelengwana le tse ding tseo re tla di hlalosang. Setshwantsho se
latelang se hlakisa ditho tsa mmele tse sebediswang puong mmoho le dibaka tsa
qapodiso.

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2.1 Matshwafo
-Matshwafo a bohlokwa haholo qapodisong ya medumo.
-Mosebetsi o moholo wa matshwafo ke ho fepela moya o thusang ho bopa medumo.
-Medumo e mengata ya Sesotho e botjwa ka moya ona o hlahang matshwafong.

11
2.2 Qoqotho

-Ho fapana le matshwafo, qoqotho yona ha e bope medumo empa e sebetsa jwalo
ka tsela e tsamaisang moya ho tloha matshwafong ho ya tswa nkong le molomong.

2.3 Kodu

Kodu e sebetsa mesebetsi e mmedi. Ha e bulehile e bopa medumo e se nang

lentswe jwalo ka [t’], [p’], [h], [f] le e meng. Sena se etsahala ha moya o hlahang
matshwafong o feta ntle le tshetiso. Feela ha kodu e batla e kwalehile re ba le
medumo e nang le lentswe/dikodu. Mehlala: [b], [r], [l], [m], le e meng. Hlokomela
hore masakana […] ana a bohlokwa mongolong wa difonetiki bakeng sa ho bontsha
medumo e fapafapaneng.

2.4 Lehano

-Lehano le bopilwe ka dikarolwana tse mmalwa tse bohlokwa qapodisong ya medumo

jwalo ka meno, leleme le lelengwana.

2.5 Mahalapa

-Mahalapa le ona a bohlokwa qapodisong ya medumo.

-Mahalapa a arotswe ka dikarolwana tse pedi e leng:
-mahalapa a thata – a thusa qapodisong ya medumo e kang [ɲ] ho lentswe nyala

-mahalapa a bonojana – ona a thusa qapodisong ya medumo e kang [k’], [kxʰ], [kʰ]
mantsweng a kang kobo, kgomo le khabetje.

12
2.6 Lelengwana

-Lelengwana ke karolwana e nyane e fumanwang ka morao ho mahalapa.

-Mosebetsi wa lelengwana ke ho kwala esita le ho bula motjha wa moya o lebang
dinkong bakeng sa ho qapodisa medumo ya nko kapa ditumanko.

2.7 Marenene

-Marenene a thusa qapodisong ya medumo e kang [t’], [s], [ts’] jwalojwalo;

-medumo ena e botjwa ha leleme le thetsa marenene.

2.8 Dipounama

-Dipounama le tsona di thusa haholo qapodisong ya medumo e itseng ya Sesotho;

-medumo e qapodiswang ka dipounama ke dibaelebiale le dilebiotentale.

2.9 Leleme

-leleme le sebetsa haholo qapodisong ya medumo mme le na le dikarolwana tse

latelang:
-motso wa leleme;
-bopele ba leleme;
-bohare ba leleme le
-bomorao ba leleme.

Ho hlakile hore lehano le na le kabelo e kgolo qapodisong ya medumo puong ya

Sesotho hobane bongata ba ditho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa qapodiso ya medumo
di fumanwa ka hara lehano.
Ka bokgutshwanyane, re ka re ditho tsa mmele tse hlalositsweng ka hodimo
dibohlokwa haholo puong ya Sesotho hobane ntle le tsona re tla sitwa ho qapodisa
medumo e hlokehang ho re re tle re bue Sesotho.
Karolwaneng e latelang re tla qoqa ka qapodiso ya medumo ya Sesotho.

13
3 Ditsela tsa qapodiso ya medumo ya puo

Re se re ile ra bua ka moya o hlokahalang hore medumo yohle e qapodiswe. Boholo

ba medumo bo qapodiswa ka moya o hlahang matshwafong. Jwale moya ona o
lokollwa ka ditsela tse tharo tse latelang.

3.1 Moya o tswang matshwafong

-Moya o tswang ka matshwafo o re thusa ho qapodisa medumo e kang:

[n] > nna, [f] > fafatsa, [s] > sala, [b] > bala, [pʰ] > phunya [ɬ] > hlahla

3.2 Moya o tswang ka hodimo ho kodu e kwetsweng

-Moya ona o re thusa ka qapodiso ya medumo e latelang:

[t’] > tata, [p’] > pepa, [k’] > kekela, [ts’] letsetse
Letshwao le apostrofi (’) le bontsha hore medumo ena e tswa kodung.

3.3 Moya o ntshwang ke leleme ka hanong

-Moya ona ke o kwalletsweng ke leleme ka hare ho lehano (mahalapeng) mme

mehlala ya medumo ya teng ke [c] > qa, [cʰ1] >qhaqha le [ŋc2] > nqalo.
Ha ho qapodiswa modumo wa [c] bomorao ba leleme bo thetsa mahalapa a bonojana
ha bopele ba leleme bo thetsa mahalapa a thata.
Re se re boletse le ho hlalosa mekgwa kapa ditsela tsa qapodiso ya medumo jwale re
lokela ho shebana le dibaka tsa qapodiso.

4 Dibaka sa qapodiso

Karolwaneng ena re shebana le dibaka tse fapafapaneng tse re thusang ho qapodisa

medumo.

4.1 Dipounama

1
Modumo o butswetsweng
2
Ditumanko

14
Sesothong dipounama di bohlokwa bakeng sa qapodiso ya medumo. Ka nako e
nngwe ke pounama e ka tlase feela e kopanngwang le meno a ka hodimo. Ha nako
e nngwe e le dipounama ka bobedi. Medumo e botjwang ka mokgwa ona e reellwa
ka dipounama kapa meno.

4.1.1 Dibaelebiyale (Dipou tse pedi)

-Mona ho sebediswa dipou tse pedi ho qapodisa medumo.

-Medumo ya dibaelebiyale e botjwa ha dipounama ka bobedi di kwalla moya o hlahang
matshwafong kapa di batla di kwala motjha wa moya o hlahang matshwafong.
Mehlala:
b ho baba: [baba]
pʰ ho phaphama: [pʰapʰama]
p’ ho papa [p’ap’a]
m ho mme [mmɛ]

4.1.2 Dilebiyotentale/Ditumapou-ino (Dipou le meno)

-Mona meno a ka hodimo a thetsa pou e ka tlase nakong ya qapodiso ya medumo.

-Nakong ya qapodiso, pounama e ka tlase e a nyollwa mme e batle e kwale motjha
wa moya ha e thetsa meno a ka hodimo.
-Mehlala, [f] ho [fa]
4.1.3 Dilebiyophalatale/Ditumapou-kgalapa (Dipou le mahalapa)

-Mona pou e ka tlase e nyollwa ho ama meno a ka hodimo mme bopele ba leleme bo
bulela moya o mosesane ho feta. Mehlala:
[fʃ] ho [fefʃwa] ya ho fefshwa
[bʒ] ho [bʒarats’a] ya ho bjaratsa

[ptʃ’] ho [ptʃ’atla] ya ho ptjala

[pʃʰ] ho [pʃʰɛmoha] ya ho pshemoha

4.1.4 Ditumapou-tengwana

15
-Mona dipou di a ikgara mme bomorao ba leleme bo nyolohela mahalapeng a
bonojana.
-Mohlala: [w] ho [wɛna] ya wena

4.2 Dialefiyolare (Ditumarenene)

-Medumo ya dialefiyolare e qapodiswa ha bopele ba leleme bo nyollwa ho ama

marenene. Mehlala:
[t’] ho [t’at’a] ya tata
[tʰ] ho [tʰat’a] ya thata
[d] ho [dula] ya dula
[tl] ho [tla] ya tlala
[n] ho [nna] ya Nna
[tlʰ] ho [tlʰap’a] ya tlhapa
[s] ho [sila] ya sila
[l] ho [lla] ya lla
[r] ho [rala] ya rala
[ɬ] ho [ɬala] ya hlala

[ts’] ho [ts’ɛba] ya tseba

[tsʰ] ho [tsʰɛla] ya tshela

4.3 Dialefiyophalatale/Ditumarenene-kgalapa (marenene le mahalapa)

-Mona motjha wa moya o sitiswa ke bopele ba leleme mmoho le bomorao ba

marenene esita le mahalapa a thata. Mehlala:
[ʃ] – [ʃɛbaŋ] ho shebang
[tʃ’] – [tʃ’ɔtʃ’ɔ] ho tjotjo
[tʃʰ] – [tʃʰa] ho tjha

[ʒ] - [ʒa] ho ja
[c3] – [cala] ho qala

3
Dialefiyophalatale tsa motheo

16
[cʰ4] – [cʰala] ho qhala
[ŋc5] – [ŋcalɔ] ho nqalo

4.4 Diphalatale (Ditumakgalapa)

-Mona medumo e botjwa ha bohare ba leleme bo thetsa kapa bo batla bo thetsa

mahalapa a thata. Mehlala:
[ɲ] – [ɲaɲa] ho nyanya. Mona bohare ba leleme bo thetsa mahalapa a thata.

4.5 Ditengwana/mahanana

-Mona motjha wa moya o sitiswa ke bomorao ba leleme mmoho le mahalapa a

bonojana. Mehlala:
[k’] – [k’ama] ho kama
[kxʰ] – [kxʰama] ho kgama
[kʰ] – [kʰabe tʃʰe] ho khabetjhe
[ŋ] – [ŋala] ho ngala

4.6 Lelengwana

-Mona medumo e botjwa ha lelengwana le thothomela. Mohlala, [R’] [mɔRa] ho mora.

-Dibui tse ding di thothometsa motso wa leleme mareneneng bakeng sa hore ba
thothometse lelengwana ka hoo, ba qapodisa [r] bakeng sa [R]. Mohlala, [r] – [mɔra]
ho mora.

4.7 Kodu e bulehileng

-Medumo e meng e qapodiswa ha kodu e bulehile.

-Mohlala, [h] – [hama] ho hama.
Karolwaneng tse latelang re tla bua ka lesojana le feliki, mekgwa ya qapodiso le
boemo ba mesifa ya kodu.

4
Dialefiyophalatale tse butswetsweng
5
Dialefiyophalatale tsa ditumanko

17
5 Lesojana la feliki

-Ha lesojana lena le bulehile moya o tswang matshwafong o tswa ka dinko. Medumo
ya mofuta ona e bitswa ditumanko jwalo ka [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ].
-Ha lesojana la feliki le kwalehile moya o tswa ka lehano mme re bitsa medumo ena
ditumahano. Mehlala, [b], [t’], [pʰ], [f].

6. Mekgwa ya qapodiso

-Mona re shebana le sebopeho sa motjha wa moya ha diqapodisi di bopa medumo.

18
6.1 Dikgitli

-Medumo ya dikgitli e botjwa ha diqapodisi di kwalletse moya nakwana.

-Ho na le mefuta e mmedi ya dikgitli e leng dikgitli tsa dinko: [m], [n], [ɲ], [ŋ] le dikgitli
tsa lehano e leng: [b], [t’], [pʰ], [f] [p’], [d].

6.2 Diforekathifo (dihwashi/dihohli)

-Diforekathifo di qapodiswa ka ho etsa motjha wa moya o be mosesane haholo hoo

moya o bakang kgohlano ha o feta pakeng tsa diqapodisi.
-Mehlala: [f], [v], [s], [ʒ], [ɬ].

6.3 Diaforekheiti

-Diaforekheiti di botjwa ha diqapodisi di kwaleha mme di kgutle di etse motjha o

mosesane.
-Mehlala: [bʒ], [ts’], [tsʰ], [ kxʰ].

6.4 Dithelli

-Ena ke medumo e dipakeng tsa ditumammoho le ditumanotshi ho latela qapodiso ya

yona.
-Medumo ena e bitswa dithelli kapa dikaditumanotshi kapa dikaditumammoho.
-Mehlala: [w] le [j].

6.5 Seterepedi/Tumarora

-Ona ke mokgwa wa qapodiso moo ho thothometswang motso wa leleme mareneneng

kapa ho thothometswa lelengwana jwalo ka ha re hlalosiste ho 4.6.
-Mohlala: [r] le [R].

6.6 Folepe

19
-Modumong ona motso wa leleme o otla marenene nakong ya qapodiso.
-Mohlala: [l]

6.7 Ditumahare le Ditumahlakore

-Phapang pakeng tsa medumo ena e mmedi ke mokgwa oo moya o tswelang ka ntle
ka teng.
-Ho ditumahare, moya o feta bohareng ba leleme ho fihlela o tswa ka lehano.
-Mehlala: [s], [b], [n], [k’].
-Ho ditumahlakore, leleme le ye le kgitle marenene mme le kobehele ka thoko hoo
moya o yeng o tswe ka lehlakore.
-Mehlala: [l], [ɬ], [tɬ]

7. Boemo ba mesifana ya kodu

-E nngwe ya dintlha tse bohlokwa tlhalosong le tlhophisong ya medumo ya puo ke

boemo ba mesifana ya kodu qapodisong ya medumo.
-Re na le mefuta e mmedi e leng:

7.1 Kodu e bulehileng

-Mona moya o tswang matshwafong o itswela ntle le ho thothomedisa mesifana ya

kodu.
-Ha mesifana ena e sa thothomele ha ho utlwahale lentswe mme medumo e botjwang
ka mokgwa ona e bitswa ditumatu.
-Mehlala:
-[f] ho fofa, [s] ho sala, [ɬ] ho hlaha, [ʃ] ho sheba le [h] ho hape.

20
7.2 Kodu e kwalehileng

-Mona mesifana ena ya kodu e a atamelana mme e siye motjhana o mosesane oo

moya o hlahang matshwafong o tswang ka ona.
-Ha mesifana ena e le tjena e hohlwa ke moya o tswang matshwafong hoo mesifana
ena e thothomelang.
-Ha mesifana ena e thothomela ho utlwahala lentswe mme medumo e botjwang ka
tsela ena e bitswa ditumakodu.
-Mehlala: [b], [m], [n], [d], [l] le e meng.

7.3 Medumo e butswetsweng

-Nakong eo moya o hlahang matswafong, ho ye ho be le tieho ho thothomeleng ha

mesifana ya kodu.
-Tieho ena e baka hore ho utlwahale moya o tswang ka sekgahla o butswetsweng.
-Ke ka hona re buang ka medumo e butswetsweng jwalo ka:
[tʰ] ho thapo, [kʰ] ho khabetjhe, [pʰ] ho Phato, [tsʰ], tshehla, le [tɬʰ] ho tlhaho.
-Letshwao la [ʰ] le bontsha hore medumo butswetswe.

Re fithlile pheletsong ya ditumammoho. Karolong e latelang re tla shebana le

medumo ya ditumanotshi.

21
 TEMA YA 2: DITUMANOTSHI
Sepheo: ho hlakisa mekgwa ya ho hlophisa le ho hlalosa medumo ya ditumanotshi.

Qetellong moithuti o lokela ho tseba:

1. ho hlalosa ditumanotshi ka botlalo;

2. ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa mefuta yohle ya ditumanotshi;
3. ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa ditumanotshi le ditumammoho;

1 Selelekela

Re se re ile ra bua ka moya o hlokahalang hore medumo yohle e qapodiswe. Boholo

ba medumo bo qapodiswa ka moya o hlahang matshwafong. Moya ona o ka lokollwa
ka tsela tse tharo e leng:
a) ha moya o itswela feela o sa kgathatswe ke letho;
b) ha moya o batla o kgathatswa tseleng ya ona e tswelang ka ntle le;
c) ha moya o hlile o thibellwa ho tswa. (Mampodi, 1993:201).

2 Ditumanotshi

Ditumanotshi di qapodiswa ka mokgwa wa (a) e leng ha moya o itswela feela o sa

kgathatswe ke letho motjheng wa ona. Thutong ena re tla shebana le dintlha tse
latelang popong ya medumo ya ditumanotshi:
i. karolo ya leleme e sebediswang qapodisong;
ii. bophahamo ba leleme qapodisong;
iii. pebenyo ya dipounama le
iv. tharahanyo ya mesifana ya lehano.

22
2.1 Karolo ya leleme e sebediswang qapodisong
-Bopele le bomorao ba leleme bo thusa haholo tlhophisong le tlhalosong ya
ditumanotshi.
-Bopele ba leleme bo ka sebediswa qapodisong ya ditumanotshi tse bitswang
ditumanotshi tsa bopeleng.
-Bomorao ba leleme bona bo ka sebediswa qapodisong ya ditumanotshi tse bitswang
ditumanotshi tsa bomoraong.

2.1.1 Ditumanotshi tsa bopeleng di 5 e leng:

[i] – [p’its’i] ho pitsi

[I] – [pʰIdisa] ho phedisa

[ʅ] - [pʰʅla] ho phela
[e] – [emʅ] ho eme
[ɛ] – [ɛma] ho ema

2.1.2 Ditumanotshi tsa bomoraong

[u] – [p’ula] ho pula
[ʊ] – [p’ʊdi] ho podi
[ɷ] – [p’ɷla] ho pola

[o] – [ommʅ] ho omme

[ɔ] – [ɔma] ho oma

2.1.3 Tumanosi [a]

- Ena ke tumanosi e bohareng hobane ho sebediswa bohare ba leleme ha e
qapodiswa.
-Mohlala: [a] – [ama] ho ama

23
 2.2 Bophahamo ba leleme ka lehanong

-Mona re shebana le ntlha ya bobedi e leng ho phahamiswa ha leleme ka lehanong

qapodisong ya ditumanotshi.
-Ho ka phahama bopele kapa ha phahama bomorao ba leleme.
-Nqa e nngwe teng leleme le ka paqama feela ka lehanong.
-Ha leleme le phahame re bua ka ditumanotshi tse phahameng.
-Ha leleme le sa phahama re bua ka ditumanotshi tse sa phahamang.

2.2.1 Ditumanotshi tse phahameng

[i] – [p’its’i] ho pitsi
[I] – [pʰIdisa] ho phedisa
[ʅ] – [pʰʅla] ho phela
[u] – [p’ula] ho pula
[ʊ] – [p’ʊdi] ho podi
[ɷ] – [p’ɷla] ho pola

2.2.2 Ditumanotshi tse sa phahamang

[a] – [ama] ho ama
[e] – [emʅ] ho eme
[ɛ] – [ɛma] ho ema
[o] – [ommʅ] ho omme
[ɔ] – [ɔma] ho oma

2.3 Pebenyo ya dipounama

-Ntlha ya boraro eo re shebanang le yona qapodisong ya ditumanotshi ke tsela eo

dipounama di bebenywang ka yona ho bopa medumo.
-Re ka hlakisa hore ditumanotshi tsa bomoraong di qapodiswa ke dipounama tse
ikgarileng mme di bitswa ditumanotshi tse ikgarileng.
-Ditumanotshi tsa bopeleng tsona di bitswa ditumanotshi tse sa ikgarang hobane di
qapodiswa ka dipou tse phothollohileng.

24
-Tumanosi ya [a] le yona ke tumanosi e sa ikgarang.

2.3.1 Ditumanotshi tse ikgarileng

[u, ʊ, ɷ, ɔ, o]

2.3.2 Ditumanotshi tse sa ikgarang

[i, I, ʅ, ɛ, e, a]

2.4 Tharahanyo ya mesifana ya lehano

-Ena ke ntlha ya ho qetela eo re shebanang le yona bopong ya medumo ya

ditumanotshi.
-Tharahanyo ya mesifa e bohlokwa hobane e re thusa ho kgetholla ditumanotshi tse
phahameng e leng [i, I, ʅ, u, ʊ, ɷ].
-Ha re qapodisa [u] le [i] mesifa ya lehano e a rarahanywa.
-Ntle le tharahanyo ena ya mesifa ho tla ba le boima ho fapanya medumo e latelang:
[i] ho [I] > phihlo ho phedisa
[u] ho [ʊ] > pula ho podi

25
 2.5 Phapang pakeng tsa ditumanotshi le ditumammoho

2.5.1 Ditumammoho

-Moya o bopang ditumammoho o tswa matshwafong le dibakeng tse ding tse kang
lehanong le ka hodima kodu.
-Qapodisong ya ditumammoho moya o batla o kgathatswa tseleng ya ona e tswelang
ka ntle.
-Nqeng e nngwe moya ona o hlile o thibelwa ho tswa.

2.5.1 Ditumanotshi

-Moya o bopang ditumanotshi o hlaha matshwafong kaofela.

-Ditumanotshi di qapodiswa ka moya o sa kgathatsweng hohang.
-Ditumanotshi di botjwa ka leleme.
Ena ke pheletso ya tema ya 2 e neng e tsepame ho ditumanotshi. Karolo e latelang
e tla shebana le mongolo wa difonetiki.

26
TEMA YA 3: MONGOLO WA DIFONETIKI

Sepheo: ho hlakisa phapang pakeng tsa mongolo wa kamehla le mongolo wa

difonetiki.

Qetellong moithuti o lokela ho tseba:

1 ho etsa phapang pakeng tsa ditlhaku tse tlwaelehileng le medumo ya

difonetiki.

1 Selelekela

Re se re ile ra hlalosa hore difonetiki ke thuto e amanang le medumo ya puo. Modumo

o mong le o mong o fuwa tlhaku ya ona. Ditlhaku di pedi tse sebediswang ho supa
medumo ya mefutafuta. Ke dithlaku tseo re di sebedisang ha re ngola puo ya ka
mehla e tlwaelehileng le ditlhaku tseo re di sebedisang ha re ngola ka puo ya difonetiki.
Dithlaku tsa difonetiki ke tse sebediswang ke Mokgatlo wa Matjhaba wa Difonetiki o
tsejwang lefatshe ka bophara e le International Phonetic Association kapa IPA ka
bokgutshwane. Ha o ngola ka mongolo wa difonetiki o hopole ka nako tsohle hore o
tshwanetse o kenye mongolo oo ka masakaneng [ ].

2 Ditumanotshi tse 11 tsa Sesotho

Ditlhaku tse Ditlhaku tsa difonetiki Mehlala

tlwaelehileng
a [a] [ama] > ama
e [ɛ] [ɛma] >ema
e [e] [emile] > emile
e [ʅ] [pʰʅdisa] > phedisa
e [I] [lIk’ile] > lekile
i [i] [p’ina] > pina
o [ɔ] [kxʰɔna] > kgona
o [o] [bone] > bone
o [ɷ] [bɷp’a] >bopa

27
 o [ʊ] [bʊp’ile] > bopile
u [u] [bua] >bua

3 Medumo ya ditumammoho

Ditlhaku tse Ditlhaku tsa difonetiki Mehlala

tlwaelehileng
p [p’] [p’ep’a] >pepa
ph [pʰ] [pʰela] >phela
b [b] [bina] > bina
t [t’] [t’at’a] > tata
th [tʰ] [tʰaba] > thaba
j [ʒ] [ʒa] > ja
k [k’] [k’ala] > kala
kh [kʰ] [sʅkʰafɷ] > sekhafo
q [c] [cala] > qala
qh [cʰ] [cʰala] > qhala
h [h] [hama] > hama
f [f] [fa] > fa
s [s] [sɛsa] > sesa
sh [ʃ] [ʃeba] > sheba
I [I] [lIma] > lema
r [r] [rɛra] > rera
m [m] [mme] > mme

Medumo ya ditumammoho e tswellapele:

Ditlhaku tse Ditlhaku tsa difonetiki Mehlala

tlwaelehileng
n [n] [nanara] > nanara

28
ny [ɲ] [ɲala] > nyala
tl [tl’] [tl’ɷla] > tlola
tlh [tlʰ] [tlʰap’i] > tlhapi
d [d] [dula] > dula
w [w] [wa] > wa
y [j] [ja] > ya
ts [ts’] [ts’ʅbɔ] > tsebo
tsh [tsʰ] [tsʰɛha] >tsheha
fsh [fʃ] [lʅfʃwa] > lefshwa
bj [bʒ] [bʒabʒarets’a] >
bjabjaretsa
psh [pʃ] [pʃatl’a] > pshatla
kg [kxʰ] [kxʰɔna] > kgona
tj [tʃ’] [tʃ’ʅk’a] > tjeka
tjh [tʃʰ] [tʃʰa] > tjha

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DIP: LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND MEDIA STUDIES

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