E N G L I S H I N C O N T E X T GR AMMAR AND USAGE

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Grammar and

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Usage
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Capitalization and Punctuation
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Grammar and Usage

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Reading Comprehension
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Spelling

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Vocabulary
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Writing

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Topics Include:
Sentences, Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives and

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SA D D LEBACK ED U C AT I O N AL PU BLI S H I N G Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections,
Subjects and Predicates, Phrases and Clauses

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ISBN-13: 978-1-61651-393-1
ISBN-10: 1-61651-393-4
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 CONTENTS
Introduction .................................. 5 18 Pronouns After Linking Verbs . ..... 35

UNIT 1 Sentences ......................... 6 19 Pronouns as Objects .................. 36

LESSON 20 Reflexive Pronouns .................... 37
1 The Sentence: A Complete 21 Possessive Pronouns .................. 38
  Thought ................................. 6
Usage Notes 4: Commonly
2 Subjects and Predicates ................ 8   Confused Pronouns ................ 39
3 Four Kinds of Sentences: 22 Demonstrative Pronouns ............. 40
    Declarative, Interrogative,
  Imperative, Exclamatory .......... 10 23 Relative Pronouns ..................... 41

Unit 1 Review ......................... 12 24 Interrogative Pronouns ............... 42

25 Indefinite Pronouns . .................. 43
UNIT 2 Nouns ............................. 14
Usage Notes 5: Using
4 Recognizing Nouns . .................. 14   Pronouns Correctly . ............... 44
5 Abstract and Concrete Nouns ....... 16 Unit 3 Review ......................... 46
6 Common and Proper Nouns ........ 17
UNIT 4 Verbs .............................. 48
Usage Notes 1: Capitalizing
  Proper Nouns . ...................... 18 26 Recognizing Verbs . ................... 48

Usage Notes 2: Capitalization 27 Action Verbs . ........................... 50

  Demons ............................... 19 28 Linking Verbs ........................... 51
7 Singular and Plural Nouns ........... 20 29 Subject-Verb Agreement ............. 52
8 Plurals: Nouns That End in y . ... 21 Usage Notes 6: Subject-Verb
9 Plurals: Nouns That End   Agreement Demons ................ 54
  in f, fe, ff, or o ...................... 22 30 Verb Tense ............................... 56
10 Plurals: Unusual Nouns . ............. 23 31 Irregular Past Tense Verbs ........... 57
11 Possessive Nouns ...................... 24 32 Verb Phrases: Action in the
12 Plural Possessives ..................... 25   Present and Past .................... 58

13 Collective Nouns ....................... 26 33 More Verb Phrases .................... 60

14 Compound Nouns ..................... 27 Usage Notes 7: Passive

  Verb Phrases ......................... 62
15 Suffixes That Form Nouns ........... 28
Usage Notes 8: Shifts in
Usage Notes 3: Commonly   Verb Tense . .......................... 63
  Confused Nouns .................... 29
Usage Notes 9: Troublesome
Unit 2 Review ......................... 30   Verbs: lie and lay, sit and set,
UNIT 3 Pronouns ........................ 32   bring and take, leave and let,
  borrow and lend .................... 64
16 Recognizing Pronouns ............... 32
Unit 4 Review ......................... 66
17 Pronouns as Subjects ................. 34

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 UNIT 5 Adjectives and Adverbs . .. 68 Usage Notes 15: Demon
34 Recognizing Adjectives ............... 68   Prepositions .......................... 98
35 Articles . .................................. 70 Unit 6 Review . ...................... 100
36 Adjectives Before Nouns ............. 71 UNIT 7 Conjunctions and
37 Adjectives After Linking Verbs ...... 72 Interjections ................ 102
38 Proper Adjectives .................... 73 53 Recognizing Conjunctions ......... 102
39 Possessive Nouns and Pronouns 54 Subordinating Conjunctions ....... 103
  Used as Adjectives . ................ 74 Usage Notes 16: Using Commas
40 Using Adjectives to Compare ....... 75   with Conjunctions . ............... 104
41 Irregular Adjective Forms ............ 77 55 Interjections ............................ 105
42 Using Less and Least Unit 7 Review . ...................... 106
  to Compare . ......................... 78
UNIT 8 Subjects and Predicates ..... 108
Usage Notes 10: Spelling
  Comparative Adjectives ........... 79 56 Recognizing Subjects
  and Predicates ..................... 108
Usage Notes 11: Using
  Specific Adjectives . ................ 80 Usage Notes 17: Avoiding
  Sentence Errors . .................. 109
43 Recognizing Adverbs ................. 81
57 Compound Subjects
44 Using Adverbs .......................... 83   and Predicates ..................... 110
45 Adverb Placement ..................... 84 58 Direct Objects, Indirect Objects,
46 Using Adverbs to Compare .......... 85   and Predicate Nouns ............. 111
Usage Notes 12: Avoiding Unit 8 Review . ...................... 112
  Double Negatives ................... 86
UNIT 9 Phrases and Clauses ..... 114
Usage Notes 13: Adjective
  or Adverb? ........................... 87 59 Recognizing Phrases
  and Clauses ......................... 114
Unit 5 Review ......................... 88
60 Infinitive and Gerund Phrases ..... 115
UNIT 6 Prepositions .................... 90
61 Appositive and Verb Phrases ...... 116
47 Recognizing Prepositions and Usage Notes 18: Avoiding
  Prepositional Phrases . ............ 90
  Dangling Modifiers . .............. 117
48 The Object of the Preposition ....... 92
62 Adjective Clauses ..................... 118
49 Adverb or Preposition? ............... 93
63 Noun Clauses and
50 Using Prepositional Phrases   Adverb Clauses .................... 119
  as Adjectives ......................... 94
Unit 9 Review . ...................... 120
51 Using Prepositional Phrases
  as Adverbs . .......................... 95 Reference Guide ....................... 122
52 Prepositional Phrases
  or Infinitives? ........................ 96
Teacher’s Notes and
Answer Key ............................ 129
Usage Notes 14: Using
  Prepositions Correctly ............. 97

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 UNIT

SENTENCES
FOR HELP WITH THIS UNIT, see the Reference Guide, RULES 1–3. 1

1 THE SENTENCE: A COMPLETE THOUGHT

A sentence is a complete written or spoken thought. To express a
complete thought, a sentence must have two parts. One part is the
subject. It tells who or what the sentence is about. The other part
is the predicate. it says something about the subject.

   The pirates opened the treasure chest.

subject predicate

(Who?) (What did they do?)

A
Read the groups of words listed below. If the word group
is a sentence, write S. If it is not a sentence, decide what
part of the complete thought is missing. Write NS for no
subject or NP for no predicate.

1. _____ Blackbeard the pirate sailed the seas.

2. _____ His band of wild and dangerous men.

3. _____ Roamed the coastline on their sailing ship.

4. _____ His beard was as black as midnight.

5. _____ It reached to his waist.

6. _____ Boarded the boat.

7. _____ Blackbeard died in battle.

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 1
B
Add words to make complete sentences. Be sure your sentences
begin with a capital letter and end with a period.

1. The stormy sea _______________________________________________

(What did it do?)

2. ____________________________________________ swam for shore

(Who or what did it?)

3. The storm ___________________________________________________

(What did it do?)

4. ________________________________________ disappeared forever

(Who or what did it?)

5. Today, ships in the area ________________________________________

(What do they do?)

C
Notice that the word groups below already DON’T FORGET!
have a subject and verb. Add more words to A sentence must
make a complete thought. contain a subject
and a predicate.
1. Sam likes _______________________________

__________________________________________.

2. The night sky looks ________________________________________________.

3. Becky only wears __________________________________________________.

4. Most people fear ___________________________________________________.

5. This party seems __________________________________________________.

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 2 SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES
The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is
about. The predicate tells what the subject does or is.

     Advertisements sell products.

subject predicate

(What?) (What does it do?)

A
Underline the subject in each sentence.

1. The basketball star sells shoes. 4. The shoes are red and gold.

2. I see him on television. 5. He can jump very high.

3. He wears Marvelo Star-Jumpers. 6. Maybe I should buy the shoes.

B
Add a subject or a predicate to complete each sentence. Start the
sentence with a capital letter and end it with a period.

1. ______________________________ jumps high without fancy shoes.

2. ______________________________ hurt my feet.

3. My favorite shoe store _____________________________________________

4. No one on my team ________________________________________________

C
Underline the predicate in each sentence.

1. I love the commercial with 4. Crispo Chips taste terrible.

the talking dog.
5. Most people won’t like the chips.
2. He tells about Crispo Chips.
6. They will like the ad much
3. Real dogs can’t talk. better.

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 2

HAVE YOU NOTICED?

Usually, the subject comes before the predicate in a sentence.

D
Write three statements about an ad or TV commercial you like.

1. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Now use the following checklist to make sure the sentences

you wrote are complete.

#1 #2 #3

has a subject

has a predicate

expresses a complete thought

begins with a capital letter

ends with a period

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 3 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES
DECLARATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, IMPERATIVE, EXCLAMATORY

There are four kinds of sentences. Most often you will write declarative sentences.
A declarative sentence tells something. It ends with a period. Right now, you are
reading declarative sentences. Like all sentences, the declarative sentence has two
main parts—a subject and a predicate. Although the subject usually comes first in
a declarative sentence, sometimes it follows the predicate.

A
Form declarative sentences by matching each subject or predicate with a
rhyming predicate or subject. Draw a line to connect the sentence parts.

1. Kim and Andy a. just lost her tooth.

2. On the roof sat b. my good friend Jan.
3. Five-year-old Ruth c. wears a painted frown.
4. Toward me ran d. a big black cat.
5. Popcorn the Clown e. both bought candy.
6. Upon my nose fell f. a most horrible smell.

B
Read the word groups below. Add words and punctuation to make
complete sentences.

1. Weather forecasters noticed a warm ocean current

___________________________________________________________________

2. they called the strange effect El Niño.

___________________________________________________________________

3. Heavy winter rains in California.

___________________________________________________________________

4. Tornadoes in Florida.
___________________________________________________________________

5. Affects climate around the world.

___________________________________________________________________

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 3
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It always ends with a question
mark (?). An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It
ends with either a period or an exclamation point (!). An exclamatory sentence
shows strong feeling. It always ends with an exclamation point.

C
Read the sentences. Write D for declarative, INT for
interrogative, IMP for imperative, or E for exclamatory.

1. _________ Do you dream of 4. _________ What do Jamaican

visiting Jamaica? farmers grow?

2. _________ Wow, I sure do! 5. _________ Many grow sugar and

bananas.
3. _________ They say it’s the land
of carefree living. 6. _________ Take a trip to Jamaica.

D
Think about a place you would like to visit. Write one sentence of
each kind about the place. Then label each sentence declarative,
interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

1. ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________ ______________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________ ______________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________ ______________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________ ______________________

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 1 UNIT REVIEW

A Write a letter to match each word with its description.

1. ____ sentence a. end-of-sentence punctuation

2. ____ subject b. a complete thought

3. ____ predicate c. always starts a sentence

4. ____ capital letter d. names who or what the sentence is about

5. ____ period, question e. tells something about the subject

mark, exclamation
point

B
Identify each group of words by one of the codes in the box.

NS = not a sentence D = declarative sentence

INT = interrogative sentence IMP = imperative sentence
E = exclamatory sentence

1. _________ How did your state get its name?

2. _________ Maryland was named after an English queen.

3. _________ Many state names are Native American words.

4. _________ Named after George Washington.

5. _________ Look up your state name in an almanac.

6. _________ That is amazing!

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