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Other documents randomly have
different content
Vasâï, 127
Vatrachitis R., 215 n.
Veneris Portus, 41
Vijayadrug, 129
Vikramâditya, 110
Vingorla Rocks, 130
Vrokt Is., see Brokt Is.

W
Wadi Meifah, 88
Wejh, 75
Whales, 196, 215
Wheat, 28
Wine, 27

Y
Yemen, 78, 80
Yenbo, 74
Yeukaotschin, 110

Z
Za-Hakale, 5
Zalegh, 55
Zanzibar Is., 69, 71
Zapphar, see Sapphar.
Zarotis R., 216 n.
Zeyla, 54
Zeyla G., 52
Zenobios Is., 98, 99
Zhafâr, 97
Zoskalês, 5, 49
Zouileh, 55
BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS.
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Introduction and Commentary embody the main
substance of Müller’s Prolegomena and Notes to the Periplûs, and
of Vincent’s Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients so far as it
relates specially to that work. The most recent authorities
accessible have, however, been also consulted, and the result of
their inquiries noted. I may mention particularly Bishop Caldwell’s
Dravidian Grammar, to which I am indebted for the identification
of places on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts.
[2] The enumeration is Vincent’s, altered and abridged.
[3] The numerals indicate the sections of the Periplûs in which
the articles are mentioned.
[4] Bhagvânlâl Indraji Pâṇḍit points out that the colour is called
alaktaka, Prakrit alito: it is used by women for dying the nails and
feet,—also as a dye. The gulalî or pill-like balls used by women
are made with arrowroot coloured with alito, and cotton dipped in
it is sold in the bazars under the name of pothi, and used for the
same purposes. He has also contributed many of the Sanskṛit
names, and some notes.
[5] Sans. Guggula, Guj. Gûgal, used as a tonic and for skin and
urinary diseases.—B. I. P.
[6] Mahuwâ oil (Guj. doliuṅ, Sans. madhuka) is much exported
from Bharoch.—B. I. P.
[7] May not some of these be the fragrant root of the kusâ,
grass, Andropogon calamus—aromaticus?—J. B.
[8] A similar gum is obtained from the Pâlâśa (Guj. khâkhara),
the Dhâka of Râjputâna.—B. I. P.
[9] What the Brâhmans call kuṇḍaru is the gum of a tree called
the Dhûpa-salai; another sort of it, from Arabia, they call Isêsa,
and in Kâṭhiâvâḍ it is known as Sesagundar.—B. I. P.
[10] More likely from Nepâl, where it is called tejapât.—B. I. P.
[11] Obtained from the root of Nardostachys jatamansi, a native
of the eastern Himâlayas.—J. B.
 [12] It is brought now from the Eastern Archipelago.—B. I. P.
[13] In early times it was obtained chiefly from Styrax
officinalis, a native of the same region.—J. B.
[14] Nero gave for one 300 talents = £58,125. They were first
seen at Rome in the triumphal procession of Pompey. [May these
not have been of emerald, or even ruby?—J. B.]
[15] Possibly the Lapis Lazuli is meant.—J. B.
[16] There was another Arsinoe between Ras Dh’ib and Ras
Shukhair, lat. 28° 3´ N. The few geographical indications added
by Mr. Burgess to these comments as they passed through the
press are enclosed in brackets. []
[17] Bruce, Travels, vol. III., p. 62.—J. B.
[18] From the Tamil ariśi, rice deprived of the husk.—Caldwell.
[19] Meaning white village.
[20] “This” (Mons Pulcher) says Major-General Miles, “is Jebel
Lahrim or Shaum, the loftiest and most conspicuous peak on the
whole cape (Mussendom), being nearly 7,000 feet high.”—Jour. R.
As. Soc. (N.S.) vol. X. p. 168.—Ed.
[21] “The city of Omana is Ṣoḥar, the ancient capital of Omana,
which name, as is well known, it then bore, and Pliny is quite
right in correcting former writers who had placed it in Caramania,
on which coast there is no good evidence that there was a place
of this name. Nearchus does not mention it, and though the
author of the Periplûs of the Erithræan Sea does locate it in
Persia, it is pretty evident he never visited the place himself, and
he must have mistaken the information he obtained from others.
It was this city of Ṣoḥar most probably that bore the appellation
of Emporium Persarum, in which, as Philostorgius relates,
permission was given to Theophilus, the ambassador of
Constantine, to erect a Christian church.” The Homna of Pliny may
be a repetition of Omana or Ṣoḥar, which he had already
mentioned.—Miles in Jour. R. As. Soc. (N. S.) vol. X. pp. 164-5.—
Ed.
[22] Ind. Ant. vol. I. pp. 309-310.
[23] Written in the Ionic dialect.
 [24] See infra, note 35.
[25] Geog. of Anc. India, p. 279 sqq.
[26] See Arrian’s Anab. VI. 19. Καὶ τοῦτο οὔπω πρότερον
εγνωκόσι τοῖς ἀμφ' Ἀλέξανδρον ἔκπληξιν μὲν καὶ αὐτὸ οὐ σμικρὰν
παρέσχε.
[27] See Arrian, ib.
[28] See id. VI. 23, and Strab. xv. ii. 3, 4.
[29] Strab. ib. 5.
[30] This may perhaps be represented by the modern Khâu, the
name of one of the western mouths of the Indus.
[31] See infra, p. 176, note 17.
[32] The Olympic stadium, which was in general use throughout
Greece, contained 600 Greek feet = 625 Roman feet, or 606
English feet. The Roman mile contained eight stadia, being about
half a stadium less than an English mile. Not a few of the
measurements given by Arrian are excessive, and it has therefore
been conjectured that he may have used some standard different
from the Olympic,—which, however, is hardly probable. See the
subject discussed in Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities, S. V.
Stadium.
[33] This list does not specify those officers who performed the
voyage, but such as had a temporary command during the
passage down the river. The only names which occur afterwards
in the narrative are those of Arkhias and Onêsikritos. Nearkhos,
by his silence, leaves it uncertain whether any other officers
enumerated in his list accompanied him throughout the
expedition. The following are known not to have done so:
Hephaistion, Leonnatos, Lysimakhos, Ptolemy, Krateros, Attalos
and Peukestas. It does not clearly appear what number of ships
or men accompanied Nearkhos to the conclusion of the voyage. If
we suppose the ships of war only fit for the service, 30 galleys
might possibly contain from two to three thousand men, but this
estimation is uncertain.
See Vincent, I. 118 sqq.
[34] So also Plutarch in the Life of Alexander (C. 66) says that
in returning from India Alexander had 120,000 foot and 15,000
cavalry.
[35] Sansk. Malava. The name is preserved in the modern
Moultan.
[36] Anab. VI. 11.
[37] The general effect of the monsoon Nearkhos certainly
knew; he was a native of Crete, and a resident at Amphipolis,
both which lie within the track of the annual or Etesian winds,
which commencing from the Hellespont and probably from the
Euxine sweep the Egêan sea, and stretching quite across the
Mediterranean to the coast of Africa, entered through Egypt to
Nubia or Ethiopia. Arrian has accordingly mentioned the monsoon
by the name of the Etesian winds; his expression is remarkable,
and attended with a precision that does his accuracy credit.
These Etesian winds, says he, do not blow from the north in the
summer months as with us in the Mediterranean, but from the
South. On the commencement of winter, or at latest on the
setting of the Pleiades, the sea is said to be navigable till the
winter solstice (Anab. VI. 21-1) Vincent I. 43 sq.
[38] The date here fixed by Arrian is the 2nd of October 326
B.C., but the computation now generally accepted refers the
event to the year after to suit the chronology of Alexander’s
subsequent history (see Clinton’s F. Hell. II. pp. 174 and 563, 3rd
ed.). There was an Archon called Kephisidoros in office in the year
B.C. 323-322; so Arrian has here either made a mistake, or
perhaps an Archon of the year 326-325 may have died during his
tenure of office, and a substitute called Kephisidôros been elected
to fill the vacancy. The lacuna marked by the asterisks has been
supplied by inserting the name of the Makedonian month Dius.
The Ephesians adopted the names of the months used by the
Makedonians, and so began their year with the month Dius, the
first day of which corresponds to the 24th of September. The 20th
day of Boedromion of the year B.C. 325 corresponded to the 21st
of September.
[39] Regarding the sunken reef encountered by the fleet after
leaving Koreatis, Sir Alexander Burnes says: “Near the mouth of
the river we passed a rock stretching across the stream, which is
particularly mentioned by Nearchus, who calls it a dangerous
rock, and is the more remarkable since there is not even a stone
below Tatta in any other part of the Indus.” The rock, he adds, is
at a distance of six miles up the Pitti. “It is vain,” says Captain
Wood in the narrative of his Journey to the Source of the Oxus,
“in the delta of such a river (as the Indus), to identify existing
localities with descriptions handed down to us by the historians of
Alexander the Great ... (but) Burnes has, I think, shown that the
mouth by which the Grecian fleet left the Indus was the modern
P i t i. The ‘dangerous rock’ of Nearchus completely identifies the
spot, and as it is still in existence, without any other within a
circle of many miles, we can wish for no stronger evidence.” With
regard to the canal dug through this rock, Burnes remarks: “The
Greek admiral only availed himself of the experience of the
people, for it is yet customary among the natives of Sind to dig
shallow canals, and leave the tides or river to deepen them; and
a distance of five stadia, or half a mile, would call for not great
labour. It is not to be supposed that sandbanks will continue
unaltered for centuries, but I may observe that there was a large
bank contiguous to the island, between it and which a passage
like that of Nearchus might have been dug with the greatest
advantage.” The same author thus describes the mouth of the
Piti:—“Beginning from the westward we have the Pitti mouth, an
embouchure of the Buggaur, that falls into what may be called
the Bay of Karachi. It has no bar, but a large sandbank, together
with an island outside prevent a direct passage into it from the
sea, and narrow the channel to about half a mile at its mouth.”
[40] All inquirers have agreed in identifying the Kolaka of
Ptolemy, and the sandy island of Krokola where Nearchus tarried
with his fleet, for one day, with a small island in the bay of
Karâchi. Krôkala is further described as lying off the mainland of
the Arabii. It was 150 stadia, or 17¼ miles, from the western
mouth of the Indus,—which agrees exactly with the relative
positions of Karâchi and the mouth of the Ghâra river, if, as we
may fairly assume, the present coast-line has advanced five or six
miles during the twenty-one centuries that have elapsed since the
death of Alexander. The identification is continued by the fact that
the district in which Karâchi is situated is called K a r k a l l a to this
day. Cunningham Geog. of An. India, I. p. 306.
[41] The name of the Arabii is variously written,—Arabitæ, Arbii,
Arabies, Arbies, Aribes, Arbiti. The name of their river has also
several forms,—Arabis, Arabius, Artabis, Artabius. It is now called
the P u r â l i, the river which flows through the present district of
Las into the bay of Soumiyâni. The name of the Oreitai in Curtius
is Horitæ. Cunningham identifies them with the people on the
Aghor river, whom he says the Greeks would have named Agoritæ
or Aoritæ, by the suppression of the guttural, of which a trace still
remains in the initial aspirate of ‘Horitæ.’ Some would connect the
name with H a u r, a town which lay on the route to Firabaz, in
Mekran.
[42] This name Sangada, D’Anville thought, survived in that of a
race of noted pirates who infested the shores of the gulf of
Kachh, called the S a n g a d i a n s or Sangarians.
[43] “The pearl oyster abounds in 11 or 12 fathoms of water all
along the coast of Scinde. There was a fishery in the harbour of
Kurrachee which had been of some importance in the days of the
native rulers.”—Wanderings of a Naturalist in India, p. 36.
[44] This island is not known, but it probably lay near the rocky
headland of Irus, now called M a n o r a, which protects the port of
Karâchi from the sea and bad weather.
[45] “The name of Morontobara,” says Cunningham, “I would
identify with Muâri, which is now applied to the headland of Râs
Muâri or Cape Monze, the last point of the Pab range of
mountains. Bâra, or Bâri, means roadstead or haven; and
Moranta is evidently connected with the Persian Mard a man, of
which the feminine is still preserved in Kâśmîrî as Mahrin a
woman. From the distances given by Arrian, I am inclined to fix it
at the mouth of the B a h a r rivulet, a small stream which falls
into the sea about midway between Cape Monze and Sonmiyâni.”
Women’s Haven is mentioned by Ptolemy and Ammianus
Marcellinus. There is in the neighbourhood a mountain now called
M o r, which may be a remnant of the name Morontobari. The
channel through which the fleet passed after leaving this place no
longer exists, and the island has of course disappeared.
[46] The coast from Karâchi to the Purâli has undergone
considerable changes, so that the position of the intermediate
places cannot be precisely determined. “From Cape Monze to
Sonmiyâni,” says Blair, “the coast bears evident marks of having
suffered considerable alterations from the encroachments of the
sea. We found trees which had been washed down, and which
afforded us a supply of fuel. In some parts I saw imperfect creeks
in a parallel direction with the coast. These might probably be the
vestiges of that narrow channel through which the Greek galleys
passed.”
 [47] Ptolemy and Marcian enumerate the following places as
lying between the Indus and the Arabis: Rhizana, Koiamba,
Women’s Haven, Phagiaura, Arbis. Ptolemy does not mention the
Oreitai, but extends the Arabii to the utmost limit of the district
assigned to them in Arrian. He makes, notwithstanding, the river
Arabia to be the boundary of the Arabii. His Arabis must therefore
be identified not with the Pârâli, but with the Kurmut, called
otherwise the Rumra or Kalami, where the position of Arrian’s
Kalama must be fixed. Pliny (vi. 25) places a people whom he
calls the Arbii between the Oritae and Karmania, assigning as the
boundary between the Arbii and the Oritae the river Arbis.
[48] The A r a b i s or P u r â l i discharges its waters into the bay
of Sonmiyâni. “Sonmiyâni,” says Kempthorne, “is a small town or
fishing village situated at the mouth of a creek which runs up
some distance inland. It is governed by a Sheikh, and the
inhabitants appear to be very poor, chiefly subsisting on dried fish
and rice. A very extensive bar or sandbank runs across the mouth
of this inlet, and none but vessels of small burden can get over it
even at high water, but inside the water is deep.” The inhabitants
of the present day are as badly off for water as their predecessors
of old. “Everything,” says one who visited the place, “is scarce,
even water, which is procured by digging a hole five or six feet
deep, and as many in diameter, in a place which was formerly a
swamp; and if the water oozes, which sometimes it does not, it
serves them that day, and perhaps the next, when it turns quite
brackish, owing to the nitrous quality of the earth.”
[49] Strabo agrees with Arrian in representing the Oreitai as
non-Indian. Cunningham, however, relying on statement made by
Curtius, Diodorus and the Chinese pilgrim Hwen Thsang, a most
competent observer, considers them to be of Indian origin, for
their customs, according to the Pilgrim, were like those of the
people of Kachh, and their written characters closely resembled
those of India, while their language was only slightly different.
The Oreitai as early as the 6th century B.C. were tributary to
Darius Hystaspes, and they were still subject to Persia nearly 12
centuries later when visited by Hwen Thsang.—Geog. of An. Ind.
pp. 304 sqq.
[50] Another form is Pegadæ, met with in Philostratos, who
wrote a work on India.
 [51] To judge from the distances given, this place should be
near the stream now called Agbor, on which is situated
H a r k â n â. It is probably the Koiamba of Ptolemy.
[52] “In vessels like those of the Greeks, which afforded neither
space for motion, nor convenience for rest, the continuing on
board at night was always a calamity. When a whole crew was to
sleep on board, the suffering was in proportion to the
confinement.”—Vincent, I. p. 209 note.
[53] In another passage of Arrian (Anab. VI. 27, 1,) this
Apollophanês is said to have been deposed from his satrapy,
when Alexander was halting in the capital of Gedrosia. In the
Journal Arrian follows Nearkhos, in the History, Ptolemy or
Aristobûlus.—Vincent.
[54] From the distances given, the Tomêros must be identified
with the M a k l o w or H i n g a l river; some would, however, make
it the B h u s â l. The form of the name in Pliny is To m b e r u s,
and in Mela—T u b e r o. These authors mention another river in
connection with the Tomêros,—the A r o s a p e s or A r u s a c e s.
[55] Similar statements are made regarding this savage race by
Curtius IX. 10, 9; Diodôros XVII. 105; Pliny VI. 28; Strabo p. 720;
Philostratos V. Ap. III., 57. Cf. Agatharkhides passim.—Müller.
[56] Its modern representative is doubtless R â s M a l i n, Malen
or Moran.
[57] Such a phenomenon could not of course have been
observed at Malana, which is about 2 degrees north of the Tropic,
and Nearkhos, as has been already noticed (Introd. p. 155), has
on account mainly of this statement been represented as a
mendacious writer. Schmieder and Gosselin attempt to vindicate
him by suggesting that Arrian in copying his journal had either
missed the meaning of this passage, or altered it to bring it into
accordance with his own geographical theories. Müller, however,
has a better and probably the correct explanation to offer. He
thinks that the text of Nearkhos which Arrian used contained
passages interpolated from Onêsikritos and writers of his stamp.
The interpolations may have been inserted by the Alexandrian
geographers, who, following Eratosthenes, believed that India lay
between the Tropics. In support of this view it is to be noted that
Arrian’s account of the shadow occurs in that part of his work
where he is speaking of Malana of the Oreitai, and that Pliny
(VIII. 75) gives a similar account of the shadows that fall on a
mountain of a somewhat similar name in the country of that very
people. His words are: In Indiae gente Oretam Mons est Maleus
nomine, juxta quem umbrae aestate in Austrum, hieme in
Septemtrionem jaciuntur. Now Pliny was indebted for his
knowledge of Mons Maleus to Baeton, who places it however not
in the country of the Oreitai but somewhere in the lower Gangetic
region among the Suari and Monedes. It would thus appear that
what Baeton had said of Mount Maleus was applied to Malana of
the Oreitai, no doubt on account of the likeness of the two
names. Add to this that the expression in the passage under
consideration, for the people beyond this (Malana) are not
Indians, is no doubt an interpolation into the text of the Journal,
for it makes the Oreitai to be an Indian people, whereas the
Journal had a little before made the Arabies to be the last people
of Indian descent living in this direction.
[58] This country, which corresponds generally to M e k r a n,
was called also Kedrosia, Gadrosia, or Gadrusia. The people were
an Ârianian race akin to the Arakhosii, Arii, and Drangiani.
[59] Bagisara, says Kempthorne, “is now known by the name of
A r a b a h or H o r m a r a h Bay, and is deep and commodious with
good anchorage, sheltered from all winds but those from the
southward and eastward. The point which forms this bay is very
high and precipitous, and runs out some distance into the sea. A
rather large fishing village is situated on a low sandy isthmus
about one mile across, which divides the bay from another.... The
only articles of provision we could obtain from the inhabitants
were a few fowls, some dried fish, and goats. They grew no kind
of vegetable or corn, a few water-melons being the only thing
these desolate regions bring forth. Sandy deserts extend into the
interior as far as the eye can reach, and at the back of these rise
high mountains.” The R h a p u a of Ptolemy corresponds to the
Bagisara or P a s i r a of Arrian, and evidently survives in the
present name of the bay and the headland of A r a b a.
[60] K o l t a .—A place unknown. It was situated on the western
side of the isthmus which connects R â s A r a b a with the
mainland.
[61] A different form is Kaluboi. Situated on the river now called
K a l a m i, or Kumra, or Kurmut, the Arabis of Ptolemy, who was
probably misled by the likeness of the name to Karbis as the
littoral district was designated here.
[62] Other forms—K a r n i n e, Karmina. The coast was probably
called Karmin, if Karmis is represented in K u r m a t. The island
lying twelve miles off the mouth of the Kalami is now called
A s t o l a or S a n g a d i p, which Kempthorne thus describes:
—“Ashtola is a small desolate island about four or five miles in
circumference, situated twelve miles from the coast of Mekran. Its
cliffs rise rather abruptly from the sea to the height of about 300
feet, and it is inaccessible except in one place, which is a sandy
beach about one mile in extent on the northern side. Great
quantities of turtle frequent this island for the purpose of
depositing their eggs. Nearchus anchored off it, and called it
Karnine. He says also that he received hospitable entertainment
from its inhabitants, their presents being cattle and fish; but not a
vestige of any habitation now remains. The Arabs come to this
island, and kill immense numbers of these turtles,—not for the
purpose of food, but they traffic with the shell to China, where it
is made into a kind of paste, and then into combs, ornaments,
&c., in imitation of tortoise-shell. The carcasses caused a stench
almost unbearable. The only land animals we could see on the
island were rats, and they were swarming. They feed chiefly on
the dead turtle. The island was once famous as the rendezvous of
the Jowassimee pirates.” Vincent quotes Blair to this effect
regarding the island:—“We were warned by the natives at
Passence that it would be dangerous to approach the island of
Asthola, as it was enchanted, and that a ship had been turned
into a rock. The superstitious story did not deter us; we visited
the island, found plenty of excellent turtle, and saw the rock
alluded to, which at a distance had the appearance of a ship
under sail. The story was probably told to prevent our disturbing
the turtle. It has, however, some affinity to the tale of Nearchus’s
transport.” As the enchanted island mentioned afterwards (chap.
xxxi.), under the name of Nosala, was 100 stadia distant from the
coast, it was probably the same as Karnine.
[63] Another form of the name is Kysa.
[64] The place according to Ptolemy is 900 stadia distant from
the Kalami river, but according to Marcianus 1,300 stadia. It must
have been situated in the neighbourhood of Cape Passence. The
distances here are so greatly exaggerated that the text is
suspected to be corrupt or disturbed. From Mosarna to Kophas
the distance is represented as 1,750 stadia, and yet the distance
from Cape Passence to Râs K o p p a (the Kophas of the text) is
barely 500 stadia. According to Ptolemy and Marcian Karmania
begins at Mosarna, but according to Arrian much further
westward, at Badis near Cape Jask.
[65] “From the name given to this pilot I imagine that he was
an inhabitant of Hydriakos, a town near the bay of Churber or
Chewabad.... Upon the acquisition of Hydrakês or the Hydriakan
two circumstances occur, that give a new face to the future
course of the voyage, one is the very great addition to the length
of each day’s course; and the other, that they generally weighed
during the night: the former depending upon the confidence they
acquired by having a pilot on board; and the latter on the nature
of the land breeze.”—Vincent I., p. 244.
[66] This place is called in Ptolemy and Marcianus Badera or
Bodera, and may have been situated near the Cape now called
Chemaul Bunder. It is mentioned under the form Balara by
Philostratos (Vit. Apoll. III. 56), whose description of the place is
in close agreement with Arrian’s.
[67] τῇσι κvμῇσιν. Another reading, not so good however, is,
τῇσι κωμήτῇσιν for the village women, but the Greeks were not
likely to have indulged in such gallantry. Wearing chaplets in the
hair on festive occasions was a common practice with the Greeks.
Cf. our author’s Anab. V. 2. 8.
[68] In Ptolemy a place is mentioned called Derenoibila, which
may be the same as this. The old name perhaps survives in the
modern D a r a m or Durum, the name of a highland on part of the
coast between Cape Passence and Cape Guadel.
[69] The name appears to survive in a cognominal Cape—Râs
Coppa. The natives use the same kind of boat to this day; it is a
curve made of several small planks nailed or sewn together in a
rude manner with cord made from the bark of date trees and
called kair, the whole being then smeared over with dammer or
pitch.—Kempthorne.
[70] According to Ptolemy and Marcianus this place lay 400
stadia to the west of the promontory of Alambator (now Râs
Gnadel). Some trace of the word may be recognized in R â s
G h u n s e, which now designates a point of land situated about
those parts. Arrian passes Cape Guadel without notice. “We
should be reasonably surprised at this,” says Vincent (I. 248), “as
the doubling of a cape is always an achievement in the estimation
of a Greek navigator; but having now a native pilot on board, it is
evident he took advantage of the land-breeze to give the fleet an
offing. This is clearly the reason why we hear nothing in Arrian of
Ptolemy’s Alabagium, or Alambateir, the prominent feature of this
coast.”
[71] The little town attached by Nearchus lay on Gwattar Bay.
The promontory in its neighbourhood called B a g i a is mentioned
by Ptolemy and Marcianus, the latter of whom gives its distance
from Kyiza at 250 stadia, which is but half the distance as given
by Arrian. To the west of this was the river Kaudryaces or
Hydriaces, the modern Baghwar Dasti or Muhani river, which falls
into the Bay of Gwattar.
[72] A name not found elsewhere. To judge by the distance
assigned, it must be placed on what is now called Chaubar Bay,
on the shores of which are three towns, one being called T i z,—
perhaps the modern representative of Tisa, a place in those parts
mentioned by Ptolemy, and which may have been the Talmena of
Arrian.
[73] The name is not found elsewhere. It must have been
situated on a bay enclosed within the two headlands Râs Fuggem
and Râs Godem.
[74] K a n a t e probably stood on the site of the modern
K u n g o u n, which is near R â s K a l a t, and not far from the
river B u n t h.
[75] Another and the common form is Troisi. The villages of the
Taoi must have been where the Sudich river enters the sea. Here
Ptolemy places his Kommana or Nommana and his follower
Marcian his Ommana. See ante p. 104 note.
[76] The place in Ptolemy is called Agrispolis,—in Marcianus,
Agrisa. The modern name is G i r i s h k.
[77] Schmieder suggests that instead of the common reading
here ἀπὸ τούταν ἔλαιον ποιέουσιν Arrian may have written ἀπὸ
θύννων ε. π. they make oil from thunnies, i. e. use the fat for oil.
[78] “This description of the natives, with that of their mode of
living and the country they inhabit, is strictly correct even to the
present day.”—Kempthorne.
 [79] Strabo (XV. ii. 12, 13) has extracted from Nearkhos the
same passage regarding whales. See Nearchi fragm. 25. Cf.
Onesikritos (fr. 30) and Orthagoras in Aelian, N. An. XVII. 6;
Diodor. XVII. 106; Curtius X. 1, 11.
[80] The story of the Nereid is evidently an Eastern version of
the story of the enchantress Kirkê. The island here called Nosala
is that already mentioned under the name of Karbine, now
Asthola.
[81] K a r m a n i a extended from Cape Jask to Râs Nabend, and
comprehended the districts now called Moghostan, Kirman, and
Laristan. Its metropolis, according to Ptolemy, was K a r m a n a,
now K i r m a n, which gives its name to the whole province. The
first port in Karmania reached by the expedition was in the
neighbourhood of Cape Jask, where the coast is described as
being very rocky, and dangerous to mariners on account of shoals
and rocks under water. Kempthorne says: “The cliffs along this
part of the coast are very high, and in many places almost
perpendicular. Some have a singular appearance, one near Jask
being exactly of the shape of a quoin or wedge; and another is a
very remarkable peak, being formed by three stones, as if placed
by human hands, one on the top of the other. It is very high, and
has the resemblance of a chimney.”
[82] Badis must have been near where the village of Jask now
stands, beyond which was the promontory now called Râs Kerazi
or Keroot or Bombarak, which marks the entrance to the Straits of
Ormus. This projection is the Cape Karpella of Ptolemy. Badis may
be the same as the Kanthatis of this geographer.
[83] Maketa is now called Cape Mesandum in Oman. It is thus
described by Palgrave in the Narrative of his Travels through
Central and Eastern Arabia (Vol. II. pp. 316-7). The afternoon
was already far advanced when we reached the headland, and
saw before us the narrow sea-pass which runs between the
farthest rooks of Mesandum and the mainland of the Cape. This
strait is called the “Bab” or “gate:” it presents an imposing
spectacle, with lofty precipices on either side, and the water
flowing deep and black below; the cliffs are utterly bare and
extremely well adapted for shivering whatever vessels have the ill
luck to come upon them. Hence and from the ceaseless dash of
the dark waves, the name of “Mesandum” or “Anvil,” a term
seldom better applied. But this is not all, for some way out at sea
rises a huge square mass of basalt of a hundred feet and more in
height sheer above the water; it bears the name of “Salâmah” or
“safety,” a euphemism of good augury for “danger.” Several small
jagged peaks, just projecting above the surface, cluster in its
neighbourhood; these bear the endearing name of “Benât
Salâmah,” or “Daughters of Salamah.”
[84] This place is not mentioned elsewhere, but must have
been situated somewhere in the neighbourhood of the village of
Karun.
[85] The A n a m i s, called by Pliny the Ananis, and by Ptolemy
and Mela the Andanis, is now the Minâb or Ibrahim River.
[86] Other forms—Hormazia, Armizia regio. The name was
transferred from the mainland to the island now called O r m u s,
when the inhabitants fled thither to escape from the Moghals. It
is called by Arrian O r g a n a (chap. xxxvii.) The Arabians called it
Djerun, a name which it continued to bear up to the 12th century.
Pliny mentions an island called Oguris, of which perhaps Djerun is
a corruption. He ascribes to it the honour of having been the
birthplace of Erythrés. The description, however, which he gives
of it is more applicable to the island called by Arrian (chap.
xxxvii.) Oârakta (now Kishm) than to Ormus. Arrian’s description
of Harmozia is still applicable to the region adjacent to the Mînâb.
“It is termed,” says Kempthorne, “the Paradise of Persia. It is
certainly most beautifully fertile, and abounds in orange groves,
orchards containing apples, pears, peaches, and apricots, with
vineyards producing a delicious grape, from which was made at
one time a wine called Amber rosolia, generally considered the
white wine of Kishma; but no wine is made here now.” The old
name of Kishma—Oârakta—is preserved in one of its modern
names, Vrokt or Brokt.
[87] Diodôros (XVII. 106) gives quite a different account of the
visit of Nearkhos to Alexander.
[88] The preceding satrap was Sibyrtios, the friend of
Megasthenês. He had been transferred to govern the Gadrosians
and the Arakhotians.
[89] As stated in Note 64, Organa is now Ormuz, and Oarakta,
Kishm. Ormuz, once so renowned for its wealth and commerce,
that it was said of it by its Portuguese occupants, that if the world
were a golden ring, Ormuz would be the diamond signet, is now
in utter decay. “I have seen,” says Palgrave (II. 319), “the
abasement of Tyre, the decline of Surat, the degradation of Goa:
but in none of those fallen seaports is aught resembling the utter
desolation of Ormuz.” A recent traveller in Persia (Binning) thus
describes the coast: “It presents no view but sterile, barren, and
desolate chains of rocks and hills: and the general aspect of the
Gulf is dismal and forbidding. Moore’s charming allusions to
Oman’s sea, with its ‘banks of pearl and palmy isles’ are
unfortunately quite visionary; for uglier and more unpicturesque
scenery 1 never beheld.”—Two Years’ Travel in Persia, I. pp. 136,
137.
[90] For the legend of Erythrês see Agatharkhides De Mari
Eryth. I. 1-4 and Strabo XVI. iv. 20. The Erythræan Sea included
the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea, the last
being called also the Arabian Gulf, when it was necessary to
distinguish it from the Erythræan in general. It can hardly be
doubted that the epithet Erythræan (which means red, Greek
ερυθρος) first designated the Arabian Gulf or Red Sea, and was
afterwards extended to the seas beyond the Straits by those who
first explored them. The Red Sea was so called because it washed
the shores of Arabia, called the Red Land (Edom), in
contradistinction to Egypt, called the Black Land (Kemi), from the
darkness of the soil deposited by the Nile. Some however thought
that it received its name from the quantity of red coral found in
its waters, especially along the eastern shores, and Strabo says
(loc. cit.): “Some say that the sea is red from the colour arising
from reflexion either from the sun, which is vertical, or from the
mountains, which are red by being scorched with intense heat;
for the colour it is supposed may be produced by both of these
causes. Ktesias of Knidos speaks of a spring which discharges into
the sea a red and ochrous water.”—Cf. Eustath. Comment. 38.
[91] This island is that now called A n g a r, or H a n j a m, to the
south of Kishm. It is described as being nearly destitute of
vegetation and uninhabited. Its hills, of volcanic origin, rise to a
height of 300 feet. The other island, distant from the mainland
about 300 stadia, is now called the Great Tombo, near which is a
smaller island called Little Tombo. They are low, flat, and
uninhabited. They are 25 miles distant from the western
extremity of Kishm.
[92] The island of P y l o r a is that now called Polior. S i s i d o n e
appears in other forms—Prosidodone, pro-Sidodone, pros Sidone,
pros Dodone. Kempthorne thought this was the small fishing
village now called M o g o s, situated in a bay of the same name.
The name may perhaps be preserved in the name of a village in
the same neighbourhood, called Dnan Tarsia—now R â s - e l -
D j a r d—described as high and rugged, and of a reddish colour.
[93] K a t a i a is now the island called K a e s or K e n n. Its
character has altered, being now covered with dwarf trees, and
growing wheat and tobacco. It supplies ships with refreshment,
chiefly goats and sheep and a few vegetables. “At morning,” says
Binning (I. 137), “we passed Polior, and at noon were running
along the South side of the Isle of Keesh, called in our maps
Kenn; a fertile and populous island about 7 miles in length. The
inhabitants of this, as well as of every other island in the Gulf, are
of Arab blood—for every true Persian appears to hate the very
sight of the sea.”
[94] The boundary between Karmania and Persis was formed by
a range of mountains opposite the island of K a t a i a. Ptolemy,
however, makes Karmania extend much further, to the river
B a g r a d a s, now called the N a b a n or N a b e n d.
[95] K a i k a n d e r has the other forms—Kekander, Kikander,
Kaskandrus, Karkundrus, Karskandrus, Sasækander. This island,
which is now called I n d e r a b i a, or A n d a r a v i a, is about four
or five miles from the mainland, having a small town on the north
side, where is a safe and commodious harbour. The other island
mentioned immediately after is probably that now called Busheab.
It is, according to Kempthorne, a low, flat island, about eleven
miles from the mainland, containing a small town principally
inhabited by Arabs, who live on fish and dates. The harbour has
good anchorage even for large vessels.
[96] The pearl oyster is found from Ras Musendom to the head
of the Gulf. There are no famed banks on the Persian side, but
near Bushire there are some good ones.
[97] A p o s t a n a was near a place now called S c h e v a r. It is
thought that the name may be traced in D a h r a A h b â n, an
adjacent mountain ridge of which Okhos was probably the
southern extremity.
[98] This bay is that on which N a b a n or N a b e n d is now
situated. It is not far from the river called by Ptolemy the
Bagradas. The place abounds with palm-trees as of old.
 [99] G ô g a n a is now K o n k a n or K o n a u n. The bay lacks
depth of water; a stream still falls into it—the Areôn of the text.
To the north-west of this place in the interior lay P a s a r g a d a,
the ancient capital of Persia, and the burial-place of Kyros, in the
neighbourhood of Murghâb, a place to the N. E. of Shiraz (30° 24
´ N. 56° 29´ E.).
[100] The Sitakos has been identified with the Kara Agach,
Mand, Mund or Kakee river, which has a course of 300 miles. Its
source is near Kodiyan, which lies N. W. of Shiraz. At a part of its
course it is called the Kewar River. The meaning of its name is
black wood. In Pliny it appears as the Sitioganus. Sitakon was
probably the name as Nearkhos heard it pronounced, as it
frequently happens that when a Greek writer comes upon a name
like an oblique case in Greek, he invents a nominative for it. With
regard to the form of the name in Pliny, ‘g’ is but a phonetic
change instead of ‘k’. The ‘i’ is probably an error in transcription
for ‘t’. The Sitakos is probably the Brisoana of Ptolemy, which can
have no connexion with the later-mentioned Brizana of our
author. See Report on the Persian Gulf by Colonel Ross, lately
issued. Pliny states that from the mouth of the Sitioganus an
ascent could be made to Pasargada, in seven days; but this is
manifestly an error.
[101] The changes which have taken place along the coast have
been so considerable that it is difficult to explain this part of the
narrative consistently with the now existing state of things.
[102] The peninsula, which is 10 miles in length and 3 in
breadth, lies so low that at times of high tide it is all but
submerged. The modern A b u - S h a h r or B u s h i r is situated on
it.
[103] Nearkhos, it is probable, put into the mouth of the river
now called by some the K i s h t, by others the Boshavir. A town
exists in the neighbourhood called G r a or G r a n, which may
have received its name from the Granis. The royal city (or rather
palace), 200 stadia distant from this river, is mentioned by Strabo,
xv. 3, 3, as being situate on the coast. Ptolemy does not mention
the Granis. He makes Taökê to be an inland town, and calls all
the district in this part Taôkênê. Taokê may be the Touag
mentioned by Idrisi, which is now represented by Konar Takhta
near the Kisht.
 [104] R h o g o n i s .—It is written Rhogomanis by Ammianus
Marcellinus, who mentions it as one of the four largest rivers in
Persia, the other three being the Vatrachitis, Brisoana, and
Bagrada. It is the river at the mouth of which is Bender-Righ or
Regh, which is considered now as in the days of Nearkhos to be a
day’s sail from Bushire.
[105] “The measures here are neglected in the Journal, for we
have only 800 stadia specified from Mesambria to Brizana, and
none from Brizana to the Arosis; but 800 stadia are short of 50
miles, while the real distance from Mesambria (Bushir) to the
Arosis with the winding of the coast is above 140. In these two
points we cannot be mistaken, and therefore, besides the
omission of the interval between Brizana and the Arosis, there
must be some defect in the Journal for which it is impossible now
to account.”—Vincent, 1. p. 405.
[106] Another form of the name of this river is the Aroatis. It
answers to the Zarotis of Pliny, who states that the navigation at
its mouth was difficult, except to those well acquainted with it. It
formed the boundary between Persis and Susiana. The form
Oroatis corresponds to the Zend word aurwat ‘swift.’ It is now
called the Tâb.
[107] On this point compare Strabo, bk. xv. 3, 1.
[108] It has been conjectured that the text here is imperfect.
Schmieder opines that the story about the ambassadors is a
fiction.
[109] The bay of Kataderbis is that which receives the streams
of the M e n s u r e h and D o r a k; at its entrance lie two islands,
Bunah and Ḍeri, one of which is the Margastana of Arrian.
[110] D i r i d ô t i s is called by other writers Terêdon, and is said
to have been founded by Nabukhodonosor. Mannert places it on
the island now called B u b i a n; Colonel Chesney, however, fixes
its position at J e b e l S a n â m, a gigantic mound near the
Pallacopas branch of the Euphrates, considerably to the north of
the embouchure of the present Euphrates. Nearkhos had
evidently passed unawares the stream of the Tigris and sailed too
far westward. Hence he had to retrace his course, as mentioned
in the next chapter.
 [111] This is the Eulæus, now called the K a r û n, one arm of
which united with the Tigris, while the other fell into the sea by
an independent mouth. It is the U l a i of the prophet Daniel. Pas
is said to be an old Persian word, meaning small. By some writers
the name P a s i t i g r i s was applied to the united stream of the
Tigris and Euphrates, now called the S h a t - e l - A r a b. The
courses of the rivers and the conformation of the country in the
parts here have all undergone great changes, and hence the
identification of localities is a matter of difficulty and uncertainty.
The following extract from Strabo will illustrate this part of the
narrative:—
Polycletus says that the C h o a s p e s, and the E u l æ u s, and
the T i g r i s also enter a lake, and thence discharge themselves
into the sea; that on the side of the lake is a mart, as the rivers
do not receive the merchandize from the sea, nor convey it down
to the sea, on account of dams in the river, purposely
constructed; and that the goods are transported by land, a
distance of 800 stadia, to Susis: according to others, the rivers
which flow through Susis discharge themselves by the
intermediate canals of the Euphrates into the single stream of the
Tigris, which on this account has at its mouth the name of
Pasitigris. According to Nearchus, the sea-coast of Susis is
swampy, and terminates at the river Euphrates; at its mouth is a
village which receives the merchandize from Arabia, for the coast
of Arabia approaches close to the mouths of the Euphrates and
the Pasitigris; the whole intermediate space is occupied by a lake
which receives the Tigris. On sailing up the Pasitigris 150 stadia is
a bridge of rafts leading to Susa from Persis, and is distant from
Susa 60 (600?) stadia; the Pasitigris is distant from the Oroatis
about 2,000 stadia; the ascent through the lake to the mouth of
the Tigris is 600 stadia; near the mouth stands the Susian village
Aginis, distant from Susa 500 stadia; the journey by water from
the mouth of the Euphrates up to Babylon, through a well-
inhabited tract of country, is a distance of more than 3,000 stadia.
—Book xv. 3, Bohn’s trans.
[112] The 3rd part of the Indika, the purport of which is to
prove that the southern parts of the world are uninhabitable,
begins with this chapter.
[113] Here and subsequently meaning the Persian Gulf.
 [114] It is not known when or wherefore Ptolemy sent troops
on this expedition.

Transcriber’s Notes
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations in hyphenation,
spelling, accents and punctuation remain unchanged.
In the original, with one exception, Tamil is spelt with the diacritic .. beneath the l. As
this symbol is not available, the reader is asked to imagine it.
The original had fragments of both text and commentary dispersed over several pages,
while this e-book has each numbered section of text followed by its commentary. This
may result in some indexed page numbers being less accurate than the original.
The table of contents was added by the transcriber.
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