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SUBJECT and GRADE Mathematics Grade 12

TERM 3 Week 3
TOPIC Statistics
AIMS OF LESSON ● Determine the trend of a scatterplot.
● How to find the equation of the regression line using your calculator.
● Drawing the regression line.
● Determine the correlation coefficient between two variables.

RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources

Please go to your Statistics chapter in your textbook. Where you see this icon in the lesson you can click on it to see a
video on how to use your calculator.
Where you see this icon in the lesson you can click on it to see a
video on how to use your calculator.
INTRODUCTION
Dear learner in previous grades you have learnt how to find the equation of a linear function. The standard form of a linear function is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. In order to find
the equation one would need to find the values of 𝑚 and 𝑐. It will be useful to practice how to determine the equation of a linear function. In this week’s lesson we
will focus on finding the equation of the regression line, drawing a regression line and determining the correlation coefficient.
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS
Scatterplots
A scatterplot is a graph used to determine whether there is a relationship between paired data. A scatter plot diagram is a powerful tool for researchers to
determine if there is any association between two variables. The data on the scatterplot could follow the following trends: linear, quadratic or exponential.
Linear Quadratic Exponential
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Regression line How to determine the regression Line of best fit

The regression line is basically an accurate line of best fit. It uses the least line with a SHARP (EL-W535HT) Refers to a line through a scatter plot of
squares method to calculate the gradient and y intercept of the regression calculator data points that best represents the trend
line. of the data. The line of best fit is not that
Standard form of regression line: 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 1.< 𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 >[1:STAT][1:LINE] accurate, but it helps us to see if there is a
How to determine the equation of the regression line with a Casio(fx-82 2. Enter x-values and the y-values trend in the data set.
ZA) calculator: together. How to draw a line of best fit:
1. Press MODE and select STAT. 3. Press CHANGE after each (x; y) ● Try to have the same amount of
2. Select 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥. 4. Find the value for a , the y- data points above and below the
https://youtu.be/4YdKyRVmISk
3. Enter the data points. intercept [ALPHA][( ] [=] line.
Column(X) type = after each data point 5. Find the value for b , the gradient Exclude any outliers
Column(Y) type = after each data point [ALPHA] [ ) ] [=]
4. After entering all the data points press AC.
5. Press SHIFT then press 1.
6. Press 5: Reg
7. Press 1 then =: to find 𝐴
8. Press SHIFT then press 1.
9. Press 5: Reg
10. Press 2 then =: to find 𝐵.
How to draw the regression line: How to determine the mean point Outliers
If your scale stars with the origin of (0;0) using a calculator: A value that "lies outside" (is much
● Plot the 𝐴 value of the regression line i.e the y-intercept. ● Make sure your data is smaller or larger than) most of the other
● Determine the mean point(𝑥 ; 𝑦 ) and plot the mean point. entered in your calculator. values in a set of data. Do not add an
● Draw a line from point 𝐴 through the mean point. outlier to the dataset when drawing a line
● Press SHIFT then Press 1. of best fit or calculating the regression
How to draw a regression line if the scale of the graph do not start with ● Press 4: Var line. The reason for this is that the outlier
(0; 𝟎) is not part of the trend and will influence
● Press 2 then =: 𝑥 the trend lines and hence any future
In order to draw the regression line, substitute any two x-values that lie predictions from these trend lines.
between the minimum and maximum x- values into the equation of the ● Press SHIFT then press 1.
regression line, plot the two points and then join them up Press 4: Var Press 5 then = : 𝑦
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Example 1: At a clinic where Covid19 tests were conducted the following data CAN YOU?
was recorded for 7 days in June https://video.tutonic.org/T12leastsquare The table below shows the time taken by 12 athletes to run 100m sprint and
their best distance for long jump
Number of COVID Time for
49 65 82 60 65 94 88 100m
19 positive results 10,1 10,2 10,5 10,9 11 11,1 11,2 11,5 12 12 12,2 12,5
sprint
Number of tests 156 176 183 153 163 192 180 (sec)
1. Draw a scatterplot of the given data. Distance
2. Determine the equation of the least squares regression line. of long 8 7,7 7,6 7,3 7,6 7,2 6,8 7 6,6 6,3 6,8 6,4
jump (m)
3. Draw the least squares regression line.
4. How many tests needs to be done to record approximately 100 COVID 19
positive results per day.
Solution:
1. Represent the data as a scatter plot.
Scatter Plot 2. Use the data to calculate the equation of the least squares regression line.
200 3. Draw the least squares regression line on your scatter plot.
190 4. An athlete runs the 100m in 11,7 seconds, use the formula to predict the
Number of tests

distance of this athlete’s jump.

180

170

160 Scatter Plot

150 8.5

Time for 100m sprint (sec)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 8
7.5
Number of COVID 19 positive results) 7
6.5
2. 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
6
𝑦 = 113,47 + 0,81𝑥 2. 𝑦 = 14,34 − 0,64𝑥
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
3. 𝑦 = 113,47 + 0,81(𝟒𝟗) = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 ∴ (49; 153.16) 3. (10,1; 7,8)
Distance of long jump (m)
𝑦 = 113,47 + 0,81(𝟗𝟒) = 𝟏𝟖𝟗, 𝟔𝟏. ∴ (94; 189,61) (12,5; 6,3)
4. 𝑦 = 113,47 + 0,81(100) 𝑦 ≈ 195 tests 4. 𝑦=6,852m
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Correlation
The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Correlation coefficient is denoted by (𝑟) and is
between -1 and 1. The closer the data points are to the regression line the stronger the relationship. That means the closer 𝑟 is to 1 or -1. The further the data
points are away from the regression line, the weaker the relationship, and the closer 𝑟 is to 0. If the gradient of the regression line is positive, then the data set has
a positive correlation and if the gradient of the regression line is negative, then the data has a negative correlation. If the correlation coefficient is greater than 0,9
we say there is a very strong positive correlation. If the correlation coefficient is smaller than -0,9 we say there is a very strong negative correlation. The strength
of the association is determined by the correlation coefficient (𝑟).

Perfect positive linear association.

Very Strong positive linear association.

Perfect negative association.

Very Strong negative association. No correlation.
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Example 2: How to calculate the correlation coefficient using your calculator:

The data in the table represents the results of the trial examination and the ● Make sure your data is entered correctly in your calculator. See page 2.
final examination mark of 11 Gr 12 learners ● Press shift then press 1.
Trial exam 80 68 94 72 74 83 56 78 65 75 88 ● Press the number next to “Reg”
Final exam 78 71 96 77 77 80 58 83 71 80 92 ● Press the number next to 𝑟 then press =.
● Use the given table to find the correlation coefficient 𝑟 and describe
the relationship of the trial exam and the final examination.
Comment on the strength of the correlation of the two variables.
Solution: = 0,96 ∴ strong positive linear correlation between https://youtu.be/n7NAHB8_rSQ
variables..

CAN YOU?
A group of 12 learners have been asked to measure their resting heart rate (beats per minute) and the time (in minutes) that they exercise in a week.
The data below was gathered.
Minutes of exercise per week 30 40 60 90 140 180 270 350 360 420 440 500
Resting heart rate (BPM) 82 77 75 70 68 67 60 58 52 50 48 45
• Calculate the correlation coefficient for the given data and describe the relationship between minutes of exercise per week and resting heart rate.
Answers :-0,984987 Strong negative linear correlation between variables
Consolidation
• Remember to exclude outlier.
• Regression lines is used to show the general trend which a set of data follows
• The correlation coefficient tells us about the strength of the relationship between the variables ( always between -1 and 1)
• Practice by working out old question papers to get acquainted with the way question are asked in exams.

ACTIVITY Mind Action Series Via Africa Siyavula Classroom mathematics Platinum
Ex 1 & Ex 2 Mixed Exercise (nr. 3 – 5) End of chapter exercise Ex 12.5 pg 324 Ex 2 pg 249 - 252
pg. 295 – 303 pg. 106 pg. 395 - 399 Ex 12.4 pg 318