SOLUTION MANUAL

PHYSICS
Module-6
K CET COMPACT COMPENDIUM
 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)

Q.1 (2) h0 = 1.5 u = – 15 hI = – 3
Plane mirror forms erect, virtual image of a real object.
3 v
m=– =–2=
Q.2 (4) 1.5 u
=180-2i 1 1 1
Q.3 (3)  v = 2u   
v u f
360º
n  6  even 1 1 1 3 1
60   ; 
 no. of images = 6–1 2u u f 2u f

Q.4 (3) 2u 2  15

f=   10 cm
3 3
360
n  6  even Q.13 (3)
60
Convex mirror forms diminished virtual image.
 Ans. (6–1)
Q.14 (3)
Q.5 (2)
As m<1
1 2 2 So, it covers more area.
P  
f R 
Q.15 (3)
Q.6 (2) Mirage is application of TIR
\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\\ \\ \\ \\ \\

Q.16 (3)
15 m/s 15 m/s 1×sin i=sin r
0 I sin 2 r=sin r
2sinr cosr=sinr
Q.7 (3) cos r=/2
f r  cos 1   / 2 
m
f u i=2r
h1 f
 Q.17 (3)
1 f   f 
t=×5+×2
h1=1/2 = 7
= 7×1.5 cm
Q.8 (2) Q.18 (2)
By definetion of focus. High , less c
more chances of TIR
Q.9 (4) Q.19 (3)
hi f
 x xµ
h0 f  u t= =
v c
hi 15 Q.20 (1)

2.5 15  10  air 6000
hi=7.5 cm  medium    4000Å
 1.5
Q.10 (3) Q.21 (2)
Use mirror formula. Required condition
Q.11 (1)
Concave mirror produces magnified virtual image. Q.22 (3)

Q.12 (1)

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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.33 (2)
    f 
c

c Q.34 (3)
By symmetry

1 3 Q.35 (3)
sin c  
 4 1 1 1
Q.23 (4)  
v u f
1.8 3
sin c   1  1 1
2.4 4   
Q.24 (3) v  5  10
v = 10 cm
 x  3500Å,  y  7000Å
v 10
sin (x) nx = sin (y) ny m   2
u 5
sin  x  n y  x
sin  E    
sin  y n x  y Q.36 (2)
 1 
n
x 1
   
1
 
  g 1 
 R1  R 2 
y 2 6
f air

Q.25 (1) 1  g  1 1 
  1  
=2i–A f water   w   R1 R 2 
=2×45º–60º
Q.26 (3) 3 
m  2i  A f water   1
2

40º  2i  60º f air  /2 
3
  1
Q.27 (1) 4/3 
Here, r=A/2=30º
fwater = 4 fair
Q.28 (4)
=A(–1) 1
P= Power decrase
Q.29 (1) f
1 1.5 1  1.5  Q.37 (1)
  P = P 1 + P2
 4 5
= + 4 + (– 3)
=+1
Q.30 (1)
Q.38 (2)
1 1.5 1  1.5 
  f0
 10
1  x 2 fe
3 1
1   Q.39 (2)
2x 4 By constitution of simple microscope we can
3 5 observe it

2x 4
Q.40 (4)
6
x   1.2cm  D   25 
5 MP = 1   = 1   = 6
Q.31 (4) f 5

1 2
    1   Q.41 (3)
f R Correct option is (C) real, inverted and magnified
Q.32 (4)
Both concave lens & convex mirror are of diverging
nature.

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 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.9 (2)
initially , u1 = –40
we get 1=–24
finally u2=–20
we get 2=–60
 = (60–24)= 36 cm

Q.10 (3)
d=tsecr sin (i–r)
Here, as shown in the diagram of a compound Here, secr1
microscope, the intermediate image, P’Q’ is real inverted sin(i–r)  (i–r)
and magnified.
 d  t 1  r 

 r
EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL) d= it  l  
 i
Q.11 (3)
Q.1 (2)
=360–2 45º
= 180º
r
Q.2 (3)
H
h
2 (90–r)
Q.3 (2)
For convergent incident beam object is virtual

Q.4 (1) 90–r>c

f h sin(90–r)>sinc
m  i
f  u h0 cos r 
1

h i  3cm
for limiting case
h0=+2cm
u=–16 cm 1
cos r  ...(i)

Q.5 (4)
For a real object, image formed by convex mirror is Also, sin 45 –  sin r
always virtual. 1
  1  cos 2 r
2
Q.6 (3) solving with equation (i)
f
m 3
f u 
2
1 f
  Q.12 (3)
2 f   60 
ic

Q.7 (2) 1.5  108 3

sin c  
2  108 4
f
m
f u i  sin 1
3
4
15
2  Q.13 (3)
15  u
 = 420
u=–7.5 cm
Q.8 (4)  420
w = =  3  = 315 nm
By symmetry, intensity is reduced to half.  4

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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.14 (4) sini

Velocity and wavelength change but frequency remains  2
sin30º
same.
Q.21 (2)
=2i–A
Q.15 (3)
3
2  1  2  A  A  A/2  30º
sin1   sin 2   4
3   Q.22 (1)
3 r = A/2=30º
sin 2 
4 sin i
 3
sin 30º
8
sin 3  Q.23 (1)
9
3>2 1.5

1

1.5  i 
 60 25
Q.16 (3)
1.5 1 1
45º>C  
sin45º>sinC  60 50
 =450 cm
1 1
 Q.24 (2)
2 
1.5

1

1.5  1
 2  50 10
Q.17 (4)
3 1 1
 
1 sin  
2
sin  90  c  2 50 20
3 solving, we get
=50 cm
Q.25 (2)
c
1.6 4 / 3 1.6  4/3 
 (90–c)  
 200 20
1.6 1 2
 
2  150 150
sin   cos c
3 =240 cm

2 1
sin     c  60º Q.26 (3)
3 2
1.5

1

1.5  1
Q.18 (1)
 100 20
= i + e – A
30º = 60+e–30 3 1 1
 
e=0 2 100 40
 r2 = 0
3 1 1
r1=30  
2 40 100
sin 60º
  =100 cm
sin 30º Q.27 (4)
Q.19 (1) Upper part behaves as divergent while lower part
For minimum deviation behaves as convergent lens.
r=A/2=30º
Q.28 (2)
sin i
 3 1 2
sin 30º     1  
f R
Q.20 (2)
for m Q.29 (2)
r=A/2=30º

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 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

D2  d 2 1.22
f 
4D d
D= 90 cm 1.22  5  10 7
d= 20 cm 
2
Q.30 (1) =3.05×10–7 rad
1 2
    1   Q.37 (3)
f R In normal adjustment
1 1 2 f0
     1   m=–
v u R fe

1 1  2 
 1.56  1  
100
 so 50 = –  fe = –2 cm
v 10  20  fe
= –22.72 cm (  eyepiece is concave lens)
and L = f0 + fe = 100 – 2 = 98 cm
Q.31 (1)
Optical power is zero.
Q.38 (2)
Q.32 (4)  = magnifying power

1 R1    D
P     1      = 1
R R 2  R  F

25
 1.5  1 
100
D = 1
15 f

Q.33 (1) EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

L=fx+fe=100 cm ....(i)
M=–24 Q.1 (1)
f
 0  24 ....(ii)
fe
solving equation (i) & (ii)
f0=96 cm
fe=4 cm normal incidence
Q.34 (1)
u=–ue=–(f0+fe) Q.2 (2)
for eyepiece Distance between object and image = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
 fe m

L fe   f0  fe 

fe 
 
f0 L

f0 L
  M Q.3 (2)
fe 
Q.35 (4)
f0 Real image
M
fe O
1
L  f0  fe Virtual object

Q.36 (3)

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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.4 (4) Q.10 (4)

Focal length is the property of a spherical mirror. It
does not depend on the light used. So, it is same for
all lights.
=180 – 120 – 60º
Q.11 (2)
240º u 1 1 1
v=   =
4 v u f
u = 90 cm

Q.12 (4)
Q.5 (3) When objects is at the centre of curvature C then its
image is also at C

Q.13 (4)
1 1 1
 
v u f

1 1 1
i + 2l = 90º ...(i)  
v 40 20
i + 2l + 90º = 180º ...(ii) v = – 40 cm
i + 2l = 90º
v   40
i + l = 60º m  1
u 40
r = 30º
Q.14 (3)
Q.6 (2)
A thick mirror forms a number of images. Image is v v
m 3
formed by front surface which is unpolished and u u
hence, reflects only a small part of light, while u = 3u ...(i)
second image is formed by polished surface which u + v = 80 ...(ii)
reflects most of intensity. Hence second image is 1 1 1
  ....(iii)
brightest. v u f
Q.7 (4) from (i) and (ii)
v = 60, u = 20
Putting in equation (iii)
Final Re? ected Ray
 1 1 1
 
f 60 20
f = – 30 cm
 Angle
Q.15 (1)
  Incident Ray v = 2u
1 1 1
 =
between mirror = 90º v u f
u = – 30 cm
Q.8 (2) Q.16 (4)
 360  1 1 1
n =  –1 = 4  
72  u v f
Q.9 (3) 1 1 1
 
6  15 f
Focal length is independent of surroundings.

f = 10 cm
6 PHYSICS
 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

R = 2×10 = 20 cm
ngincident media
n rel 
ngrefrected media
Q.17 (4)
All type of mirrors can produce virtual image depending 51.5 4
upon the relative position of mirror and object.  d
10 3
Q.18 (3) 2m
The field of view is maximum for conver mirror due to
the fact that it can produce virtual image for almost all Q.27 (1)
positions of the object That's why it is used as rear 24 24 24  4
view mirror in cores and road view mirror in lily areas at x= = = = 32 cm
1 4  3 3
sharp turns. /
1 3  
 4
Q.19 (2)
Q.28 (3)
1 f 1 f
 ; where u N= f + x    t2
O f u O x 6= , t = 9cm
 2
Q.20 (3)
Plane mirror and convex mirror always foms erect t1
images. Image formed by concave mirror may be erect 4= , t = 6cm
1.5 1
or inverted dependinbg on position of object. t1 + t2 = 15cm
Q.21 (3)
n ga   Q.29 (1)

n glass  glass I' 

I

n air  air
nair = 1
:1
Q.22 (1)
Lateral Shift,
1
   rarer   denser

Q.23 (1)
nwg = 7
nwa = 1.3  1
  t 1  
1.5  r
ngw =
1.3 Q.30 (1)
Q.24 (2)
h 8
  h'   6m
1 h' 4/3

 Q.31 (4)
Q.25 (3) For TIR medium at refraction must be rarer.

j
ij 
i Q.32 (3)
3 4
2 1  3 2  4 3 sin C = sin 90
2 3
1  2  3  8
   4 1  C = sin–1  
 2 3  4 9
Q.33 (1)
Q.26 (1) Colour of light is determined by its frequency and an
d frequency does not change, colour will also not change
d'  and will remains green.
n rel
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Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.34 (1) sin i

 2  sin i = 1
Reflection of light 2 sin 30 = 2 
sin r1 2
Q.35 (2)
Q.43 (4)
1 1  i = 45º.
n  A  m
v  sin A  m
Q.36 (3) 2 = , But = i = 45°
A 2
Here, r2=0 sin
 r1=A=30º 2

A=30º sin 45 1 A

So 2   sin  A = 60º
sin (A / 2) 2 2
Q.44 (2)
sin i sin i
  2
sin A / 2  60 
sin  
 2

sin i  2 x sin 30 = sin i  i = 45°

 2 Q.45 (3)
sin 30
Light will not get any deviation.
i=45º
Q.37 (3)
sin   min  A  / 2 

sin  A / 2
O
 60  30 
sin 
 2  1  2
  2
sin  30 2 Q.46 (1)
Q.38 (1) 1.5 1
 
1.5  1  1
blue > red  x 15 30
1 1
Q.39 (2) 
x 30
1
 , r  
 Q.47 (1)
 1    1
Q.40 (1)  
2R  R
2 sin 30° = sin e

e = 45°     1
Deviation = 45° – 30° = 15° 2
=2
Q.41 (1) Q.48 (2)
i=e  2 1  2 – 1  2 1  2 – 1
–  – 
A V u R V –R –R
r1 = r2 = = 30°
2
V = – R for all values of .
sin i = 2 sin 30°  i = 45°
Q.42 (2) Q.49 (1)

 1 3
1– 1 1 1 1
r2 = sin–1   = 45º 1 3
 2 –  
  –
V 2  30 20 V 40 20 40
r1 = A – r2 = 75º – 45º = 30º
V = 40 cm.

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Q.50 (3) Q.59 (4)

PL = P 1 + P 2 f’ of diverging = –ve
P=5–2=3D
1
1 P=
f
PL = f
L
1
1 P=
F 40
3 P = –2.5 D
Q.51 (2)
Image is real, erect and diminished Q.60 (3)

1 1 2
I = f – fL =
F m

2
0  F=5
10
Q.52 (3) Q.61 (4)

1 1 1 1 1 1
   
v u f f1 f 2 f e
Let f1 = f2 = f
1  1 1
  
v  5  10 1 1 1
 
v = 10 cm f1 f 2 f e
|m| = 2 (magnified) f
Q.53 (2) fe   
 2
nrel < 1
So, f is negative (f1 = f2) 2fe
Q.54 (3) Q.62 (1)
Between (f1 and 2f)
The image will be real and magnified D
m=1+
f
Q.55 (3) Q.63 (4)
Resolving power of a microscope is given by,
2 sin 
R.P. =

1
 R.P.

Distance between lens is = f1 + f2 , Q.64 (2)
Q.56 (3) For normal adjustment
If a glass is placed in a medium in which it is found to f0
behave like a glass plate. Thus, it shows neighter m=– f
e
diverging nor converging effect, i.e., like a glass plate it
is possible only if the refrative index of glass is same as When final image is at least distance of distinct vision
that of medium because in that case no refraction will from eyepiece,
occur at the interfase of glass and medium. f0  fe   5
Q.57 (1) m' = –
fe  1  d  = 10 1  25  = 12
A divergent lens or a concave lens produces a virtval
image of real object for all positions. Q.65 (1)
Q.58 (1) In microscope final image formed is enlarged which in
P = P 1 + P2 turn increases the visual angle.
= + 4 + (– 3)
=+1
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Q.66 (4)
 df  df1 df 2 df 32
Magnification of a compound microscope is given by
  2  2  2
F2 f1 f2 f2
v0 D
m = u  u  m= m0 × me
0 e  1 2 3
  
Q.67 (3) F f1 f 2 f 3
1 for achromatism w = 0
Magnifying power of a microscope m 
f  0.066 0.055 0.040
   0
Since fviolet < fred ;  mviolet > mred 22 11 f
Q.68 (2)
40
v0 D –3–5+ =0
m = u  f
f
0 e f = 5 cm Ans.

1 1 1 Q.2 0012
From f  v  u Final image at 2f  object is at 2f.
0 0 0

1 1 1
 (1.2)  v  (1.25)  v0 = 30 cm x
0

30 25 for mirror, image is 2f behind.

 m  = 200  object is 2f in front.
1.25 3
 for lens u = –x ; v = –2f
Q.69 (1)
1 1 1
When the final image is at the least distance of distinct  
vision, then v u f
f 0  f e  200  5  200  6 1 1 1 3
m=   1   1    = –48   
fe  D  5 25 55 x f 2f 2f
When the final image is at infinity, then 2f 2  18
x= = = 12 cm
f0 200 3 3
m=  f = = –40 Q.3 16
e 5
In one case image is virtual (u = – 15 cm)
Q.70 (3)

1 1 In another case image is real (u = – 40 cm)

fo = = 0.8 m and fe = = –0.05 m
1.25 20 uf  10f
v1  
 L = f – fe= 0.8 – 0.05 = 0.75 m = 75 cm u  f  10  f
f0 0.8  40f
and m = f = = 16 v2 
e 0.05  40  f
In both situations, sign convention is opposite
 v2 = v1
EXERCISE-IV
 10f 40f
 v2  
Q.1 [ 5 cm]  10  f  40  f
f = 16 cm
1 1 1 1
  
F f1 f 2 f 3 Q.4 0180

10 PHYSICS
 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

1 2 1  1  x
fM =  NS = x 1   = cm
f eq =
f2 +
fM  4/3 4
O
5cm
1 2

30
=–
f 2  fL = 60 cm x

v
m = –2 = x 3x
u obj. at 5 + x – =5+
4 4

v 3x
Image at 5 + behind mirror..
u= 4
2
x 3x 3x
1 1 1 1 Final image = 5 + x – +5+ = 10 + = 25 cm
 = = 4 4 2
v u f L 60 x = 10 cm

1 2 1 Q.8 0010
+ =
v u 60 Refraction plane surface
v = 180 cm µr 20  3 / 2
h' = h = = 30 cm
Q.5 0009
µi 1
Mirror
v I  vS v 0  vS
= 1 1 1
4/3 1  
v u f
v0 1 1 1
  
v  45  10
4cm/s 90
v=– from pole of mirror..
7
Distance of object from plane surface
4v 0 90 105  90 15
vI =
3 l = 15 – = =
7 7 7
4 µr
vI – vf = 16 = v + 4 = 16
3 0 Refraction at plane surface x = 10 l' = l
µi
4
 v0 = 9 cm/s 15 1 10
v = 12
3 0 x = l' =  =  7x = 10 (location of final
7 3/ 2 7
Q.6 0090 image from plane surface)
 1  15
NS = 15 1  = = 5 cm Q.9 0002
 1 .5  3 The "Scotchlite" sphere is a ball of index of refraction
n, whose rear semi-spherical interface is a reflecting
Mirror is at 50 – 5 = 45 cm surface. The focal length in the image space, f, for a
 Image is 45 cm behind the mirror. single refractive interface is given by
Final image =- 45 + 50 – 5 = 90 cm nr
f=
Q.7 0010
n 1

PHYSICS 11
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

where r is the radius of the sphere. The index of

100
refraction of air is unity. The index of refraction of the P =  10D
glass is chosen so that the back focal point of the front 10
semi-spherical interface coincides with the apex of the Q.3 (2)
rear semi-spherical interface i.e., Here,
f = 2r Focal lengthof objective, f 0 = 1 cm
Hence n = 2. Focal length of eyepiece, fe = 6cm
Least distance of distinct vision, D = 25 cm
Q.10 0021 Tube length, L = 30 cm
4 When the image is formed at the least distance of distinct
1 vision, the magnification is
4 1 3
– =
3v  30 5 L  D  30  25 
m = f 1  f   1 1  6 
0  e   
4 1 1 1 = 155 1500
= – =
3v 15 30 30
v = 40"  u = 35" Q.4 (4)
Given : D = 200 cm = 2m  = 5000
1 4 / 3 1 4 / 3 oA = 5 × 10–7 m
– =
v  30 5 D
Resolving power of telescope RP 
1 6 4 1.22λ
– +
v 90 90 2
v = 9"  RP   3.28  10 6
1.22  5  10 7
distance from observer = 21"
Q.5 (4)
Q.11 (1) Q.12 (1) Q.13 (1) Q.14 (1) Q.15 (4)
The distance of normal vision is 25 cm.
Q.16 (3)
So if a book to be read is at u = 25 cm, its image should
be formed at v = – 75 cm. Therefore, the required focal
PREVIOUS YEAR'S length (f) is
1 1 1 1 1
   
K CET f v u 75cm 25cm
Q.1 (1)
1 1 1  3 2
As image is real = 75cm  25cm  75cm  75cm
v
 Magnification, m = – = – 3 or v = 3u 75cm
u f  37.5cm
Here, u = – 20 cm. 2
 v = – 60 cm Q.6 (3)
According to mirror formula As radius of curvature (R) is negative for a concave
mirror, so
1 1 1
   The focal length of the mirror is
f v u
R 30cm
1 1 1 4 f   15cm
   2 2
f 60 20 60 Ast the person wants his real enlarged image,
f = – 15 cm. |f| = 15 cm
v
so magnification, m = – = – 3 or v = 3u
u
Q.2 (2)
Power of a lens, According to mirror formula
1 1 1
1   
P (in dioptre) = Focal length f  in m  3u u 15cm
1 3 1 4 1
100  or 
= f  in cm  3u 15cm 3u 15cm

12 PHYSICS
 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

60cm   
u  20cm sin  30º  m 
3  2  2 
Q.7 (4) sin 30º
 = tan 57º
Also, sin 57º =  sin   m  1
sin 57º = tan 57º sin  or, sin  30º    sin 45º
 2  2
sin = cos 57º
= sin 33º m
or, 30º  45º or, m = 30º
  33º 2
Angle of incidence, i = (A + m)/2
i = (60º + 30º)/2 = 45º
Q.8 (1)
Q.12 (3)
Shift in the image of letter due to glass plate,
Object would be lying at the polished surface side,
 d  1  no refrection will take place
s   d    d 1  
   
Q.13 (3)
Here, as per the Cartesian sign convention,
Since, v < g < y < r ; so, µv > µg > µy > µr Object distance, u = – 20 cm
 sv > sg > sy > sr Focal length of the mirror, f = – 10 cm
Hence maximum shift appears for violet letters. According to mirror formula
Q.9 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
      
Apply Snell’s law u v f v f u 10 20
1 1 1 2  1 1
r2 D i
E
or     or v = – 20 cm
r1 r v 10 20 20 20
B C 2
i r1 Q.14 (1)
Here, as per the Cartesain sign convention,
A n1 n2 n3 n4
Object distance, u = – 25 cm
Image distance, v = + 75 cm (as image is real)
sin i According to thin lens formula
1
n2 
sin r1
1 11 1 1 1 1
    
sin r1 f v u 75 25 75 25
2
n3 
sin r2 1 3 4 75
=  or f  = + 18.75 cm
sin r2 75 75 4
3
n4  Since f is positive, the lens should be convex lens.
sin i
1
n 2 × 2n 3 × 3n 4 = 1
Q.15 (4)
n 2 n3 n4 At t = 0 u = 50 cm (placed at 2f) , v = 50 cm
or n  n  n  1 After 25 s, u = 50 – 25 = 25 cm (object is at f), v = infinity
1 2 3

or n4 = n1 infinity– 50
So, velocity of image = = infinity
25
Q.10 (3) Q.16 (3)
A convex lens produces an erect, enlarged image if the Here, i = 42 & e = 62º then  = 44º
object lies between focus and pole i.e., u < f. Hence, u   = i + e –A
= 15 cm 44 = 42 + 62 – A
A = 60º
Q.11 (1) Now m = 2i – A
For minimum deviation in a prism (A = 60º), m = 2i – A
δm + A
i=
 A  m  2
sin  
 2 
Also, µ = 38  60
sin  A / 2  
2
Here, A = 60º, µ = 2 i = 49º

PHYSICS 13
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.17 (3) f f
1
 m
f |  1.5  1 2 / R
f u feq = f1 f

fu
v
(f  u) 1 1 1 2
   1 2 1
|  
Q.18 (4) f1 f f f 2 R R
Given, angle of prism = A, µ = cot A/2 f R
f1   |
 A  m  2 2
sin  
 2  1 1 1 1 1
Since, µ =    
A f2 R R R R
sin  
2 f2 = R
with glycerin : focal length of concave lens is formed
 A  m 
sin   1  1 1 1  2  1 f1 R / 2 1
A  2    m  1          
cot  f  R R 2  R  R f2 R 2
\ 2 A
sin   Q.4 (2)
2
Light ray emerges normally from another surface so
A  A  m  angle of emergence (e) = 0
or cos    sin   r2 = 0  r1 + r2 = A  r1 = A
 
2  2  Using Snell’s law on first surface, 1 × sin i = µ sin r1
sin i = µ sin A
 A  A  m   A A 
 sin     sin       m For small angles, sin A  A
2 2  2  2 2 2 2 Hence, i =.µA
 dm =  – 2A = 180º – 2A
Q.5 (1)
Q.19 (4) Given: f1 = 20cm, f2 = –5 cm
Here OP can be considered as the object distance since Equivalent focal length, f = 
the real image formed at P will act as an object to the (As the rays are parallel)
lens. By using Newton’s displacement formula
 u = OP = 12cm, f = – 16 cm, v =?
1 1 1 d 1 1 1 d
From lens formula,       
f f1 f 2 f1f 2  20 5 20  5 
1 1 1 1 1
     v = 48 cm
v f u 16 12 5  20  d
0  d = 15 cm
20  5
Q.20 (2) Q.6 (3)
Q.21 (1) Let e is angle of emergence and i is angle of
Q.22 (1) incidence.
Q.23 (4)
NEET
Q.1 (3) 30º
To see the rainbow the sun should be his backside.
Q.2 (4) P 30º
e
Med 1 r
60º
c
Med 2
Form Snell’s law at point P
Angle of reflection 90º sin i  a

Q.3 (2) sin r  g
i = 30º
14 PHYSICS
 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.10 (2)
sin 30  a 3 1
So, sin e    sin e  1  2 or e = 60º
g
60º
Q.7 (4)
As the focal length is large so, it enhances the µ=1
magnifying powr of telescope. The large aperture of 60º
diameter of lens helps in collecting large amount of Air
light from the object so that the image formed is bright.
the resolving power of telescope is 90º

D
R.P. 
1.22
where, D is diameter or aperture of lens and  is r = 30º
wavelength of light used.
So, all options are correct. Method (i)
By Snell’s law
Q.8 (3) 1 sin 60º = 3 sin r
Distance of object, u = – 60 cm
Focal length, f = 30 cm 3
 3 sin r
Let the image formed by lens is at a distance v. 2
Using lens equation
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sin r =
        v = 60 cm 2
v u f v 60 30 v 60
r = 30º
So, image formed behind the mirror at a distance Angle between refracted and reflected ray is 90º
(60 – 40) = 20 cm.
Method (ii)
Because angle of incidence is Brewster’s angle so that
angle between reflected and refracted ray is 90º
tan ip = µ = 3
O
I2 I1
i p  60  i

20 cm
40 cm Q.11 (2)
60 cm 60 cm R1 = R2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
For second refraction from convex lens 3
μ=
u = – 20 cm, v = ?, f = 30 cm 2
1 1 1
   
1 1

1
 
1 1

1 1  1 1 
v u f v 20 30 v 30 20 P= =  μ –1  – 
f  R1 R 2 
 v = – 60cm
Thus final image is virtual and at a distance 60 – 40 = 20
+ R1 = +20 cm
cm from plane mirror.
R2 = –20 cm
Q.9 (1)
C 1 R u D
= u sin i C  
u  D u R

3
Critical angle i C  sin 1  
4
 3  1 1 
P =  –1 + 
 R u D 1.5 3  2  0.2 0.2 
siniC =   u  2  4
D R
1  2  10
P=  = = +5D
3 2  0.2  2
iC = sin–1  
4
PHYSICS 15
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Q.12 (3) Q.14 (3)

1 1 1 x
  Speed of light is air V1 = t
f eq f1 f 2 1

1 1 1 10x
 – speed of light is a medium V2 = t
f eq f f 2

feq =  V2 10x t1
sinc = V  t x
1 2
Q.13 (2)
 10t1 
c = sin–1  t 
 2 

1 1 1 
Use f  [  1]  R  R 
 1 2 

1  1 1  3
 [1.6  1]    
f1   20  100

1 1 1 1
 [1.5  1]    
f2  20 20  20

1 3

f 3 100

1 1 1 1
  
f eq f1 f 2 f 3

1 3   1
   
f eq 100 20 100 100

16 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics
WAVE OPTICS

EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)

Q.1 (4) According to Plank’s hypothesis, black bodies emits

The coherent source cannot be obtained from two radiations in the form of photons.
different light sources Q.12 (3)
both interference and diffraction
Q.2 (2)
Q.13 (4)
c 3  10 8
   3  10 6 m
 100
D

Q.3 (2)
Principle of Superposition.
d
Q.4 (1)
C
B
A A, B, C
are wavefront
all particles on
wavefront must D
be in same phase Fringe width,  
d
if d is doubled and D is halved
 = 0
1
  becomes times
Q.5 (3) 4
For Coherent source phase difference must be Q.14 (1)
Constant.
D 1
=  
d d
Q.6 (1)
two different sodium lamp can not be coherent so  1
Since d reduced to rd then  becomes 3 times.
constant. 3
Q.15 (3)
Q.7 (3)
2
 I1  2
avg = 2 1 2 = 2 2  3 = 2 6 = 5   1   9  1 
I max  I2   1 
  = 4
Sol. = I 9  =
I min  1 1  
  1  1 
Q.8 (3) 1
 I
Frequency remains same  2 
Q.9 (1) Q.16 (4)
Corpuscular theory explains refraction of light. n11 = n22 n × 7800 = (n + 4) × 5200
n × 3 = (n +4 ) × 2
Q.10 (2)
Huygen’s principle states every point are the current taking n = 8
wavefront acts as a source of secoundary spherical then (n +4) = 8 + 4 = 12
waves these secandary waves propogate outwords, in & 8 × 3 = (8 + 4) × 2 satified.
the forward direction, and a common tangent forming Q.17 (2)
are everhope to all these wave constituting a new
wavefront. D 1
= 
d 
Q.11 (3)

PHYSICS 17
Wave Optics

Q.26 (3)
Since, A < w So, A > w
Q.27 (1)
Q.18 (2)

polarization
Q.28 (2)
From Brewater’s law
 4
t  = tanp = tan53 =
3
If geometrical path is t in a refractive index, then
optical path = t c 4
  
 1t1 = 2t2 v 3

4.5  1.5 3c 9
   1.35    108 m / sec
5 4 4
Q.19 (1)t Q.29 (1)
( - 1) = n Polaroid glass is used in sun glasses because it reduces
the light intensity to half on account of polarisation.
n 4  6  10 7
t 
 1 0.5
EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL)
t = 4.8 m
 (1) Q.1 (4)
Q.20 y1 = a sin t
a
1
a
 1 
(a)

(b)
 y2 = a cos t = a sin (t + )
2
a Q.2 (3)
(c)  1 (d) None of these
 For constructive interference path difference is even
(a)
For diffraction size of the obstacle must be of the order of 
multiple of .
wavelength of wave i.e . a   2
Q.21 (2) Q.3 (3)
Phenomenon of bending of light at corners of obstacles For stable interference pattern, frequency and angular
is called diffraction frequency of two sources must be same so that
phase difference remains constant with time
Q.22 (3)
Here, for II and V,  = 2t – (t + )
 1  = t – 
sin  = 
d 2 phase difference,  in variable with time
 interference is not possible
 d = 2 = 2 × 6500 × 10–10
Q.4 (2)
= 13000 × 10–10 = 1.3 mm
Q.23 (3) For I Net  I1  I 2  2 I1I 2 cos 
Size of obstacle should be nearly equal to the
wavelength of wave. 
Q.24 (1)
 I Net  I  4I  2 4I cos   SI  4I  1
Only transverse waves can be polarised.
 I Net  I
Q.25 (4)
Q.5 (1)
By using   tan  p    tan 60  3 ,
If one of slit is closed then interference fringes are not
1 
1 1  1 
also C  sin     C  sin  

formed on the screen but a fringe pattern is observed
   3 due to diffraction from slit.
18 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

Q.6 (4) Q.14 (4)

If shift is equivalent to n fringes then
D D 5  107  1 (µ  1)t t2 n2 n2
=  d  
d  0.005 n=  n  t  t  n  t2 = n  t
 1 1 1

= 10–4 m = 10–2 cm 20
Q.7 (1) t2 = × 4.8 = 3.2 mm
30
D Q.15 (3)
10 = 5 × 10–3
d
(  –1)t
3 3  …1
d 1 10  10 n
= × 10–3 =
2D 2 1
According to question
= 5 × 10–7 = 5000 Å

n=7   1.6 , t= 7  10 meter

–6
Q.8 (2)
x = x7d – x3d
From eqs. (1) and (2),   6  10 –7 meter
13D 5D 4d
 – 
2d 2d d Q.16 ( 3)
4  6.5  10  1
–7
 
1 10–3
S2
= 2.6 mm t
d
Q.9 (2)
S1
D D
The fringe width in this case is and the nth bright
2d
fringe is fromed at a distance d away from the centre.
D Extra path taken due to slab = ( – 1)t
Therefore, d  n giving the value of n. S1 > S2 (geometrally)
2d
Q.10 (3)  sin = ( – 1)t
net = 1 + 2 + 2 12 cos for central maxima. dy D    1 t
max = 0 + 2 + 20 × 1 = 4 0     1 t  y 
D d

Q.11 (4) (shift towards slit which is covered)

Dd1 Dd 2 Q.17 (1)

n1  n2
d d
n1d1
   1 tD  5D
 n1 d1  n 2 d 2  n 2   84 d d
d2
 (4) 5  5000Å
t= 50,000 Å
Q.12 (2) (1.5  1)
)n = m’
Q.18 (1)
n  ' 5500 11
   The angular half width of the central10maxima is given
m  6000 12  6328  10
by sin     rad
Q.13 (2) a 0 . 2  10  3
6328  10 10  180
(µ  1)t.D =
0.2  10 3  
degree = 0.18o
Shift in the fringe pattern x =
d
Total width of central maxima  2  0 .36 o
5 2
(1.5  1)  2.5  10  100  10
= = 2.5 cm
0.5  10 3 Q.19 (2)

PHYSICS 19
Wave Optics

Q.6 (4)
d sin 90o d Sound wave and light waves both shows interference.
= =2
  Q.7 (4)
Thus we have two maxima on the screen on either
I1 1 a12 1 a1 1
side of central maxima.  ,    a 5
I 2 25 a 22 25 2
=2+1+2=5
Q.20 (3) Q.8 (3)
a1 3

Unpolarized polarized polarized light
a2 5 .
I0/2 cos 
2
I0 I0/2
I max (a1  a 2 ) 2 (3  5) 2 16
   
Polarizer 1 Polarizer 2 I min (a1  a 2 ) 2 (3  5) 2 1
From Malus law Q.9 (3)
Transverse waves can be polarised.
I0
I cos 2 
2 Q.10 (2)
where  is the angle between transmission axis Direction of wave is perpendicular to the wavefront.
Q.21 (4) Q.11 (1)
I  a2
Due to polarisation
1/ 2
a 1  4 2
I    
a2  1 1
EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
Q.12 (3)
Q.1 (4)
I  a2
I1 100
 2
I1  a1 
2
I2 1  3 9
1     =
2
I2  a 2   4  16
 I1 
 1
 I2   100  1 
2 Q.13 (2)
Imax   121 3
     = /3, a1 = 4, a2 = 31

Now Imin  I1 
1   100  1  81 2
 I2 So, A = a12  a 22  2a1 .a 2 cos   A  6
 
Q.2 (4) Q.14 (3)
For 2 phase difference  Path difference is 
Resultant intensity IR  I1  I2  2 I1 I2 cos 

For maximum IR ,   0 o  For  phase difference  Path difference is 
2
 IR  I1  I2  2 I1 I2   I1  I2 2 Q.15 (4)
Diffraction shows the wave nature of light and
photoelectric effect shows particle nature of light.
Q.3 (3)
Huygen’s wave theory fails to explain the particle Q.16 (1)
nature of light (i.e. photoelectric effect)
1
  If d becomes thrice, then  become
d
Q.4 (3)
1
   
2 2
I1  I2 I  4I becomes times.
Imax = = = 9I 3
Q.17 (2)
  = 
2 2
Imin = I1  I2 I  4I =I D 6000  10 10  2
  = 3 × 10–4 m = 0.3 mm
d 4  10 3
Q.5 (3) Q.18 (4)
Wavelength is order of nm  (400nm – 750nm) alternate bright & dark fringes obtained in young’s
double slit Experiment.

20 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

Q.19 (3) Q.27 (4)

In interference of light the energy is transferred from Distance of the nth bright fringe from the centre xn =
the region of destructive interference to the region of
nD
constructive interference. The average energy being
d
always equal to the sum of the energies of the
interfering waves. Thus the phenomenon of 3  6000  2.5
 x3 = = 9 × 10–3 m = 9 mm
interference is in complete agreement with the law of 0.5  103
conservation of energy. Q.28 (2)
For maximum intensity on screen,
Q.20 (3) d sin = n
For brightness, path difference
So second is bright. n n  2000  n
 sin    
d 7000 3.5
Q.21 (3)  (sin )max = 1
Suppose slit width’s are equal, so they produces waves  n = 3.5 sin 
of equal intensity say I’. Resultant intensity at any (n)max = 3.5
point IR = 4I’ cos2  where  is the phase difference (n)min = – 3.5
between the waves at the point of observation.  n = – 3, –2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
For maximum intensity = 0°  Imax = 4I’ = I .....(i) Seven maximas can be obtained in total.
If one of slit is closed, Resultant intensity at the same Q.29 (1)
point will be I’only i.e. I’ = IO …(ii) When white light is used, central fringe will be white
Comparing equation (i) and (ii) we get I’ = 4IO
with red edges, and on either side of it, we shall get
few coloured bands and then uniform illumination.
Q.22 (3) Q.30 (2)
D 5000  10  1 10
D
 = m = 5 × 10–3 m = 0.5 cm
d 0.1  10 3 Shift x = [(µ – 1) t]
d
Here x = 5
Q.23 (1)
 D 
  (µ – 1) t 
In the normal adjustment of young’s, double slit D
experiment, path difference between the waves at  5
 d  d
central location is always zero, so maxima is obtained
at central position.  5 = (µ –) t
t
Q.24 (1)   = (µ – 1)
5

 ;  can be increased by increasing , so here 
d (0.5)(6  10 –6 )
=
has to be increased by 10% 5
10   = 6 × 10–7 m
i.e., % Increase =  5890 = 589Å   = 6000 Å
100
Q.25 (2) Q.31 (3)
If intensity of each wave is I, then initially at central If central maxima is at O
position I0 = 4I. when one of the slit is covered then (– 1)t (mica) = (– 1) t(glass)
I0 (– 1)3t = (1.5–1) 2t = t
intensity at central position will be I only i.e., .
4 (– 1)3t = (0.5 × 2t) = t
Q.26 (2) (– 1)3 = 1

 
2 1
I max I1  I 2 k  A1  A 2   3a  a 
2 2
 (– 1) =
   3
  k  A1  A 2   3a  a 
2 2 2
I min I1  I 2
1 4
   1  
=4:1 3 3
PHYSICS 21
Wave Optics

Q.32 (3) Q.39 (d)

Infront of upper slint For nth secondary maxima path difference
 3
d/2 d sin   (2n  1)  a sin  
On screen = x = d   – (µ – 1)t = 0 2 2
 D  Q.40 (2)
( d / 2) 
x = d – (µ – 1) t = 0 sin ID 
D b
at centre on the screen 600  10 –6 1
 
1.2  10 –3 2
d2
x = (µ – 1)t = ] 
2D  ID =
6
Q.33 (2) Q.41 (3)
Path differenc egenerated by mica sheat x = (µ – 1)t It is caused due to turning of light around corners.
yd Q.42 (2)
Also, path difference in ySE, x = Diffraction is obtained when the slit width is of the

order of wavelength of EM waves (or light). Here
yd wavelength of X-rays (1-100 Å) is very-very lesser
So, (µ – 1) t = than slit width (0.6 mm). Therefore no diffraction pattern

will be observed.
   1 t Q.43 (1)
y
d 2
2  (where d = slit width) As d decreases, 
Q.34 (4) d
In the presence of thin glass plate, the fringe pattern increases.
shifts, but no change in fringe width. Q.44 (4)
The amplitude will be A cos 60 o  A / 2
Q.35 (2) Q.45 (2)
Optical path = µt Angle between P1 and P2 = 30° (given)
Thickness of cuir film = t Angle between P2 and P3 =  = 90° – 30° = 60°
path difference , x = µt – t = (µ – 1)t

Q.36 (3)
If shift is equal to n fringes width, then
(µ  1)t (1.5  1)  2  10 6 1
n=  =  103 = 2
 500  10 9 500

Since a thin film is introduced in upper beam. So shift

will be upward. The intensity of light transmitted by P 1 is
I0 32 W
Q.37 (1) I1    16 2
2 2 m
According to given condition According to Malus law the intensity of light
(µ – 1)t = n t, n =1 transmitted by P2 is
So, (µ – 1) tmin = 
2
 3
  I2  I1 cos 30   16 
2   12 W
tmin = = = 2  2  m2
µ  1 1.5  1  
Q.38 (c) Similarly intensity of light transmitted by P 3 is
2 D 1
2
W
Width of central maxima  I3  I2 cos 2   12 cos 2 60   12    3 2
d  
2 m
2  2 . 1  5  10 7 Q.46 (3)
  1 . 4  10  3 m  1 . 4 mm
0 . 15  10  2

22 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

o
60 0.1 50
I' h1 = 50  h1 = 1mm
.
I0 I0/2 I
L  h1 80
I =  L + h1 = 4 mm  L = 3 mm
From Malus law = I  0 cos 60
2
0 .1 20
2
I 
I1  I cos 2 30   0  cos 2 60cos2 30
 2 D 5 107 1 –4
B= = 3 = 2.5 × 10 m
d 2 10
 I   1  3 3I
 0   0
 2   4  4 32
L 3 103 300
N= =  = = 12
Q.47 (2) B 2.5 10 4 25
Polariser produced prolarised light.
Q.3 [0007]
Q.48 (4)
Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal waves. 10
PA = × p × (10–3)2 × 0.1 = 10–6 W
Q.49 (1)

When unpolarised light is made incident at polarising 10
angle, the reflected light is plane polarised in a direction PB = ×  × (2 × 10–3)2 × 0.1 = 4 × 10–6 W
 
perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Therefore E
in reflected light will vibrate in vertical plane with P = P A + PB + 2 PA  PB cos 
respect to plane of incidence.
2
Q.50 (3)  = × (n – 1) t
If an unpolarised light is converted into plane polarised 
light by passing through a polaroid, it’s intensity
becomes half. 2 
–7
= 7 × 0.5 × 2 × 10 =
6 10 3

EXERCISE-IV 1
= 4 × 10–6 + 10–6 + 4 × 10–6 × = 7 × 10–6 W = 7 µW
2
Q.1 [0005] Q.4 [0007]
2µt = n =  I1 = I0, I2 = 4I0

 500  10 9
= 2 × 10–7 m2  2 dy 
I1I 2 cos    D 
t= =
2µ 2  1.25 I = I1 + I2 + 2
 
v 1
A= = = 5 × 106 m2 = 5 km2 = I0 + 4I0 + 2 4I 02 cos
t 2 107
 2
 10 3 10 3 
Q.2 [0012]
 6  10 7  
 5 2 

 10  
S = 5I0 + 4I0 cos   = 5I0 + 4I0 cos   = 7I0
 30  3
2mm 20 30 h1
50 Q.5 0001
The path difference at point P,
S'

PHYSICS 23
Wave Optics

x = (SS2 – SS1) + (S2P – S1P) h

X = PR – RQ +
dy d (d 2) 2
= 
D1 D2 h h h
For constructive interference, X = (1–cos2) + = 2 h sin +
sin  2 2
dy d2
x =  = n
D1 2D 2

(10 3 )(0.5 sin  t ) 10 3 (10 3 ) 2

 = n
1 2 2

(0.5 sin   t) × 10– 6 + 0.25 × 10– 6
6
= (5000 × 10–10)n = 0.5 × 10– 6n

 0.5n  0.25

sin  t=
6 0.5 h
For the minimum value of t, n = 1. X  2 h +
2
 1   sin  = 
sin   t =    t =
6 2 6 6 Maximum to maximum
or t = 1 sec.  = 2 h (2–1) + 0
 = 2 (4) [0.03 – 0.01] = 2 (4) (0.02) = 0.16 m
Q.6 0.6mm
Q.8 0001

Reflected ray from upper surface would shift by /2

only while reflected from lower surface would not have
any shift.

2µt = n11 = n22  (n1 = n2 + 1)

as there is no minima in between these two wavelengths

(n + 1) (512) = (n) (640)

n2(640 – 512) = 512

u = – 25
n2 = 4
1 1 1 1 1
 =  =
v  25 50 v 50 So 2 × 1.28 t = (4) (640)
 v = – 50
4  640
6 107 1 t= = 1000 nm = 1µm
= = 6 × 10–4 = 0.6 mm 2  1.28
103
Q.7 0.16m Q.9 2311

h h cos 2
PR= ; QR = PR cos 2 = 
sin  sin  I = 4 I0 cos2
2
Case - 1,  = 0  I = 4I0

24 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

Q.2 (4)
3I  According to Malus’ law, the intensity of emergent
Case - 2, I = = 4I0 cos2
4 2 polarized light from second polarizer is
I = I0cos2
 3 where  is the angle between pass axes of two polarizers
 cos2 =
2 4 and I0 is the intensity of polarized light after passing
through the first polarizer.
  3    Here, q = 60º
cos =  = = 2
2 2 2 6 3 1 I0
 I = I0 cos260º = I   
0
 
2 4
(  1) t  2
Now, = Q.3 (Bonus)
 The distance between the slit and the screen is not
 (  1) t  2 given thats why question is bonus

3  Q.4 (3)
 To observe diffraction, the size of the obstacle should
t= be the order of wavelength.
6(µ  1)
Q.5 (4)
6933 In the given experiment, the red filter will absorb all
t= = 2311 Å
3 other lights except red light and the blue filter will
Q.10 209 absorb all other lights except blue light. This gives two
different waves of different frequency which makes
 I them incoherent in nature.
I = I0 cos2  , here I = 0
2 4
Q.6 (1)
Here, l = 600 nm = 6 × 10–7m
 1   2 a = 0.2 mm = 2 × 10–4 m,  = ?
cos  =  = =
2 2 2 3 3 Angular width of central maxima,

L 2 627 2 2  6  107
=  = 6 × 10–3 rad
× 2 =  L = nm a 2 104
 3 3
L = 209 nm.
Q.7 (2)
Q.11 (2)
Q.12 (1) a2
Fresnel distance, Zf =
Q.13 (3) 
Q.14 (1) –3
Here, a = 4 mm = 4 × 10 m
Q.15 (1) l = 400 nm = 4 × 10–7 m, Zf = ?
Q.16 (1)

Z =
 4 10  3 2

 40m
f
4  107
PREVIOUS YEAR'S Q.8 (4)
According to Huygen’s principle, during the refraction
KCET of light from air to a denser medium then both
Q.1 (3) wavelength and speed decrease.
λD
β= = 0.002 cm Q.9 (4)
d
Given: I = 50% of I0 = I0/2
D If the pass axis of P2 makes an angle  with the pass
X m   2n  1 axis of P1, then
2d
I = I0 cos2
11D 11  I0/2 = I0 cos2
X5   × 0.002
2d 2
1 1
= 1.1 × 10–2cm or cos2  = or cos  = or  = 45º
2 2
PHYSICS 25
Wave Optics

Q.10 (2)
41D 4 2 D 4D  1   2 
It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the x = x4 – x '4   
wavelength of light. d d d

Q.11 (4) 4 1.2m   6.5  107 m  5.2  10 7 m 


D  2 10 3
m
Fringe width,  
d = 3.12 × 10–4 m = 0.312 × 10–3 m = 0.312 mm
 If we replace yellow light with blue light, i.e., longer
wavelength with shorter one, therefore the fringe with Q.16 (3)
decreases. 1 sin r
 = tan 30º; µ = cot 30º
Q.12 (2)  sin i
If  is the half angular width of principal maximum, then tan i = µ = cot 30º = tan 60º
 i = 60º [iis Brewster’s angle]
q=
a
Q.17 (2)
Thus, the angular width of principal maximum Intensity at any point on the screen is
2 
=2q= I = 4I0 cos2
a 2
Q.13 (4) where I0 is the intensity of either wave and  is the
Width of diffraction bands is directly proportional to phase difference between two waves.
the wavelength of light used.
Thus, if yellow light is replaced by blue light, diffraction 2
Phase difference,  = × Path difference
bands become narrower because blue < yellow 
When path difference is l,
Q.14 (3)
2
As nth bright band due to 1 coincides with (n + 1)th then  = × l = 2p
bright band due to 2, 

n1D  n  1  2 D  2 
   I = 4I0 cos2   = 4I0 cos2(p) = 4I0 = K ...(i)
d d  2 
or nl1 = (n + 1)l2 
When path difference is , then
n  2 520nm 2 3
or n  1    780nm  3
1 2  2
=  
or 3n = 2n +2 or 3n – 2n = 2 or n = 2  3 3

Q.15 (1)  2  K
 I = 4I0 cos2   
Here,  3  4
Distance between the slits, d = 2 mm = 2 × 10–3 m [Using (i)]
Distance of the screen from the slits, D = 1.2 m
Wavelengths, Q.18 (3)
l1 = 6500 Å = 6500 × 10–10 = 6.5 × 10–7m
and l2 = 5200 Å = 5200 × 10–10 = 5.2 × 10–7 m v 

Distance of nth bright fringe from the centre bright fringe c 
is
 0.1
v  c = 3 × 108 × = 5 km s–1
n D  6000
xn  ...(i)
d Q.19 (3)
If x4 and x '4 be the distances of the fourth bright fringes The intensity of light coming out of P1 is given by
of wavelengths 1 and 2 respectively, then from eqn. I
(i) I0 
2
41D 4 2 D Now according to Malus law, intensity of light emerging
x4  and x 4 
'

d d out of P2 is
Thus, the separation between them is

26 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

I I D
I2 = I0 cos2 = cos2 45º = Fringe width,  
2 4 d
Similarly, intensity of light emerging out of P3 is, d becomes half  d' = d/2
I I 128 D doubles, so  D' = 2D
I3 = cos2 45º =  = 16 W m–2
4 8 8
2D
New fringe width,  '   4
d
45º  
P1 P2 2
P3
Q.3 (2)
We know, µ = tan ib
As 1 < µ <  1 < tan ib < 
Q.20 (1) tan (45º) < tan ib < tan (90º) or 45º < ib < 90º

d
sin     [since q is small] Q.4 (4)
D Given l = 600 nm = 600 × 10–9 m and D = 2m
d 3.14m 1.22 1.22  600  109
 D  = 10800 m = 10.8 km  Limit of resolution = 
  1   D 2
   rad
 60 180  –9 –7
= 366 × 10 = 3.66 × 10 rad
P1
D Q.5 (3)
d = 3.14m D

y   n   
E P2 d
n = n
Q.21 (4) (8) (600 nm) = n2 (400)
Given : D = 1.2 m,d = 2.4 mm = 2.4 × 10–3m n2 = 12
thickness, t = 1 × 10–6 m, µ = 1.5
 Shift in the fringe pattern, Q. 6 (2)
D 1.2 λ
y =    1 t  (1.5 –1) 1 × 10–6 Angular width θ w 
d 2.4  103 d
= 0.25 × 10–3 m = 0.25 mm w independent of D but depends on 

Q.22 (2) JEE MAIN

 
2
Q.23 (3) Q.1 (1) Imax = I1  I2

 
2
Q.24 (1) Imin = I1  I2

NEET
 
2
I max 2x  1
Q.1 (2)
I min =  2x  1
2
For double slit experiment

Angular width for first minima  2 d   I max – I min
I max + I min
  
  
       2x – 1
2 2
2x +1 –
=
 2x +1 +  2x – 1
2
 0.2º
2
    0.15º
 4
 
 3 2x  1  2 2 x  2x  1  2 2x

Q.2 (2) 2x  1  2 2x  2x  1  2 2x

PHYSICS 27
Wave Optics

4 2x  2 2x  P1 P
 =  2x  1
4x  2  

D 500  109  1 
Q.2 (1)  = =
d 2  103
I0 I0 3I
= 2.5  10–4 = 0.25 mm 2 8
Q.3 (3)
A1 1
A2 = 3 A1 = x, A2 = 3x
I 3I
cos 2  
I max  (A1  A 2 )  (4x) 2 2 3 8
16
=  2  = 2 = = 4:1
I min  1
(A  A 2 )  (2x) 4 cos 2  
3
4
D
Q.4 [600]  = 3
d cos 2  
2
d  = 30°
=
D
6 10 3 10 3 Q.8 [300]
=
10 D
Position of bright nth fringe y = n
 = 6 × 10 m = 600 × 10 m
–7 –9
d
 = 600 nm
D r
y1 of red =  3.5 mm
Q.5 (1) Given : d
app = 5890 Å ; l0 = 5896 Å d
 r  3.5  103
Let v be the velocity of the galaxy and c be the velocity D
of light in vaccum.
d3
For v < < c, we know that Similarly,  v  2 10
D
When galaxy moving away from the earth
Difference in the wavelength of red and violet light,
 app v
 1 (when , v  c)  0.3  103 
O c  r   v  1.5  10 3   
 1.5 
5890 v = 3 × 10–7 = 300 nm
  1
5896 3  108
Q.9 [2] Thickness t = n
 v = 3.0529 × 105 m/s  306 km / s So, nvac = (n + 1)air

n = (n + 1)
D air
Q.6 (2) Fringe width =
d
As  decreases, fringe width also decreases. 1 104
n= 
 air  1 3
I0
Q.7 [30] I  cos 2 
2 104
t = n =  6000 Å = 2 mm

3
P1 P1
Q.10 (4)
2
 I1 
 1 
I max ( I1 + I 2 ) 2  I2 
I0 = =
( I1 – I 2 ) 2  I1 
IR IR
I min
 
2 2  I –1
 2 

28 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

 (μ-1)t = nλ
2
 9  3 
2 (1.5-1)xλ = nλ
 +1 25
4   +1  x = 2n
=  2 
= = 4
 
2
 3 
2
1 or n = 1, x = 2
9
 –1  –1 4 Q.14 (4)
 4  2 
D
 d = distance between slits
25 d
= = 25 :1
1  Å fringe width
Q.11 (2) Using Ires = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos   Å DDistance between centre of slits
and screen
 mm
Ip = I + 9I + 2 I  9I cos
2 d2 = 2d1
Ip = 10 I 1 1 d 2 5 10
IQ = I + 9I + 2 I  9I cos      d  6  2  6
2 2 1

IQ = 10I – 6I = 4I
 IP – IQ = 10I – 4I = 6I 0.5 5 30
 2  mm
2 6 100
Q.12 (4) When unpolarised light is incidence on the denser 0.3 mm
medium from rarer medium then reflected part of light is
pure polarised with electric field component only and Q.15 [2]
refracted light is partially polarised. I1 = I and I2 = 4I

at point A  
2
Polarised (E)

at point B   
3

iB I A  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 cos 


90° I A  I  4I  2 I 4I cos( )
2
=5I + 0
IA= 5I ...........(1)
Now

Partially Polarised I B  I  4I  2 I 4I cos( )
3
1
When electric field vector is removed then only = 5I  4I.  7I
2
refraction take place. IB = 7I ......(2)
Q.13 (2) Difference between two intensities will be = |IB - IA|
= |7I - 5I|
= 2I
So x = 2

   1  2   9
2
(2) Imax  I1  I2
2
Q.16

   1  2   1
2
I1  I 2
2
Imin

10 2  1
Path difference at O = (μ -1)t Now 
8 3
If the intensity at O remains (maximum) unchanged,path
5 + 15 = 8 + 4
difference must be nλ.

PHYSICS 29
Wave Optics

2  2  1 2  1

1 3 3  P (Central maxima)
 = 2, = 1 or Central Bright fringe
 y
Hence 2 S1  µ1

O
t1 =t Geometrical
Q.17 [24] I net  I1  I2  2 I1 I2 cos 
center
I max for  = 0 & Imin for 
µ2
S2 
   
2 2
Imax  I1  I 2 9I  4I  25I
t2 =t
Path difference at P be x
   
2 2
Imin  I1  I2 9I  4I I
x = (µ2 – µ1)t
Imax – Imin = 25I – I = 24 I = (1.55 – 1.51) 0.1 mm
= 0.04 × 10–4
Q.18 [4] x = 4 × 10–6 = 4 µm
t µ  1 xD D
y= = 4 × 10–6
Fringe shift =  B d d
{y is the distance of central maxima from geometric
10  10 –6 1.2  1
= B center}
5  10 –7
D D D
fringe width () = = 4 × 10–6 m = 4 µm
10 –5  0.2 d d d
= =4
5  10 –7  Central bright fringe spot will shift by ‘x’

Q.19 [24] y
Number of shift =
P2 and P3 will make intensity cos2 (60°) and cos2 (30°) 
times respectively.
4  106 D / d
= = 10 Ans
2 4  107 D / d
256 1  3  256  3
Intensity out = × ×   = = 24 Q.23 (1) dsin = 
2 4  2  2 4 4
 d = 2
Q.20 [20] = 1.2 µm
Q.24 [30]
Q.21 (2)
After passing through first sheet

I 90–
I1 =
2
After passing through second sheet
I
I2 = I1cos2(45°) =
4
 I0 2 
After passing through nth sheet If =  cos    sin 
2

2 
I I
In = n =
 3 = 16 (cos2  · sin2 )
2 64
n=6 3
 cos· sin  =
4
Q.22 [10]   = 30o

30 PHYSICS
 Wave Optics

D
Q.25 (4)  
d
' 600
 '  .   2mm
 400
=3mm

Q.26 [462] 1 = 7000 Å

2 = 5500 Å
d = 2.5 × 10–3 m
D = 1.5 m
n1 = m2
n7 = 5.5 m
n14 = 11m  n = 11 & m = 14
11 7  107  1.5
y
2.5  103
= 46.2 × 10 = 462 × 10–5
–4

PHYSICS 31
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)

Q.1 (1) Q.10 (2)

Energy of photon With the increase in intensity of light
photoelectric current increases, but Kinetic energy
hc of ejected electron, stopping potential and work
E=
 function remains unchanged.
Q.11 (2)
6.6  10 –34  3  10 8 If frequency of incident light increases, kinetic energy
= of photoelectron also increases.
5000  10 –10
= 3.96 × 10–19 J Q.12 (3)
From Einstein photo electric equation
3.96  10 –19 h1 = eV1 + 
= eV
1.6  10 –19 if frequency is doubled,
= 2.475 eV 2.5 eV h.21 = eV2 + 
 eV2 = 2(eV1 + )
Q.2 (3)
V2 > 2V1 .
Energy of photon = mc2 = E
Q.13 (3)
E hc h Stopping potential depends on the K.E. of emitted
Momentum of photon = mc = = =
c c  electron. The K.E. of emitted electron depends on
As speed of light is same for all photons the frequency of the photon, not on the intensity of
the photon.
E1 P1 1
  
E 2 P2 2 Q.14 (2)
Emission of photo electron is independent of external
Q.3 (1)
factor. It depends only on the nature of the material
In photo electric effect maximum kinetic energy is
and wavelength of incident light
depends on frequency of radiation and nature of metal
Q.15 (3)
surface.
Stopping potential is uniformly increase with the
Q.4 (2)
frequency.
12400
 eV h 
5420(Å) Vs  f–
e e
Q.5 (1) Q.16 (2)
12400 1
  2.3 eV ne 
5400Å d2
Q.17 (3)
Q.6 (4)
Current doesn't depends on frequency of incident
hv pc 3.3  10 29  3  108 light.
p= v= =
c h 6.6  10 34 Q.18 (4)
= 1.5 × 1013 Hz New frequency of incident radiation is less than
threshold frequency. So photo electric effect is not
Q.7 (2) observed.
12375
W0   1 . 87 eV .
6600
Q.8 (4) EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL)
Q.1 (4)
Q.9 (3)
Photo electric effect is the phenomenon in which
12375 12375
W . (eV )   0   3000 Å electrons come out of a metal with different velocity,
0 ( Å) 4 . 125
depending on frequency of incident ray and work
function of metal.

32 PHYSICS
Q.2 (1) Q.13 (1)
V3 larges V3 minimum
12400 V1 min V1 max.
   KE
 Q.14 .(3)
Q.3 (3) From Einstein photo electric equation
eV0  hv  hv0
12400
Cut off wavelenth  0  Å hv hv0
4.2 or V0  
e e
0  2955 Å
Q.4 (2) h
It is an equation of straight line having slope and
e
h0
( 0 ) A  eV
e  hv 0
makes an intercept on the stopping potential axis.
e
(6.6  10 –34 )  (1.8  1014 )
  0.74eV Q.15 (3)
1.6  10 –19
For frequency,  = 1014 Hz ,
(6.6  10 –34 )(2.2 1014 )
 0  B   0.91eV
Stopping potential is zero
1.6  10 –19
6·626  10 34  1014
Since the incident energy 0.825 eV is greater than 0.74  work function = h = eV
eV and less then 0.91 eV, therefore photoelectrons are 1·6  10 19
emitted from metal A only. 4·14
 = 0·414 eV
Q.5 (2) 10

hc 0W  Na Q.16 (3)

Since, 0   ;so    I2 > I1
0 0 Na W
on increasing intensity photo current increases.
0Na 5460  2.3
W =  Na    4.5
 2791Å
0W
EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
Q.6 (3)
Kmax = hv – 0 Q.1 (2)
y = mx + c
m = h, c = 0 K max (eV )  E (eV )  W0 (eV )  6 . 2  4 . 2  2 eV
Q.7 (2)
From photo electric effect equation  K max ( Joules )  2  1 . 6  10 19 J  3 .2  10 19 J
hc
= KE + W = KE+  = hf (1) K max  ( E  W0 )  (3 .4  2) eV  1 .4 eV
 Q.2
From graph f2 > f1  2 > 1
12375 12375
( KE = 0 for beginning of graph) Q.3 (2) W0   ( Å)  5420  2 .28 eV
0
Q.8 (1)
Kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on the
frequency of incident radiations and is independent Q.4 (1)
of the intensity of illumination.
Q.9 (4) K max  h   W0  6 . 6  10 34  8  10 14  3 .2  10 19
Q.10 (1)
Refer to threshold frequency.  2 .1  10 19 J

Q.11 (4) Q.5 (2) Stopping potential does not depend on

h the relative distance between the source
Retarding potential V0  (   0 )
e and the cell.
Q.12 (2)
Q.6 (4)

PHYSICS 33
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

hc 1 Q.13 (1)
 W0  mv max
2
 2
For electron emission incident  0
Assuming W0 to be negligible in
Q.14 (1)
hc
comparison to K max  (| V0 |) eV  2eV .


Q.15 (3)
1 1
i.e. v max    v max 
2
.

By using E  W0  K max

(On increasing wavelength  to 4, v max becomes

12375
half). E  2 . 475 eV and K max  eV 0  1 .36 eV
5000

Q.7 (1)
So 2 .475  W0  1 . 36  W0  1 .1 eV .

For no emission of photoelectron, energy of incident Q.16 (1)


light < Work function  h       Q.17 (1)
h

Q.8 (3) 12375 12375

0    4125 Å
W0 (eV ) 3
hc hc
E  W0 and 2 E   W0
 ' Q.18 (2)

With decrease in wavelength of incident

' E  W0  1  W0 / E 
    '    

photons, energy of photoelectrons
 2 E  W0  2  W0 / E  increases.

Q.19 (2)
(1  W0 / E) 1 
Since (2  W / E)  2 so  ' 
0 2 Q.20 (3)
E  h  6.6  10 34  8  10 15  5.28  10 18 J  33eV
Q.9 (2)
By using E  W0  K max  K max  E  W0
K max  | Vs |  eV | Vs |  4 V
 33  6.125  27eV
Q.10 (4)
Q.21 (2)

12375
Threshold wavelength 0   5892 .8 Å Using Einstein photoelectric equation E  W0  K max
2.1
1
hf1  W0  mv 12 …..(i)
Q.11 (1) 2

The work function has no effect on current so long as 1

hf 2  W0  mv 22 …..(ii)
h   W0 . The photoelectric current is proportional to 2
the intensity of light. Since there is no change in the
1 2h
intensity of light, therefore I1  I2 .  h( f1  f2 )  m (v12  v 22 )  (v12  v 22 )  ( f1  f2 )
2 m

Q.12 (4) Q.22 (1)

(E  W0 ) (2 eV  0 . 6 eV ) Photons have zero rest mass. they have energy &
V0    1 .4 V momentum only they are in motion.
e e

34 PHYSICS
Q.23 (2)
hc 6.4  10 34  3  108
Kmax =  W0  – 1.6× 10–19
E hv pc  6400  10 10
p= = v=
c c h = 1.4 × 10–19 J
Q.24 (4) Q.33 (3)
1 Energy of incident radiations (in eV)
E ; also infrared > visible so Einfrared < Evisible
 12375
= = 3.01 eV
Q.25 (3) 4100
Work function of metal A and B are less then 3.01 eV,
1 n1  2
E = nhv  v   n   so A and B will emit photo electrons.
n 2 1
Q.34 (3)
Q.26 (3)
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation h 0
V0  
Maximum K.E. of emitted electrons is given by, Ek = hv e e
– Q.35 (3)
Q.27 (3)
12375
In this case, for photoelectric emission the wavelength Energy of incident light E(eV) = = 3.72 eV
of incident radiations must be less then 5200 Å. 3320
Wavelength of ultraviolet radiations is less then this (332 nm = 3320 Å)
value (5200 Å) but wavelength of infrared radiations According to the relation E = W0 + eV0
is higher than this value. (E  W0 ) 3.72eV  1.07eV
Q.28 (1)  V0 = = = 2.65 Volt.
e e
c Q.36 (4)
Frequency of light of wavelength ( = 4000Å) is v =
 Intensity  (No. of photons)  (No. of photoelectrons)

3  108 Q.37 (4)

= = 0.75×1015 which is less than the given
4000  1010 Number of ejected electrons  (intensity)
threshold frequency. Hence no photoelectric
1
emisssion takes place. 
(Dis tan ce) 2
Q.29 (2) Therefore an increment of distance two times will
Kmax = (hv – W0); v = frequency of incident light. 1
reduce the number of ejected electrons to th of the
4
Q.30 (3) previous one.

hc 12400eV – Å Q.38 (4)

Given, = 4.2 eV   
 4.2 According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
= 2955 Å
hc  1 1 
E = W0 + Kmax  V0 = e     
Q.31 (4)  0 

12375 Hence if  decreases V0 increases.

E = W0 + Kmax ; E = = 4.125 eV
3000 Q.39 (3)
 Kmax = E – W0 = 4.125 eV – 1eV = 3.125 eV Stopping potential for photoelectrons depends on both
1 the frequency of the incident light and nature of the
 mv 2max = 3.125 × 1.6 × 10–19 J cathode material .
2
Q.40 (2)
2  3.125  1.6  10 19 For photo current to exist, the frequency of incident
 vmax = = 1 × 106 m/s
9.1  10 31 light should be greater than threshold frequency of
Q.32 (3) metal. Photoelectric current is directly proportionl to
the intensity of incident light provided the frequency
exceeds the threshold value.
PHYSICS 35
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Q.41 (2) maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons is

Kmax = h – 0
hc  1 1  where h is the energy of incident photon and 0 the
Stopping potential V0  e      . As  decreases work function.
 0 

so V0 increases. 1
But Kmax = mv 2max
2
Q.42 (1) 1
Intensity increases means more photons of same energy  mv 2max = h – 0
2
will emit more electrons of same energy, hence only As per question
photoelectric current increases.
1
mv 2max1 = 1 eV – 0.5 eV = 0.5 eV ...(i)
Q.43 (2) 2

Kmax = (|Vs)eV  |Vs| = 4V and

1
mv 2max 2 = 2.5 eV – 0.5 eV = 2eV ...(ii)
2
Dividing eqn. (i) eqn. (ii), we get
EXERCISE-IV
v 2max1 0.5eV 1
 
Q.1 (2) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (1) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (1) v 2max 2 2eV 4
Q.6 (3)
v max1 1 1
 
PREVIOUS YEAR'S v max2 4 2
Q.5 (3)
KCET
Saturation current is same. It means each source of
Q.1 (2) radiation has same intensity. But corresponding
de Broglie wavelength of the electron accelerated stopping potential is different so they have different
through a potential difference of V volt is frequencies.
12.27 So, from eqn. (i) and given graph we conclude that 1
 Å <  2 <  3.
V
Q.6 (4)
For V = 100 volt
h h
12.27 de-Broglie wavelength, l = p 
 Å = 1.227 Å 2meV
100
Here, V = 400 V

Q.2 (2) 6.6 1034


Kmax = h –  2  9.110.31 1.6 1019  400

Q.3 (1) 6.6  1010

= = 0.61 × 10–10 m
The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron is 2  9.1 1.6  4
h = 0.06 × 10–9 m = 0.06 nm

2mK
Q.7 (3)
where h is the Planck’s constant, m is the mass of the
For a given frequency of incident radiation, the photo
electron and K is its kinetic energy.
current is directly proportional to the intensity of light
Here, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s, m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
i.e., I2 > I1.
K = 120 eV = 120 × 1.6 × 10–19 J ( 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19J)
Photo current
6.63  1034 Js

 2  9.1 1031 kg 120  1.6  10 19 J 
I2
I1
= 1.12 × 10–10 m = 112 × 10–12 m
= 112 pm ( 1 pm = 10–12m)

Q.4 (1) – V0 Collector

According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plate potential

36 PHYSICS
Q.8 (1) Q.14 (2)
When the particle is dropped from height H, then the  = 2r
= 2 × 3.14 × 0.53 Å
velocity at lowest point is v = 2gH de – Broglie’ss
 3.3 Å
h h
wavelength,   mv  Q.15 (3)
m 2gH
for 1 & 2, stopping potential value is same. Also, for 2
h & 3 saturation current is same
 or  H2
H
Q.16 (4)
Q.9 (2) We know that,
de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m and
charge q accelerated through a potential difference V hc 6.6×10 –34 ×3×108
E = hv = =
is λ 3×10 –3
h E = 6.6 × 10–19 J

2mqV we know that,
E =  + KE
Since potential difference V is the same for both the
6.6 × 10–19 – 1.6 × 10–19 =
particles,
1
h mV 2 1eV –16×10 –19 
 2
mq
5 10 –19  2. 1.11012
V2 
p m q   4m p   2e  8 9.110 –31
Thus,   mp q p
 
 m   e 

1
2 2
a  p  V = 1 × 106 m/s
Q.10 (1) Q.17 (4)
Due to absorption of 10.2 eV
electron transition take place c2 c
For proton υ 2 = υ=
from n = 1 to n = 2 4 2
nh P = 2mE k
 L =
2
h 1
= = 1.05 × 10–34 Js = 2m mc 2
2 8
Q.11 (1) mc
P1 =
h 2
de-Broglie wavelength, = For photon
mv
Ephoton = KE proton
The electron will have circular path with velocity of
uniform magnitude so de- Broglie wavelength will be hc 1 2
= mc
constant. λ 8

Q.12 (4) 1 mc
Pphoton = = = P2
 saturation current λ 8
Ae
i=± mc mc
–
hv P1 – P2
I = intersity = 2 8
P1 mc
  frequency 2
Q.13 (2)
Here, momentum imported to the surface per sec 1 1 4 1

2IA = 2 8 8

C
 r  1 1 1
2 2
= 5 × 10–5 kg ms–1
3 2 3
 
8 4
PHYSICS 37
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Q.18 (4)
n2
The maximum kinetic energy of rn = 0.53 Å
photoelectron ejected is given by, z
K.E. = h – 0 = h – h0 In ground state n = 1
Where work function depends on the type of material. r1 = 0.5 3Å
If the frequency of incident radiation is greater than 0 0.53 1
only then the ejection of photoelectrons start. After =
2.12 n 2
that as frequency increases kinetic energy also in-
creases. 0.53 1
=
2.12 n 2
Q.19 (1) n2 = 4
Here, change in kinetic energy, K = n=2
0.52 eV, λ = 5000 nm, λ 2 = ? Q.22 (4)
Saturation current depends on the number of photons
hc
We know , K1 = λ   incident on the metallic plate per second
1
Q.23 (4)
hc Q.24 (3)
K2 = –
λ2 NEET
Q.1 (2)
1 1  The energy in electron volts is given as:
 K1 = K 2 = hc  -  1eV = 1.602 × 10–19J
 λ1 λ 2 
The energy required to break the DNA bond is 10–20J.
1 1  So, the energy in terms of eV will be:
or, – ΔK = hc  –  1
 λ1 λ 2  10–20 J = × 10–20 eV
1.602  1019
EeV = 0.062 eV
 1 1 
or, – 0.52eV = (1242e Vnm)  – 
 500nm λ 2  Q.2 (3)
Given: de - Broglie wavelength of electron
–0.52 1 1 l = 1.227 × 10–2 nm = 0.1227 Å
or, = –
1242 500 λ 2
h 12.27
   Å
1 1 0.52 2meV V
or, = +
λ 2 500 1242 12.27
We have, V = 100  V = 104 V..
or, 2 = 413 nm = 400 nm 0.1227
Q.3 (2)
Q.20 (1) The intensity of the light incident is given by:
de – Broglie wavelength
E
h I=
λ= At
2mk Here, I = 20W/cm2, Area A = 20cm2, time t = 1min = 1 ×
60 sec = 60 sec
1
λ E
k  20 =
20  60
k  E = 20 × 20 × 60
λ 4 =1 E = 24 × 103 J
=
λ' k 2
Q.4 (3)
’=2 When the frequency of incident light is halved of its
original value i.e. 1.5v0 then it becomes less than the
threshold value. In that case no photoelectric effect
Q.21 (1) takes place. No photoelectrons would be emitted. The
photoelectric current becomes zero.

38 PHYSICS
Q.5 (2) Q. 10 (4)
As work function is negligible, therefore Kinetic energy Given energy of photon E = 2.20 eV
of emitted electron = Energy of incident photon Work function of Cs  = 2.14 eV, K  = 2.30 eV,
Na  = 2.75 eV
1
i.e., mv 2  h We know that e– emitts when h 
2 here it is clear that energy of photon is more than the
p 2 hc 2mhc work function of Cs [Caesium] only so
  , p Ans. only (Cs).
2m  
de - broglie wavelength of emitted electrons is
JEE MAIN
h h
d   h
p 2mhc Q.1 (1)  =
mv

e mp
h p =
me
= 1836
 d 
2mc
h h h
 2mc  2 Q.2 (4)   mv  2mK  2mqV
  d
 h  1 m2

Q.6 (2) 2 m1
Given, Power = 3.3 × 10–3 Watt
e mP
Wavelength, l = 600nm = 600 × 10–9 m   1831.4  42.79  43 :1
Number of photons emitted per second is P me

P 3.3 103  600 109 hc


n1    n = 1016 Q.3 (4) Elinstein's photoelectric equation, KE =
hc 6.6  1034  3 108 
Q.7 (Bouns) = eVs
Using the equation hc
eV = h –  e  3V0    ...(i)
0
or eV = h – hTh
eVS hυ hc
eV0  
 –hυTh ....(1) 2 0 ...(ii)
2 2
eVs = h – hTh .......(2) hc hc
Date Incorrect Using Eqs. (i) and (ii),   4     t  4 0
0 t
Q.8 (3)
h
λ= hc
p Q.4 [125] By photoelectric equation,    K max

Graph will be hyperbolic
1240
 Kmax =  1.25  1.25
500

2mK
p
r=
eB
Q. 9 (1)
2mK
Minimum wavelength of X-Rays is B=  125 107 T
er
hC Q.5 (2) Initial energy = 3eV – (i)
min =
eV
13.6  1
1 final energy  –  EP – (ii)
4
hence min 
V (i) = (ii)
3 = – 3.4 + Ep P = 3 + 3.4 = 6.4 eV
1 From photoelectric effect. E = h – 
So Ans.  
V = 6.4 – 3.1 = 3.3eV

PHYSICS 39
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

hc (6.4)2 10–50
Q.6 (2) kEmax =  –   =K
1 2×9.1 10–31
hc K = 2.25 × 10–19 J
Or eV0    
1
2.25×10–19
When i = 670.5 nm; V0 = 0.48 V =
1.6×10–19
eV = 1.40eV
When i = 474.6 nm; V0 = ?
1240 12400
So, e(0.48) =  ...(i) E= = 2.76eV
670.5 4500
1240  = E – K = (2.76 – 1.40) eV = 1.36 eV
e(V0) = – ...(ii)
474.6 P2
Equation (ii) - (i) Q.10 (2) k =  P m
2m
 1 1 
e(V0 – 0.48) = 1240    eV Now λ =
h
 474.6 670.5  P
1 1
 670.5  474.6  So, λ λ
V0 = 0.48 + 1240  V P m
 474.6  670.5 
V0 = 1.24 V  1.25V λα 3
=
λ C12 1
Q.7 (3) For every large distance P.E. = 0 Q.11 (4) E = 200 [sin (6 × 1015) t + sin (9 × 1015)t]Vm –1
& Total energy = 2.6 + 0 = 2.6 eV Kinetic energy will be maximum corresponding to the
Finally in first excited state of H atom total energy = – maximum frequency maximum angular frequency
3.4 eV = 9 × 1015
Loss in total energy = 2.6 – (3.4)
ω max
= 6eV  Maximum frequency =
It is emitted as photon 2π

1240 (  = 2f )
=  206 nm
6
9×1015
 f max =
3 108 2π
f= = 1.45 × 1015 Hz
206  10 –9 = 1.43 × 1015 Hz
= 1.45 × 109 Hz Using Einsteins equation
Q.8 (2) KEmax == hv –  h = Kmax + 
 4.14 × 10–15 × 1.43 × 1015 = kmax + 2.5
KE max1 3.8  0.6 3.2 4
    Kmax = 5.92 – 2.50
Ke max 2 1.4  0.6 0.8 1
= 3.42 eV
hc
1
mv12 Q.12 (3) KEMax1  –
V 4 2 1
 2 = 1max = =
1 V 1 1 hc
KE Max 2  –
2
mv 2 2max
2 2
Q.9 (1)  = 4500 Å K.E Max 2  2 k.E Max1 1  800 nm,  2  500 nm
B = 2mT , R = 2mm
hc  hc 
2 Km    2  
R=
qB 2  1 
 2 1 
  hc   
 qBR 
2

=K  1  2 
2m
 2 1 
 1230   
(1.6×10–19 ×2×10–3 ×2×10–3 )2  800 500 
=K
2×9.1×10–31  0.615 eV

40 PHYSICS
 h
Q.13 (3) de-Broglie wavelength is given by   , where h hC

p
VS = 
is Plank’s constant and p is momentum. e
As per question, the particle breaks down due to its
internal forces. i.e., Fext= 0; Stopping potential does not depend on intensity or power
So, the momentum of system will remain conserved i.e., of light used, it only depends on frequency or wavelength
Pi=Pf of incident light.
So both statements I and II are correct

h
 2m  q  V
Q.18 (3) =
P h
|P1|=|P2|
2m P q P V
h h
 
1  2
 1
=  m=8
1   2 P 8
1 1 Q.19 (4)

2 1 Q.20 (4) Conceptual

Q.14 (3) Energy

Q.21 (2) Momentum =
E = KE + F E – Energy of photon C
KE – KE of e–-
work function Power  time
=
Case I C
E1 = 5
E1 = 10
=
 20 10 3
w  300  10 9 s 
1 3  108 m / s
mv 2 = (KE)1 = E1 – 
2 1 = 2 × 10–17 kg – m / s
1 h
mv 2 = (KE)2 = E2 – 
2 2 Q.22 (4)  
2mKE
1 4 2
So,   λp mα q4
2 9 3 Q.23 (3) λ = × α
α m p 2p  2
Q.15 (2)
=2×2
p  2mE  2mqV

p0 m q  4 2 2 2 Q.24 (1) (K)e = (K)p

  
pp mp q p 1 1  1 
h
2km
h h
Q.16 (2) D = = p 2k e m e me 1 1
p 2mK    
e 2k e m p mp 1849 43
1

m
hc
 m > mp > me Q.25 (2) eV0 = 

e > p > 
hc    h   
V0 =     
KE max e  e  e  e 
Q.17 (4) Stopping potential VS =
e When V0 = 0,

PHYSICS 41
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

  h  Q.26 (3) Kmax = hf – work function

   B is wrong while C is correct.
e  e 

6.626  10 34  5  1014 Q.27 (3) Al  4.1eV

 = h =
1.6  10 19
A  5.1eV
6.626  5
= 101 h
1.6 Slope of Vvs  graph 
e
6.626  5
=  2.07eV
1.6

42 PHYSICS
 Atoms
ATOMS

EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)

Q.1 (4) 2h h
r  n2 L 
2 
Q.2 (2)
Q.8 (2)
n2 Ultraviolet region Lyman series
r = 0.529 ×
Z Visible region Balmer series
22 Infrared region Paschen series, Brackett series
0.529 ×
2 Pfund series
r =1.06 A 0 From the above chart it is clear that Balmer series
Q.3 (1) lies in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
n 2 r0 Q.9 (4)
rn 
2 Balmer series lies in Visible region
hc hc hc Q.10 (1)
  (E2 – E1) > (E4 – E2)
40  60
Energy gap is more in III transition.
A 2 r22 16
 
A 3 r33 81 Q.11 (2)
Energy required to knock out the electron in the nth
Q.4 (4)
13.6 13.6
z2 orbit   2
eV  E3   eV
n 9
E 2
n Q.12 (3)
Q.5 (2) r  n2 ==> rn  n 2 a0 ( r1  a0 )
PE = 2 TE
PE = 2 (–54.4)eV Q.13 (3)
= –108.8 eV For the ionization of second He electron. He  will
act as hydrogen like atom.
Q.6 (3) Hence ionization potential
The Bohr model of hydrogen atom can be extended to
hydrogen like atoms.  Z 2  13.6 volt  (2)2  13.6  54.4 V
Energy of such an atom is given by
Q.14 (3)
Z 2 According to Bohr's second postulate.
En = – 13.6
n2
Q.15 (3)
Here, Z = 11 for Na atom; 10 electrons are removed First excited state i.e. second orbit (n = 2)
already, so it is 10 times ionised,. For the last electron to Second excited state i.e. third orbit (n = 3)
be removed, n = 1 2
13.6 E 3 9
13.6(11) 2 E    2   
n 2
E3  2  4
 En = – eV
(1)2
Q.16 (4)
or En = – 13.6 × (11)2 eV (Eion)N  Z 2 ( Eion ) H  (11) 2 13.6 eV
Q.7 (1)
According to Bohr’s second postulate Q.17 (2)
nh r(n  2) 4
Angular moment, L  
2 r  n 2  r(n  3 ) 9
Angular momentum is also called a moment of
9
momentum.  r(n  3 )  4 R  2 .25 R
For second orbit, n = 2
PHYSICS 43
Atoms
Q.18 (4)
Lyman series lies in the UV region. EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL)
Q.19 (1) Q.1 (4)
K.E. = – (T.E.) Theory Based.

Q.20 (3) Q.2 (1)

1  1 1  q   2e kq1q 2
Wave number    R  2  2  d
 n1 n 2  qp  e qV
For first Balmer line n1 = 2, n2 =3
k  2e  ze 
 1 1   9  4  5R d1 =
 Wave number  R  2 2  3 2   R  9  4   36
2eV
   
k  e  ze 
Q.21 (2) d2 =
eV
Bohr postulated that the angular
momentum of the electron is conserved. d1
 1  d1  d 2
Q.22 (4) d2
Q.3 (4)
Q.23 (1)
 m2 
nh h According to Bohr’s model, rm =  Z   r0 where m
As mvr = and  =  
2 mv
= orbit number, r0 = Bohr radius
n h for 100Fm257, Z = 100  m = 5
 r  2r = n
2 mv
 5
2

 rm = r0
for n = 1 ;  = 2r 100
Q.24 (2) According to given problem

 5
2
1 1
 Given E  constant nr0  r0 or n 
M 100 4
Q.4 (1)
photon According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom , angular
2
 alpha momentum is quantized i.e.,

 h 
h h L = mvnrn = n  
Q.25 (1)   p  mv  2 
Q.26 (1) Or l  n

h h n2
By using  electron  m v  v Radius of the orbit rn 
e m e e Z
6 . 6  10 34 kZ2e2 1
  7 . 25  10 6 m /s. Kinetic Energy  i.e., K.E  2
9 . 1  10  31  10 10 2n 2
n
Q.5 (1)
Q.27 (3)
e eV eV
h h  i
The De-Broglie wavelength is   | p |  | I |
i = qt , i=
T 2r 2 r
Q.6 (2)
1

|I| 1  1 1
 R  
Q.28 (4)   n22 n12 
For lowest ‘’, n = 4 to n = 3

44 PHYSICS
 Atoms
Q.13 (4)
Q.7 (4) 2
r4  4  16
rn  n 2      r4  16 r1  r4  16 r0
1  1 1  r1  1  1
 R  2  2  .For first wavelength, n Q.14 (4)
 n 1 n 2 
1

or . The curve (4) is correct.

 2, n2  3
Q.15 (1)
 1  6563 For first wavelength, n1 nh h
mvr  
2, n2 = 4  = 4861Å 2 

Q.8 (4)
Q.16 (1)
Energy gap between n = 2 to n = 1 h 31 2p1
 , 2   p2 =
E = 10.2 eV p 2 3
12400 2p1 p1
 Å p = p1 – p2 = po  p1 – = po  = po
10.2 3 3
 = 1215 Å  p1 = 3po  initial momentum = 3po
Q.17 (3)
Q.9 (4)
h 1
1 1 1  = Here E is same. So  
 RZ 2  2  2  2mE m
 1 2  m > mn > mP > me  < n < P < e
For di-ionised lithium the value of Z is maximum.
Q.18 (1)
Q.10 (3)
h 1
= Here E is same so  
1  1 1  3R 16 16
 R 2  2      105 cm 2mE m
 2 4  16 3R 3
P m 4mP 2
c 3  10 10 9 or  = 
n    10 15 Hz  mP mP 1
Frequency  16
 10  5 16
3 Q.19 (3)
Q.11 (4) Given,
Energy required to remove electron in the n = 2
13 . 6
state    3 . 4 eV
(2)2
Q.12 (3) As is same for both electron and photon
The wavelength of spectral line in Balmer series is given
So,
1 1 1 
by   R  2 2  n 2  Hence, kinetic energy will be maximum for particle with
 
lesser mass, electron.
For first line of Balmer series, n = 3
1 1 1  5R Q.20 (3)
 1
R 2  2
2 3  36
;
h

For second line n = 4. 2mqV
1 1 1  3R V  potential is constant
 2
R 2  2
2 4  16 q  same

 20 20 1
   27  1  27  6561  4860 Å 1 m2
2
 
1
mV 2 m1

PHYSICS 45
Atoms

51 1
Q.21 (2)   1 2
54.4 n

h 6 .6  10 34
   0 .66 Å
mv rms 2  1 .67  10  27  3  10 3 1 51
  1
Q.22 (3) n2 54.4

h h h
 1 3.4
mv
=
2mK
= 2mqV   n=4
n 2 54.4
if mass of proton = m then mass of -particle = 4m
43
charge on proton = e and charge on -particle = 2e Spectral lines N  6
2
As 1 = 2  p1 = p2 and p  2mqV Q.5 (1)
The frequencies of the emitted photon in the Paschen
 2meV1  2(4m)(2e)V2
series are given by
V1 1 1 
 me V1 = 4m (2e) V2  V = 8   Rc  2  2 
2 3 n 
where n = 4, 5, 6, .......
EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL) The highest frequency corresponds to n = 
Rc 1.097 107 m 1  3108 ms 1
Q.1 (4)  highest  =
9 9
1 1 1  3 = 0.37 × 1015 s–1 = 3.7 × 1014 s–1 = 3.7 × 1014 Hz
 Rz 2  2  2   Rz 2  
1  1 2  4
Q.6 (3)
1 1 1   7 
 Rz 2  2  2   Rz 2   Energy gap is maximum between n = 2 to n = 1.
2  3 4   144 
Q.7 (4)
1 7 4 7
   0 n 2h 2
 2 144 3 108 Bohr radius r = ;  r  n2
Zme 2
Q.2 (4)
E13 = E32 + E21 Q.8 (1)

 c c c 13.6
  n=2 E2 =   3.4eV
40 x 60 (2) 2
1 1 1 1 60  40 20
  ;  
x 40 60 x 2400 2400 n=1 E1 = – 13.6 eV
x  120mm E1 2 = – 3.4 – (13.6) = + 10.2 eV
Q.3 (3)
Q.9 (3)
–13.6
n=4 ––– eV
16
Lyman series lies in the UV region
n=3 –13.6
––– eV
9
n=2 –13.6 eV
––– Q.10 (2)
4
The size of the atom is of the order of 1Å = 10–10m.
n=1 –13.6 eV
Q.11 (2)
The maximum wavelength emitted here corresponds
Balmer series lies in the visible region.
to thetransition n = 4  n = 3 (Paschen series 1st line)
Q.12 (3)
Q.4 (3) Transition A (n =  to 1) : Series limit of Lyman series
Energy in nth state = 105.4eV Transition B (n = 5 to n = 2) : Third spectral line of
Balmer series
1 1 
51 = 54.4   2  Transition C (n = 5 to n = 3) : Second spectral line of
1 n 
Paschen series
46 PHYSICS
 Atoms

Q.22 (1)
Q.13 (4)
In the revolution of electron,
hc hc
2E – E = E = coulomb force provides the
 
necessary centripetal force
4E hc E hc '
E      3 ’ = 3
3  3 ' 

Q.14 (4)
. If E is the energy radiated in transition
then E R  G  E Q S  E R S  E Q  R  E P Q
For getting blue line energy radiated should be

 1 ze 2 mv 2 ze 2
maximum  E   . Hence (4) is the correct option.    mv 2 
 r2 r r
Q.15 (3)
1 ze 2
The absorption lines are obtained when the electron  K.E.  mv 2 
2 2r
jumps from ground state (n = 1) to the higher energy
states. Thus only 1, 2 and 3 lines will be obtained. Q.23 (3)
kZe 2 kZe 2
K.E  and P. E.   ;
Q.16 (3) 2r r
nh h K . E. 1
mvr =
2
, for n =1 it is
2  P . E.   2 .
Q.17 (4) Q.24 (2)Energy
By using
 1 1 
n(n  1) 4(4  1) released  13 .6  2
 2   2 .55 eV
NE   NE = =6  (2) (4 ) 
2 2
Q.25 (3) Wave number
Q.18 (2)
1  1 1  1 1  3R
As n increases P.E. increases and K.E. decreases  R 2  2   R    16
  n1 n 2   4 16 
Q.19 (3) Q.26 (4)
For third line of Balmer series n1 = 2 , n2 = 5 As n increases P.E. also increases.
Q.27 (1)For Lyman series
1 2  1 1 n12 n 22
   RZ  2  2  gives Z =
2
c  1 1  3 RC
 n1 n 2  (n 22  n12 )R  Lymen   Rc  2  2  
max  (1) (2 )  4
On putting values Z = 2 For Balmer series
13.6Z 2
13.6(2) 2
c  1 1  5 RC
From E = – 2 =
(1) 2
= – 54.4 eV  Balmer   Rc  2  2  
n max  (2) (3)  36
Q.20 (4)
 27
r  n2. For ground state n =1 and for first excited state 
Lymen

n = 2. Balmer 5

Q.28 (2) In Paschen series

Q.21 (2)
Potential energy of electron in nth orbit of radius r in 1  1 1 
 R 2  
 max  (3) (4 ) 2 
e2
H-atom U   (in CGS)
r 144 144
 max  7 R   1 . 89  10  6 m  1 . 89 m
7  1 . 1  10 7
1 e2
 K.E.  | P.E. |  K  9 9
2 2r Similarly min    0 . 818 m
R 1 . 1  10 7
PHYSICS 47
Atoms

Q.29 (2) For Lyman series Q.36 (2)

1 1 1  En 
13 . 6
 Z 2 . For first excited state n =
   R 2  2  here n=2, 3, 4, 5.....
 1 n  n2

For first line 13 . 6

2 and for Li   , z  3  E   9  30 . 6 eV
1 1   1  3R 4
  R  2  2     R 1   
1 2   4 4 Q.37 (3)
Q.30 (4) K.E. = – (Total energy)
th
Speed of electron in n orbit (in = – (–13.6 eV) = + 13.6 eV
CGS) Q.38 (3)
2Ze 2
Q.39 (1)
vn  (k = 1)
nh
(E ) Z2
 (E )  Z 2  4
n He He
For first orbit En  Z 2
n H H
H 2 ; n = 1 and Z = 1
 (En )He  4  (En )H
2e 2 v 2e 2
So v    Q.40 (2)
h c hc
Q.31 (4) 1 1 1 
By using   R  n 2  n 2 
For first line in Lyman  1 2 

4 Q.41 (3)
series  L1  3 R ..... (i)
13.6
For first line in Balmer series U  2E, K   E and E   eV..
n2
36 Q.42 (1)
 B1  ..... (ii)
5R Q.43 (3)
From equation (i) and (ii) r  n2
 B1 Q.44 (2)
27 27 27
   B1   L1   B1   Radius of nth orbit in hydrogen like atoms is
 L1 5 5 5
a 0n 2
Q.32 (4) rn  where a0 is the Bohr’s radius
Z
n(n  1) For hydrogen atom, Z = 1  r1 = a0
Number of possible emission lines 
2 ( n = 1 for ground state)
4 (4  1) a n2
Where n = 4; Number   6. for Be3+, Z = 4 rn  0
2 4
Q.33 (3) According to given problem,
n 2a 0
1  1 1  1 r 1 = r n , a0 = n=2
 RZ 2  2  2     2 4
  1
n n 2  Z
Q.45 (1)
 Li  :  He  :  H  4 : 9 : 36 According to the Bohr model
P.E. = – 2 K.E. = 2 T. E.
Q.34 (1)
 K.E. = – T.E.
Energy radiated
E  10 . 2 eV  10 . 2  1 . 6  10 19 J
– me 4
Where T.E. =
8 02 n 2h 2
hc
 E

   1 .215  10 7 m
– me 4 K.E.
Q.35 (2) K. E.= –  = –1
8 02 n2h2 T.E.
 H2 1
2
1 Q.46 (3)
  Z2        He  4 H 2 = 4
 He 2 4 0 According to de-Broglie hypothesis.

48 PHYSICS
 Atoms

Q.47 (1) Q.55 (3)

h h

h

h h2  
;E= 2mE 2m Q V
mv 2mE 2m 2
On putting Q  2  1 .6  10 19 C
1
 is same for all, so E  . Hence energy will be 0 . 101
m m   4 m p  4  1 . 67  10 27 kg  Å
V
maximum for particle with lesser mass.
Q.48 (2) Q.56 (3)
h 1
h h h  
= = ,  (h and m = constant) 2mQV mQ
p 2mE E
Q.49 (1) p m  Q 4 m p  2Q p
   2 2
h h  m pQp m p  Qp
 
m1 v1 m 2 v 2 Q.57 (1)

v1 m 2 4 h h 6 .63  10 34
 p   3 .31  10 28 kg- m / sec
 v m 1 p  2  10 6
2 1
Q.58 (1)
Q.50 (1)
h 6 .6  10 34
1 h h  
mv 2 = E  mv = 2mE ;  mv = 2mE 2  9 .1  10  31  5  1 .6  10 19
2 2mE
Q.51 (4)  5 . 469  10 10 m  5 . 47 Å

h 6.6  1034
2mE
=
2  9  1031  80  1.6  10 19
= 1.4 Å
EXERCISE-IV
Q.1 3.4 eV
Q.52 (1) Q.2 914Å
h Q.3 8.65 MeV
By using  = E = 10–32 J = Constant for both Q.4 4.2
2mE
Q.5 5.4
particles. Q.6 0.8 eV
h Q.7 3.05V
Hence   Since mp > me so p < e. Q.8 58.46 MW
m
Q.9 Z=1
Q.53 (2) Q.10 6.25
1
By using  
V
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
1 V2 10 600 10

     =2
2 V1 2 150 K CET
Q.1 (4)
 2 = 0.5 Å
factual
Q.54 (1) Q.2 (1)
Energy of the electron in nth orbit is
1 1 T2
neutron     T1 En = –
13.6
eV
T 2
n2
For third orbit, n = 3
1 (273  927) 1200 
  = = 2 2 =
2 (273  27) 300 2

PHYSICS 49
Atoms

Q.6 (3)
13.6
 E3   eV = – 1.51 eV When an electron jumps from higher level n1 to lower
32
energy level n2, the frequency of the emitted radiation
Q.3 (2)
is
q
 8.8  1010 1 1
2m   RC  2  2 
 n 2 n1 
1.6  1019
m  For n = 3 to n = 2,
2  8.8 1010
= 0.1 × 10–29 kg
Q.4 (4) 1 1 1 1  9  4  5RC
  RC  2  2   RC     RC    36
At the distance of closest approach d, 2 3  4 9  36 
Kinetic energy of  – particle
Q.7 (2)
= Potential energy of  – particle and gold nucleus
Total energy of electron in an excited state,
1  2e  Ze  2Ze 2 2Ze 2 E = – 3.4 eV  K = – E = 3.4 eV
i.e., K =  or d =
4 0 d 4 0 d 4 0 K V = E – K = – 3.4 – 3.4 = – 6.8 eV.
Q.8 (3)
Here, K = 5 MeV = 5 × 1.6 × 10–13J Angular momentum of electron in an oribit,
( 1 MeV = 1.6 ×
10–13J) nh
L=
For gold, Z = 79 2

 2   9 109 Nm 2 C2   79  1.6 1019 C 

2
4h h
For n = 4, L4 = . For n = 1, L1 =
 d
 5 1.6 10 J 
13
2 2
 Change in angular momentum = L4 – L1
= 4.55 × 10–14 m  10–12cm
4h h 3h
Q.5 (1)   
2 2 2
For any series, the transition that produces the least
energetic photon is the transition between the home- Q.9 (4)
base level that defines the series and the level In hydrogen atom, the energy required to excite an
immediately above it. For the Lyman series, the home- electron from n = 2 to n = 4 state,
base level is at n = 1. So the transition that produces 13.6 13.6
the least energetic photon is the transition from the n = E4 – E2 =  2 = – 0.85 + 3.4 = 2.55 eV
42 2
2 level to the n = 1 level.
Q.10 (3)
 The wavelength for the least energetic photon in
The total energy of an electron revolving in the nth
hc orbit of hydrogen atom is
 = E  E . Here, hc = 1240 eV nm
2 1
13.6
En = – eV
n2
13.6 13.6
E1 = – eV = – 13.6 eV (as En = – 2 eV) For the second orbit, n = 2
12 n
13.6
13.6  E2 = – eV = – 3.4 eV
E2 = – 2 eV = – 3.4 eV 22
2
Q.11 (1)
1240eVnm 1240eVnm The period of revolution of an electron in nth orbit of
 = 3.4eV   13.6eV   3.4eV  13.6eV hydrogen atom is

2rn 402 h 3 n 3  n 2 h 2 0 e2 
1240eV nm Tn = v  me4  as rn  me2 , v n  2 hn 
= 10.2 eV  122nm n  0 

50 PHYSICS
 Atoms

or Tn µ n3
13.6 2
For ground state, n = 1 E z
n2
and for first excited state, n = 2
13.6
T2 23 E2  ...(1)
   8 or T = 8T 22
T1 13 2 1
Also,
But as per question T1 = T.  T2 8T 13.6  2 
2

E ....(2)
32
Q.12 (1) Using equation (1) & (2)
For head-on collision, impact parameter is zero.
16E 2
Q.13 (4) E
9
2r 1 2r v
T=   or  
v  v 2r Q.18 (2)
36h 2 0
1 Non Answer matching [Atom]
So, for H-like atom,  and r  n2 me 2
n Q.19 (2) [Atom]
1 1 h 2r  3h 
  3    mvr  2 
n n
2
n mv 3  

n 2 a 0  3
Q.14 (3) 2

Frequency of electron in nth orbit, Also, r  r0   3a 0

z 3
4 2 Z2 e 4 mK 2 1 2
   3   3a 0
n3h3 n 3

1   2a 0
 Time period T = i.e., T  n3. P=2

Q.15 (2)
Q.20 (3)
nh 3h
Given, angular momentum, L  
2 2 mvr 
nh
2
n=3
mvr  2
13.6 n
Total energy of electron, in nth orbit is Et = – 2 eV h
n
2 6  1024  3  104 1.5 1011

 ET = –
13.6
= – 1.51 eV ( n = 3) 6.62  1034
32 = 25.7 × 1073
Now, kinetic energy of electron in nth orbit is = 2.57 × 1074
EK = |ET|  EK = 1.51 eV
Q.21 (2)
r = 0.529 n2 Å
Q.16 (3) = 0.529 × 32 Å
Most of the - particles will pass through the gold film r = 4.761 Å
undeflected and only very small number of  – particles
are reflected by 180º.
Hence, the number of  – particles must be maximum in Q.22 (1)
transmitted beam A’and minimum in reflected beam B’.
*None of the given options is correct.
Q.23 (2)
Q.17 (2) [Atom]

PHYSICS 51
Atoms

1 1 1  1 R
NEET = R(1)2  2  2    ....(2)
'  4    ' 16
Q.1 (3)
Total energy = –3.4 eV Eq. (1)/Eq. (2)
K.E. = – (T.E.) = 3.4 eV  ' R 16
    '  4
P.E. = 2 (T.E.) = 2 × (–3.4eV) = –6.8 eV  4 R
JEE MAIN
Q.2 (2)
12.27  Q.1 (1)
de Broglie wave length of electron   e   A
v 1  1 
= R 1  , Lyman,
v = accelerating voltage 1  (4)2 
12.27
e   1010 m
10000 1 1 1 
= R   2  , Paschen
1  9 (4) 
 e  12.2  1012 m

Q.3 (3) 1 1 7
1    9  16
Bohr’s atomic model is valid for single electron species  9 16 
only. A singly ionised neon contains more than one 2 =  1  = 15
1  
electron. Hence option (4) is correct.  16  16

Q.4 (3) 1 7 7
First excited state  n = 2 =
2 9  15 = 135
z2 13.6
T1 = –13.6 2
=– eV Q.2 (1)
n 4
Second excited state  n = 3 13.6 eV
E1 = – = – 13.6 eV
12
z2 13.6
T2 = –13.6 =– eV
n2 9 13.6 eV
E5 = – = – 0.54 eV
25
1 1
T1 : T2 = :  9:4 E5 – E1 = 13.6 – 0.54 = 13.06 eV
4 9

Q.5 (3)
p photon

E photon / c

 ΔE / c   ΔE
recoil speed =
Radius of nth orbit in Hydrogen Atom mH mH mH cmH
n2
rn = 0.53 × Å 13.06 eV
Z recoil speed = 3  108  1.6  10 27
So, radius of third orbit
(3) 2
Å = 4.77 Å 13.06  1.6  1019
r3 = 0.53 × = = 4.35 m/sec
(1) 3  1.6  1019
Q.3 (1)
Q.6 (1)
A  Series limit of laymen
Shortest wavelength in Balmer series when transition
B  3rd line of Balmer
of e– from  to n = 2
C  2rd line of paschan
1 1 1 
 = Rz2  2  2 
 2   Q.4 (15)
For 1st line
1 R

–= ....(1) 1  1 1
4  Rz 2  2  2 
Shortest wavelength is Bracket series when transition 1 2 3 
of e– from  to n = 4

52 PHYSICS
 Atoms

1 5 –13.6Z 2 13.6z 2 –13.6z 2

 Rz 2 .....(i) TE = , KE = , PE =
1 36 n2 n2 2n 2
For 3rd line n TEBut TE is (–ve) so
nKE = | TE|So KE
1  1 1
 Rz 2  2  2  PE
1 2 5  TE = So PE 
2
1 21
 Rz 2 .....(ii) Q.10 (2)
3 100
(ii) + (i) 1 1 
13.6  2 - 2  = 10.2
1 n 
1 21 36
   1.512  15.12  10 1 n=2
 3 100 5
h
x 15 Li = ×1
2π
Q.5 (2) 2h
1 1 LF =
E  r  2π
r m
Em
h 6.6×10-34
ΔL = L F – Li = =
Mass eV 2π 22
Ionization potential = 13.6 × 2×
Masse 7
= 13.6 × 207 e V = 2815.2 eV = 1.05 × 10–34 J –s
Q.11 (114)
Q.6 (1) Z=3
Every part (d) of the wire is pulled by force i(d)B
acting perpendicular to current & magnetic field giving 1  1 1 
= RZ2  2 - 2 
it a shape of circle. λ  n1 n 2 

Q.7 (4) n1 = 1, n2 = 3,

1 1 1 1 1 
Energy of photon E32 = 13.6  2  2   1.89eV λ
= R(9)  -  = 8R
1 9 
2 3 
Radius of a charged particle in magnetic field,

  114  10 –10 m
mv 8R
r=  mv  qrB
qB
Q.12 (1)
p 2  qrB 
2

 E=  From Bohar IInd postulate

2m 2m
nh
mvr 
 E=
1.6 10 19 3
 7 10  5 10 
4 2 2
31
2  9.110 Joule nh
mv 
We know work function = energy incident – (KE)electron 2 r
 = 1.89 – 1.077 = 0.813 eV
Q.13 (2)
Q.8 (3)  q 
According to electromagnetic theory accelerated L  L q  as per sign
2m
charge liberate radiation. So electron eventually moves
  e 
in smaller radius and may collapsed with nucleus. L  L
Q.9 (2) 2m
Q.14 (2)
n2 = n, n1 = 1

PHYSICS 53
Atoms

1  1 1  3   2  a
 Rz 2  2  2 
  n1 n 2  9  4  a
5  a
1 1 1 
 R(1)   2  a 5
 1 n 

1  n 2  1 Q.17 (4)
R 2 
  n 
1 1
 n2 = Rn2 – R E = 13.6 Z2  2  2  eV
2 4 
R = n2 (R – 1)
R 1 1 
n = 13.6 × (4)2    eV
R  1  4 16 
Q.15 [5] = 13.6 [4 – 1]eV
z2 = 13.6 × 3 = 40.8 eV
E  13.6  2
n Q.18 (1)
n=3 = –1.51 eV
n=2 = –3.4 eV hc  1 
= 1   (13.6 eV)
n=1 = –13.6 eV   16 
E3 – E2 = 1.51 + 3.4 = 1.89 eV
So,  = 94.1 nm
E – E2 = 0 + 3.4 = 3.4 eV
E 3  E 2 1.89 x
  Q.19 (11)
E   E 2 3.4 x  4
 1.89x + 7.56 = 3.4x mass of nuclei
dsensity of nuclei = volumeof nuclei
7.56 = 1.51x
x=5
1.6  1027 A 1.6  10 27
Q.16 [5] = = = 0.113 × 1018
14.14  10 45
 1.5  1015  A
4 3
For Lyman seres I line
3
1  1 1  3R
 R 2  2   w = 103
 1 2  4

4 4 13
 R   w = 11.31 × 10
3R 3
For Pashchen 3rd transition
Q.20 (4)
1 1 1  1 1   4 1 
 R 2    R    R  hc
3  3  6 2   9 36   36  =
  E
EA = 2.2 eV
12 12
3    9 EB = 5.2 eV
R 4
3 EC = 3 eV
ED = 10 eV
For Balmer 2nd line
 1 1  6.62  1034  3  108
1 1 1   4 1  A =
 R    R    R  2.2  1.6  10 19
 
2   2  4   4 16   16 
2 2

12.41 10 7
16 16 = m
2    4 2.2
3R 3 4
3

54 PHYSICS
 Atoms

1241 1 27
= nm = 564 nm
2.2  2 = 32

1241
B = nm = 238.65 nm Ans.27
5.2
Q.24 828)
1241 In the ground state energy = –13.6 eV
C = nm = 413.66nm
3 So energy
1241
D = = 124.1 nm 13.6eV
10 = –13.6 + 12.75
n2
Q.21 (27)
13.6eV
n=4 = –0.85
n=3 n2
n=2
n=1 n = 16
Second excited state  first excited state
n4
n=3n=2

hc  1 1 nh 4h 2h
= 13.6  2  2  ........(i) Angular momentum = =
2 2
=

0 2 3 
Third excited state  second orbit 2
n=4n=2 Angular momentum = × 4.14 × 10–15

hc  1 1 
 2  2  .........(ii) 828  10 17
 200 / x  = 13.6 2 4  = eVs

(ii)  (i) Q.25 (4)

1 1 Z
x 2
 2 Vn 
2 4 n
=
20 1 1

22 32 1
Z = 1,  Vn 
n
x = 27
V3 7
Q.22 (2)  V =
7 3
Q.23 (27)
7
 V3 = V
1 1 1 3 7
= Rz2  n 2  n 2 
  1 2 
7
= × 3.6 × 106 m / s
3
1 1 1  8 2
12  32  = 9 Rz
= Rz2
........(1) = 8.4 × 106 m / s
1
Q.26 (5)
1 1 1  3 2
2 = Rz2
12  22  = 4 Rz .........(2) 1 1  7
1   
 9 16   16
=
2 1 1 5
   
1  2 = 8 × 4 = 32  4 9  4
2 1 9 3 27

PHYSICS 55
Atoms

1 Q.32 (27)
7
  =
2 20 For Balmer series, nf = 2
Q.27 [2]
hc 1 1
 13.6   
n2  4 9
r = r0
z
hc 1 1 
42 and   13.6  4  16 
  
r2
 4 2
 r1 22 1 1

2   4 16
 
Q.28 (4)  1 1

hmax = 12.5 eV 4 9
 maximum excitation level = 3
36 12 27
 spectral lines possible = 3C2   
=3 64 5 20

Q.29 [3] Q.30 [425]

n  n  1 RLi = R H 
n2
6 Z
2
n=6 0.51 25
= 1010
For hydrogen atom, 3
= 425 × 10–12 m
1 1  15
  13.6     13.6  eV
 1 16  16 Q.34 (4)
hf = E 1
f
E 13.6 15 
f    3 1015 Hz
h 16  4.25  1015 fn
f before 3
Q.30 (3)   0.25
f after 12
13.6  2 2
E  13.6eV
22 Q.35 [16]
Q.31 [3668]
kq 2
13.6 z 2  12.8  1.6  1019
E = Lyman series 2r
1
9  109  1.6  10 19
 hc  r
12.8  2
1 =  E 
 1
9
r 1010 m
13.6 z 2 16
Similarly for Balmer series, E =
4 Q.36 (1)
1
hc  hc  U m2 r 2  cr 2
2 =   2
 13.6 z   E 2 
2

  Fr
 4 
mv 2 nh
  cr and mvr 
1  E 2  1 r 2
    E   4
2  1 vr
 r2  n
 2  41
2 = 4 × 917 r n
= 3668 Å
56 PHYSICS
 Nuclei
NUCLEI
EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)
Q.1 (1) Q.9 (1)
Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in the
 B.E 
year 1911. He bombarded a beam of alpha particles on More the   more is the stability
teh gold foil and he observed that most ofthe alpha  A 
peritcles went pass through the foil undeflected whereas
very few of them got reflected back by 180º which
suggested that there must be a postively charged BE    
massive particle at the centre of the atom which he later A 

called nucleus.

Q.2 (2) 
R = R0 (1)1/3 A
R1 R0  135 
1/3
Q.10 (4)
  
R2 R 0  5 

R1
 3 :1
R2 Q.11 (2)
Q.3 (3)
Experimental measurements show that volume of a Q.12 (4)
B.E. per nucleon  stability.
nucleus is proportional to its mass number . If is the
radius of the nucleus assumed to be spherical, then its
Q.13 (4)
volume q = 2qp
-particle  42 He 2f

Q.14 (4)
or or where is an
n  p  e  v
empirical constant whose value is found to be
Q.15 (4)
Q.4 (4)  234
  234
238
92 U  90 X  91 Y
Q.5 (1) Q.16 (1)
Rest energy of an electron  m e c 2 n  p  e   v

Here m e  9 .1  10 31 kg and

Q.17 (3)
c = velocity of light Neutrino is produced in + emission.
 Rest energy  9 . 1  10 31  (3  10 8 )2 joule Q.18 (2)
Fusion reaction requires a very high
9 .1  10 31  (3  10 8 )2
 eV  510 keV temperature
1 . 6  10 19 =(107 K).
Q.6 (3)
Helium nucleus  2 He 4 . Q.19 (4)
Number of protons = Z = 2
Q.20 (4)
Number of Neutrons = A – Z = 2.
No energy and mass enters or goes out
of the system of the reaction and no
Q.7 .(1)
external force is assumed to act.
N  M  Z  Total no. of Q.21 (2)
nucleons – no. of protons.
Q.8 (4) 1H
2
1 H 2  2 He 4  Q .
R = R0 A1/3  R  A1/3.

PHYSICS 57
Nuclei

Q.10 (2)
EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL) Binding energy 0.0303  931
= 7
Nucleon 4
Q.1 (4) Q.11 (1)
r = r0(1)1/3 In a-particle emission atomic mass decreases by 4 unit
r increase with increasing A mass number So, rA< rB and atomic number decreases by 2 unit. IN -particle
as mass number of A is smaller emission, atomic mass remains unchanged and atomic
Ebn decrease with increasing A for A > 56, 56Fe has numgber increases by 1 unit.
highest Ebn value.
so, Ebn for nucleus with A = 125 Q.12 (4)
EbnA > EbnB A 16  A 16
4 3
Z X A   Z 8 Y  Z  5 Y 
8r
 2  5 Y A 16
Q.2 (2)
Nuclear energy is relased is fission because BE/ Q.13 (4)
nuclear is larger for fission fragments than for
92 X 234 
87 Y 222
parents nucleus.
3
92 X 234   84 Y 220 
1
Y220
84
Q.3 (1)
Radius of O189
5
= r0 A O51/3 Q.14 (3)

3 2
X 232  84 Y1 
220
1 270
86 Y
 189  3
 
1 90
1
= r0 
 27 
Radius of that nucleus = × r0 A O 3 = r0
3 5

71/3 Q.15 (4)

 A for that nucleus = 7 4 3
r1
r1 1 m1  r13 1
 so  3  
Q.4 (3) r2 2 m2 4 3  r23 8
1/3
r2
r2  A 2   206 
1/3 3
We have r  A 
1/3
   
r1  A1   4  m1 = m0, m2 = 8 m0
1/3 as M × 0 = m1v1 + m2v2
 206 
 r2  3    11 . 6 Fermi . m1v1 = – m2v2
 4 
v1 m 8
Q.5 (1)  2 
Actual mass of the nucleus is v2 m1 1
always less than total mass of
nucleons so Q.16 (3)
M < (NMn + ZMp)
Mass of 1 H 2 = 2.01478 a.m.u
Q.6 (3)
Q = (BEx + BEy – Beu) Mass of 2 He 4 = 4.00388 a.m.u
= (2 × 117 × 8.5 – 236 × 7.6) MeV = 195 MeV » 200 MeV. Mass of two deuterium = 2 × 2.01478 = 4.02956
Energy equivalent to 21H2 = 4.02956 × 1.112 MeV =
Q.7 (3)
Energy released 4.48 MeV

= E Q2n – 2 EPn Energy equivalent to 2 H 4 = 4.00388 × 7.047 MeV =

= y – 2x = –(2x – y) 28.21 MeV

Energy released= 28.21 – 4.48 = 23.73 MeV = 24 MeV
Q.8 (4)
M(8O16) = M(7N15) + 1mp Q.17 (1)
binding energy of last proton 1H
2
 1 H 2  2 He 4  24 MeV .
= M (N15) + mp - M (1O16)
= 15.00011 + 1.00783 - 15399492 Q.18 (2)
= 0.01302 amu = 12.13 MeV A = 238 – 4 = 234 and Z = 92 – 2 = 90.
Q.9 (3)
Nuclear force do not exist when seperation is greater
than 1 fermi.
58 PHYSICS
 Nuclei

Q.8 (1)
EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL) B.E.= mc2 = [2(1.0087 + 1.0073( – 4.0015] = 28.4 MeV

Q.1 (4) Q.9 (4)

N = N0e–t 4 × 10–10 Energy / day = 200 × 106 × 24 × 3600
2hr 2 × 10–10 = 2 × 2.4 × 3.6 × 1012 = 1728 × 1010 J
1 × 10–10
4hr 1/2× 10–10 Q.10 (3)
A=Z+N Energy released while forming a nucleus is known as
Q.2 (2) binding energy (by definition).

Z
XA = 88Ra226
Number of protons = Z = 88 Q.11 (3)
Number of neutrons = A – Z = 226 – 88 = 138 1amu = 931 MeV

Q.3 (2) Q.12 (2)

Q = 4 (x2 – x1)
The order of magnitude of mass and volume of uranium
nucleus will be
mC”A(1.67 × 10–27 kg) (A is atomic number) Q.13 (3)
Out side the Nucleus, neutron is unstable (life  932
4 3 ~ 4
V= r   [(1.25 × 10–15 m)A1/3]3 sec).
3 3
 (8.2 × 10–45 m3)A
~ Q.14 (2)
m A(1.67  10 kg)
–27
B.E
Hence,  = = 45 for 56Fe  8.8MeV
v (8.2  10 m3 )A A
 2.0 × 1017 kg/m3
~
Q.15 (4)
Q.4 (3) B.E. of Li 7  39 .20 MeV and
Nucleus does not contains electron.
He 4  28 .24 MeV

Q.5 (2) Hence binding energy of

2 He 4  56 . 48 MeV
Nuclear forces are charge independent.
Energy of reaction
Q.6 (1)  56 .48  39 .20  17 .28 MeV .

2.22
B.EH =  1.11 Q.16 (4)
2 E  m .c 2
28.3 0 .3
B.EHe =  7.08 E
1000
 (3  10 8 )2  2 . 7  10 13 J
4
2 .7  10 13
492   7 .5  10 6 kWh .
B.EFe =  8.78 = maximum 3 .6  10 6
56
1786 Q.17 (2)
B.EU =  7.6 Eb  Ec  Ea
235
Q.18 (4)
56
Fe is most stable as it has maximum binding energy 
26
Z

X A  Z 2 Y 1 A  4 
2
ZY
A 4

per nucleon.
AA– 4
ZZ
Q.7 (3)
Nucleus is stable but nuetrons and protons cannot be Q.19 (2)
stable when seperated. So binding energy of nucleus
is greater. So mass of nucleus is smaller.

PHYSICS 59
Nuclei

K.E  
A50 MeV A  A ' 235  207
= 48 MeV n =  =7
(A  4) 4 4
0.96 × 50 MeV = 48 MeV
A = 100 n = (2n – Z + Z’) = (2 × 7 – 92 + 82) = 4

Q.20 (2) Q.32 (3)

X  A
 2 He  Z 2 Y
4 A 4 Controlled rod made up of neutron absorbing material
Z
i.e. cadmium is used
P = Py (Momentum conservation Fext = 0)
mv = myvy
Q.33 (3)
 4v  Nuclear reactor Based on nuclear fission
vy   
A4
Q.34 (3)
These neutron have energy of a neutron in a nucleus
Q.21 (1) has at normal temperature
ZX A  32 He 4  Z 6 Y A 12  2 1 e0  2 
number of proton = Z – 8 Q.35 (4)
number of neutron = (A – 12) – (Z – 4) = A – Z – 8 fusion  two light nuclei fuse to form heavier nucleus
A  Z8 +
ratio is
Z4
Q.22 (1)
O18 + 1H1  9Fe18 + 0n1 Q.36 (1)
8
Total mass of reactants = (2.0141) × 2 = 4.0282 amu
Q.23 (1) Total mass of products = 4.0024 amu
U235 + 0n1  38Sr90 + 54Xe143 + 30n 1 Mass defect = 4.0282 amu – 4.0024 amu = 0.0258 amu
92
 Energy released E = 931 × 0.0258 = 24 MeV

Q.24 (3) Q.37 (2)

85
X297  77Y281 + 4(2He4)
Q.38 (3)
Q.25 (2)
x+1= 24 + 4  x = 27.
EXERCISE-IV
Q.26 (4)
Q.1 0026
6
C11  5B11 + + +  because + = 1e0
hc
th =
Q.27 (2) eVa
Specific activity of 1 gm radium is 1 Curie.

Q.28 (3) 1 1 1 
-rays are highly penetrating. = R(z – 1)2  2  2 
 K 1 2 
Q.29 (3)
13   th 
-rays emitted from nucleus and they carry negative (K – th) =   K  
charge. 10  2 

Q.30 (1) 3  13 1 
K =   
10  10 2  th
   
A180   
176 176 172 172
72 70 A1 71 A2 69 A3 69 A4

3  4  10 7   8  12.4 10 7
 
Q.31 (4) 10  3(z 7 ) 2  =  10  15.5 103

60 PHYSICS
 Nuclei

5000 1
 = (z – 1)2 Energy available = µ v 2. = Q value.
8 2 rel
625 = (z – 1)2  z = 26
1 7 1
= × × v 2 = Q value.
Q.2 0003 2 7  1 rel
A B
t=0 N0 N0 1 8
 × vrel2 = Q ×
t0 = 3 days 2N N 2 7
2N = N0 (0.5) t0/1
N = N0 (0.5)t0/2 8
Ki = 1645 × = 1880 keV
7
1 1 
  
2 = (0.5) t0  
 1  2  Q.7 0020
4He  1H + 3H

     
2 1 1

3  4 1 3
m = m 2 He – m H1 – m H1 = – 0.021271
 0.5–1 = (0.5)
  2
 
 1   E = mc2
= – 19.81 MeV
3 –ve sign shows that energy is supplied.
 –1 = – 2  1 = 3 days
1 Q.8 (1) Q.9 (1) Q.10 (1)
Q.11 (4) Q.12 (3) Q.13 (1)
Q.3 0653
Reaction Energy = mc2
PREVIOUS YEAR'S
= (63.9297642– 63.9279660– 2 × 0.0005486) ×931.5 = 653
KeV ] K CET
Q.1 (3)
Q.4 0136 The relation between half life (T) and decay constant
7.2 = 1.2 A1/3 () is
A = 63 = 216 ln 2 log e 2
1.28 × 10–17 = Z × 1.6 × 10–19 T= 
 
128 ln 2 log e 2
= Z = 80 or T  = loge2
1.6  
N = A – Z = 136 Q.2 (2)
Nature of force is strong nuclear force.
Q.5 0001
Evaporations and reaction has rate similar to first order Q.3 (4)
reaction rate Let in time t1, 50% of the substance decay and in time
Hence t2, 87.5% of the substance decay.
Then in time t1, 50% of the substance left undecayed
1 1 1 and in time t2, 12.5% of the substance left undecayed.
  
t1 / 2 t1/ 2 evoparation t1/ 2 suction According to radioactive decay law
N = N0e–t where  is the decay constant.
1 N t
 6 hrs or N  e
t1 / 2 0

50 1
16   e t1 or  e t1 ...(i)
Hence water left = 4  1kg 100 2
2
12.5 1
Q.6 1880 and  e t 2 or  e t 2 ...(ii)
100 8

PHYSICS 61
Nuclei

Dividing eqn. (ii) by eqn. (i), we get Q.6 (4)

X and Z have same number of protons, so they are
1 isotopes.
t 2
8 e 1   t 2  t1 
1 e t1 or  e Q.7 (2)
4
2 Mass of nucleus, M = 20u
or l(t2 – t1) = ln4 Eg = 6 MeV = 6× 1.6 × 10–13J
Using momentum conservation principle,
1n4 2 ln 2
t2 – t1 =  ( ln4 = 2ln 2)
  E 6 1.6 1013
0 = Mv +  = – 105 m s –
Mc 20  1.6  1027  3 108
 ln 2 
  
2 ln 2 1
= = 2T1/2 
 ln 2   T1/ 2 
  1
 T1/ 2  K.E. of nucleus, K = Mv2
2
Here, T1/2 = 20 minutes
 t2 – t1 = 2 (20 minutes) = 40 minutes 1
= × 20 × 1.6 × 10–27 × (105)2 = 16 × 10–17J
2
Q.4 (2)
16  1017
Let A1 and A2 be the mass numbers of the two nuclear = keV = 1 keV
parts. Their radii are given by 1.6  1016
R1 = R0A11/3 ...(i) Q.8 (Bouns)
and R2 = R0A21/3 ...(ii) For option 1
Dividing eqn. (i) by eqn. (ii), we get 2decay 230 2 decay 230
92 U 88 U  
238
U
1/3 3 90
R1  A1  A1  R1 
  or  
For option 2
R 2  A2  A2  R 2  234 234
1 decay 1decay
238
92 U   U   U
90 91
R1 1
As R  2 (given) For option 3
2 234
1 decay
92 U 90 U
238
3
A1  1  1
    For option 4
A2  2  8
3decay 226 3decay 226
92 U 86 U  
238
Hence the ratio of their masses is U
89

m1 1 No option match so question is bonus.

 ... (iii)
m2 8
According to law of conservation of linear momentum Q.9 (1)
magnitude of p1 = magnitude of p2
i.e., m1v1 = m2v2 The mass defect of 42 He, m = 0.03 u

v1 m 2 8 m  931
or v  m  1 (using (iii)) The binding energy per nucleon =
4
MeV
2 1

Q.5 (1) 0.03  931

= MeV = 6.9825 MeV
Half life of sample, 1/2 = 10 days 4
Initial number of nuclei, N0 = 1000 x, t = 5 days
Q.10 (2)
ln 2 ln 2
1/2 =  disintegration per day.. In a nuclear reactor, the moderator is used to decrease
 10 the speed of neutrons.
 ln 2  ln 2
 5  ( )
N(t) = N0e–(t) = Ne  10 
 N0 e 2 Q.11 (1)
0
Rutherford
  ln 2   ln1/ 2 
N  t   N0 e  N0e
Q.12 (2)
N0 1000x Here,
Nt    707x
2 2 Mass, m = 1 g = 10–3 kg

62 PHYSICS
 Nuclei

According to Einstein’s mass - energy relation, the Q.19 (3)

energy equivalent of mass m is Q.20 (4)
E = mc2 (where c is the speed of light in vaccum) Q.21 (4)
= (10–3 kg) (3 × 108 m s–1)2
= 10–3 × 9 × 1016 J = 9 × 1013 J NEET
Q.1 (1)
Q.13 (4) Given mass m = 0.5g = 0.5 × 10–3 kg
Here, According to Einstein mass-energy equivalence,
Half - life or tritium, T1/2 = 12.5 years E = mc2 = 0.5 × 10–3 × (3 × 108)2 = 4.5 × 1013 J
Initial mass of tritium, m0 = 64 mg
Time, t = 50 years Q.2 (4)
Mass of tritium remained undecayed after 50 years is,
92U 235  0 n1 36 Kr 89  3n10  ZX A
t / T1/2 50 years /12.5 years
1 1 92 + 0 = 36 + Z  Z = 56
m  m0     64mg   
2 2 Now, 235 + 1 = 89 + 3 + A  A = 144
So, 56Ba144 is generated.
4
1 64mg
= (64 mg)     4 mg
Q.3 (2)
2 16
A
Q.14 (1) A radioactive nucleus Z X undergoes spontaneous
dN decay as shown here,
As (activity) drops sharply in case of A so X A  I
 Z 1 B 
II
 Z 3 C 
III
Z  2 D
dt Z

disintegration constant  is high for A. I step : atomic number decreased by 1 unit, so it is +

decay.
1
Average life (Mean life) = II. step : atomic number decreased by 2 unit, so it is 
 decay ().
So, average life will be shortest for A. III step: atomic number increased by 1 unit, so it is –
deacay.
Q.15 (2)
232® 208
90Th 82Pb Q.4 (3)
Change in atomic mass = 232 – 208 = 24 Let the parent nucleus be X which breaks into two
 – particle emitted = 24/4 = 6 fragments Y
Atomic number will decrease by 6 × 2 = 12 240
X  2120Y
Atomic number will be increase by 4 due to 4  particle. Binding energy X, B.E. x = 240 × 7.6 = 1824 MeV
So, net decrease in atomic number = 12 – 4 = 8 Binding energy of Y, B.E.Y = 120 × 8.5 = 1020 MeV
Energy relased, E = 2 (BE)Y – (BE)X
Q.16 (2) = 2 × (1020) – 1824 = 216 MeV
Since nuclear force is a short range force (  10–15 m), Q.5 (2)
thus for a separation of 10–8m, nuclear force between Nuclear Radius:
protons will be negligible. R = R0 (1)1/3
 Fe >>Fn.
R(125) R 0 (125)1/3 5
 
Q.17 (3) R(64) R 0 (64)1/3 4
In b– decay,
Q.6 (2)
X A  Z 1 Y A  e   
Na  X + e+ + 
z 22
11
Thus a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton
and an electron along with the emission of an This is + - decay
antineutrino. 22
11 Na  22
10 Ne + e+ + 
Q.18 (3)
Given, that half life, T1/2 = 15 yrs and time, t = 30 yrs. Q.7 (3)
fraction of nucleus undecayed after n half lives, Half life T = 20 min
n t /T1/2 30/15 1
N 1 1 1 1 Left fraction of activity
        0.25 16
N0  2   2  2 4
t/T
 Fraction that will decay = 0.75 R 1
 R 2
0  
PHYSICS 63
Nuclei

1 1
t / 20 ln 2 ln 2
  Hence, 1  / year,  2  / year
16  2  700 1400
 1 1 
  net  1   2  ln 2  
4 1/ 20
1 1
     700 1400 
2 2
3ln 2
t   net  / year
4= 1400
20 Now, Let initial no. of radioactive nuclei be N0.
t = 80 min
N0 1
  N 0e net t or ln   net t
3 3
JEE MAIN
3  0.693
 1.1 = t  t  740 years
Q.1 [8] 1400
TY
Tx = Q.4 (4)
2
Activity, A = N
1 1 ln 2 1n2 1 6 1
X = 2 Y  = t  3  24  60  60 sec  2.67  10 sec
1/2

X = 2Y N = Number of atoms in 2 mg Au

t = 3TY
2  103
 x x3TY 2  y x3TY N=  6  1023  6.06  1015
NX = N1e = N1e 198
A = N = 1.618 × 1013 = 16.18 ×1012 dps
NY = N 2 e  Y x3TY Q.5 (4)
 NX = NY We define, N = N0e–t
n 2
When a quarter of the nuclei have decayed,
3n2
2  Y x3x  Y x
Y = N e Y 3N 0
N1e 2  N 0e t1
N1e–6  n2 = N2e–3  n2
4
N0
N1 When a half of the nuclei have decayed,  N 0e t 2
3  n2 = 8 2
N2 = e
3
ln    t1 ......(i)
Q.2 (3) 4
eq = 1 + 2 1
ln    t 2 ......(ii)
1 1 1 2
 1  2
T1/2 T1/2 T1/2 From (i) and (ii)
3 1
ln    ln      t 2  t1 
1 2
T1/2 T1/2
T1/2  4 2
......(iii)
T T
1 2
1/2 1/2
ln  3 / 2 
t 
Q.3 (4) 
Q.6 (3)
ln2
We know   N = N0e–t
T1/2 Decayed nuclei, Nd = N0 - N
Nd = N0(1 – e–t)
B
1 Nd
 f  1  e t
N0
A
df
2  e t
dt
C

64 PHYSICS
 Nuclei

Q.7 (2) nA = 4
A 
 B 
C  16 = nB × 8
nB = 2
t0 N0 O O
4/2 2
t = t N0et N NC mA  1  1 1
=  =  =
where  = decay constant mB  2  2 4
dN
= decay rate of A - decay rate of B x 1
dt = , x = 25
100 4
= N 0 e t  N
Q.11 (3)
dN emitted = 670nm
= slope of N v/s. t graph
dt obs = 670.7 nm
d2N v=?
 N 0 e t         N 0 e t  1 c = 3 × 108 m/s
dt 2
If v <<c
d2 N
= –ve so graph is (2). λobs – λemitted v 670.7 – 670 v
dt 2   
λemitted c 670 3×108
Q.8 (2) V = 3.13 × 105 m/s
t 30
N  1  t1/2 N  1  60 Q.12 (4)
  ,  
N0  2  1010  2  eq = 1 + 2
1 ln2 ln2 ln2
 1  2 10
10
 
N = 10 ×   
10
 7 109 (t 1 / 2 )eq (t1/ 2 )1 (t1/ 2 )2
2 2
Q.9 (4)  t1/2 1 × t1/2 2
AB+C  t1/2 eq 
 t1/2 1 × t1/2 2
(B.A) A
Mass No. of A = 220, = 5.6 MeV
220 3× 4.5 3× 4.5 3×3
=   = 1.8hr
(B.A) B 3 + 4.5 7.5 5
Mass No. of B = 105, = 5.4 MeV Q.13 (2)
105
A0 = 2.56  
(B.A)C
Mass No. of C = 115, = 6.4 MeV 2  
115
alf life = 5 day
Q = [(B.E)product – (B.E)reactant]
Total times = ?
Q = [(B.E)B + (B.E)C – (B.E)A]
e–t
Q = [(5.4) × 105 + (6.4) × 115 – (5.6) × 220] MeV
2.56  e–t = 2 
Q = 176 MeV
ln 2
Q.10 (25) (t)  ln (128)
5
nA
1
m0   5 ln (128)
2
ln(2) =5 loge 128 = 5 days
mA t=
= nB
mB 1
m0   Q.14 (3)
2
dN 0
R1   N 0  4250
nA/ nB dt
mA  1 
=  R2 = – N = 2250
mB  2 
N 2250
t = n × Th 
N 0 4250
16 = nA × 4

PHYSICS 65
Nuclei

Q.19 (6)
N0
 1.88 ...(1)
N 120 1
No. of mole = =
N = N 0e –(10) 240 2
N
 e  10 1
N0 No. of molecules = × NA
2
1.88 = e10
Log10(1.88) = 10 log10e 1
Energy released = × 6 × 1023 × 200
0.274 = 10 × .4343 2
0.274 = 6 × 1025 MeV

4.343
 = 0.063 Q.20 (3)
214  214 214
  
Q.15 (3) 218
84 A  82 A  83 A 2  83 A3
A0
A (given) t = 30 year (given) 214 
A3 
210

81 A 4  
80 A5 

80 A 6
210 210
16 83

Now
A0 t Q.21 (2)
A where n  T Half life
2n T
v1 v2
So m1 m2
A0 A0
  n4 v1 3
16 2n =
v2 2
30 30
and 4   T   7.5 year
T 4 m1 2
m1 v1 = m2 v2  =
Q.16 (4) m2 3
A0 Since, Nuclear mass density is constant
A
2n
m1 m2
A0 6.4 104 = 4
2n    128  27 4 3
r1 r23
A 5 106 3 3
N = 7 half lifes
So 7×5 = 35 days 3
 r1  m1
  = m
Q.17 (3)  r2  2
7/8 disintegrates means 1/8 remains
3 1
1 r1  2 3
or    3 half lives = 
2 r2  3 
= 180 days So, x = 2
Q.18 (9)
N = N0e–t
Q.22 (4)
N B e 2 t As neutron has more rest mass than proton it will require
  e 2 t .e 1t
N A e 1t energy to decay proton into neutron.
e1  e 1 2  t Option 4.
(1–2) t = 1
1 1 1 Q.23 (2)
t   B.E of Helium = (2mP + 2mN – mHe) c2
1   2 25  16 9
= 28.4 MeV
66 PHYSICS
 Nuclei

Q.24 (2) Q.28 (15)

Nuclear density is independent of A.  = 1.5 × 10–5 s–1
Total number of atom in 1 g
Q.25 (3)
1 10 6
N  N 0et / T1/ 2  × 6 × 1023 = 1 × 1016 atoms
60
N0 Activity = N0
N=
8 = 1.5 × 10–5 × 1 × 1016 = 15 × 1010
Q.29 (2)
7 N0
 Decayed amount = t1/2 = T
8
Q.26 (4)
 N0 
Remaining =  
 = (m)c 2  8 
= 4.56 × 10–3 × 931.5 MeV
N0
= 4.25 MeV =
(2)3
Q.27 (2)  3 half life
Momentum conservation  t = 3T
m1v1 = m2v2
m   v2 
 1  
 m2   v1 
3
 r  v  1 v 
 1   2   2 
 r2   v1   2   v1 
V1 2

V2 1

PHYSICS 67
 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

EXERCISE-I (K CET LEVEL)

Q.1 (2) – 
Based on Theory. p – n
– 
Q.2 (3) – 
3
For B.C.C cell r = a so distance between body
4
Q.11 (2)
centered atom and a corner atom is
Ga has a valancy of 3
3 Q.12 (2)
2r   a  2  3.66Å
4 Absence of one electron, creates the positive charge
of magnitude equal to that of electronic charge.
Q.3 (2)
Q.13 (2)
T  (Silicon semiconductor)
Impurity increases the conductivity.
T  (Platinum)
Q.14 (3)
Q.4 (4) Q.15 (3)
diode is used as rectifier (Half wave & full wave) Q.16 (2)
Q.5 (4) Q.17 (2)
The depletion layer consists of both electrons and Q.18 (1)
protons but they are immobile in nature therefore the At room temperature the number of electrons and
correct answer would be immobile ions. the donor and holes are equal in the intrinsic semiconductor.
acceptor atom get a positive and negative charge due to Q.19 (4)
which the PN junctions forms. At 0K temperature semiconductor behaves as an
Q.6 (2) insulator, because at very low temperature electrons
cannot jump from the valence band to conduction
band
Q.20 (1)
depletion layer  Q.21 (3)
as Potential Barrier  Q.22 (4)
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that
Q.7 (2)
produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often
When a pentavalent impurity is added to an intrinsic
a sine wave or a square wave.
semiconductor, then four electrons of the impurity, takes
the wave produced has a constant amplitude
place in four covalent bonds of semiconductor hence
throughout.
one electron is left free, which works as charge carrier
while rectifier, filter, FET produce variable amplitudes.
i.e., charge carrier is negatively charged, so n-type
semiconductor is obtained.
Sine triangel

Q.8 (2)
Ge  4 valence e
Arsenic  valence e
Pentavalent impurity Sawtooth Square

Q.9 (3)
N - type semiconductor
majority carriers are e
Q.10 (4)

Q.23 (4)

68 PHYSICS
 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits

Q.24 (3)
1
After a large reverse voltage is PN-junction diode, a 
huge current flows in the reverse direction suddenly. e  nnn  npp 
This is called Breakdown of PN-junction diode.
1
Q.25 (4) 
Q.26 (4) 1.6  10 19  8  1018  2.3  5  10 18  0.01
Q.27 (3)
1
For a wide range of values of load resistance, the current 
in the zener diode may change but the voltage across it 1.6  10 1  8  2.3  0.05 
remains unaffected. Thus the output voltage across = 0.34 ohm-metre
 nn >> np so this is N type semicondutor.
the zener diode is a regulated voltage.
Q.8 (2)


No. of holes e in volence band in n-type S.C.
EXERCISE-II (NEET LEVEL) Q.9 (4)
Temperature coeficient of conductor is positive while
Q.1 (4)
T    G  temperature coeficient of semiconductor is negative.
Semiconductor (e-h) pair
Q.10 (2)
responsible for conduction
Eg = 0.75 eV
Q.2 (2) Q.11 (2)
N-type semiconductor denor level lies near the
eE conduction band.
vd =
M Q.12 (2)
T      vd  In forward bias  diffusion
Tn In reverse bias  drift
Q.3 (2) Q.13 (3)
p n
– 
0 0 0
p –  n
0 0 0 – 
0 0 0 –  e
–

– 
0 0 0

–
Q.14 (4)
holes e

V i

Q.4 (2) Q.15 (1)

Phosphrous (P) & Antimony (Sb) are electorn doner.

Q.5 (4) p n
In sample x no impurity level seen, so it is undoped. In
sample y impurity energy level lies below the conduction
bond so it is doped with fifth group impurity. vb
In sample z, impurity energy level lies above the valence
band so it is doped with third group impurity. vb = brrier potential
no current will flow because vb will not allow to flow
Q.6 (1) charge carrier. to overcome vb we done biasing of p-n
n e inceases as thermal energy increase while v d junction diode
decrease as mean free path decrease. Q.16 (2)
Q.7 (1) In insulators, the forbidden energy gap is very large, in
nn = 8 × 1018 m–3 n = 2.3 m2 / V-S case of semiconductor it is moderate and in conductors
np = 5 × 1018 m–3 p = 0.01 m2 / V-S the energy gap is zero.

PHYSICS 69
Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

Q.17 (2)
N-type semiconductors are neutral because neutral A A
atoms are added during doping. AB
Q.18 (4) B
In P-type semiconductors, holes are majority charge B
carrier and electrons are minority charge carriers.
Output = AB = A  B = A + B
Q.19 (1) = OR Gate
Phosphorus is a pentavalent impurity so ne > nh.  3 NAND GATES
Q.20 (3)
Q.26 (3)
V2 0.25
P  Rd 
R 100 103
X
250 5 X
R    P
100 2 Y Y
R
Q.21 (4) X
Given that
Q
Y
10v 3

D The truth table can be written as

X Y X Y P  X  Y Q  X.Y R  P  Q
4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0
 Diode is ideal and reverse biased 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
 Potential difference across 4
0 0 1 1 1 1 0
= voltage source
= 10 v Q.27 (4)
 3 is connected between vs and diude)
Va = 10v A.B  A  B  A  B ( A.B  A  B, A  A)
Q.22 (1)
A  B  A. B  A. B ( A  B  A. B, A  A)
Equivalent circuit diagram is as follows.

0.5V
 A.B .  A.B    A.B    A.B  = A.B  A.B
A.B  A  B, A  A  A 
8V
Q.28 (4)
2.2K
(1) A  B  A. B ( A. B  A  B )

(2) A. B  A  B ( A  B  A. B )

8  0.5
So, i = = 3.4 × 10-3A = 3.4mA EXERCISE-III (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
2.2  103
Q.23 (2) Q.1 (2)
With rise in temperature, conductivity of semiconductor
Q.24 (2) increases while resistance decreases.
Q.25 (3) Q.2 (3)
A solid which is transparent to visible light and
whose conductivity increases with temperature is
formed by covalent bonding, like a semi conductr.

70 PHYSICS
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Devices and Simple Circuits

Q.3 (3) Reverse biased means, when both n-type has higher
The semiconductor (Si) has negative temperature potential then p-type.
coefficient of resistivity. At absolute zero temperature, In option B, p-type has 0V, n-type has 5V.
its resistance becomes infnite and it act like an insulator. Hence, Option B is the correct answer
Q.4 (3)
Vander Wall force is weak dipole-dipole interaction. Q.12 (3)
Vander Wall’s force or bonding is the weakest exists For forward biased, i  0
between the two molecules of the solids. For reversed biased, i = 0  only (ii)
Q.5 (2)
Q.13 (2)
Due to large cohesive energy, the structure is tightly
For n-type semiconductor, ne >> nh
bound. where ne = concentration of electrons
Q.6 (2) nh = concentration of holes
In an Ionic crystal, the cations and anions are arranged
in alternate form with cation at one position and anion Q.14 (2)
is placed at an alternate position. In forward biased p-n junction diode, the repulsion of
So the correct option is B. holes and electrons takes place which decreases width
Q.7 (4) of potential barrier by striking the combination of holes
and electrons.
All are trivalent in nature.
Q.15 (1)
Q.8 (4) For a heavily doped n-type semiconductor, the fermi
As germanium crystal (group 14 element) is doped with level lies slighthly below the conduction band
arsenic, which is a group 15 element to make X. Thus
X is a n-type semiconductro. Q.16 (1)
Also semiconductor Y is made by doping germanium
C.B C.B
with indium, which is a group 13 element, hence Y is a EC EC
p-type semiconductor. Now according to the figure EDonor
shown, Y (p-type) is connected to the negative terminal C.B
of the battery whereas X (n-type) is connected to the
EV EV
positive terminal of the battery. This implies that the V.B V.B
junction is reversed biased (by definition of biasing).
EA
Q.9 (4) V.B
When a semiconductor diode is formed, a depletion n-type Intrinsic
layer is formed across its junction. This depletion p-type
layer has negative charge in p- type crystal and
positive charge in n-type crystal, thus acts as a Q.17 (1)
potential barrier for charge carriers. For forward biased,
In p-region, holes are majority carriers (electrons are
VHigh VLow
minority carriers) and in n- region electrons are
majority carriers (holes are minority carriers). When For reversed biased,
an electron (Majority carrier) from n-region, tries to VLow VHigh
cross the junction, the negative charge of the barrier
(in p-region) opposes the electron (whereas helps the
hole) and electron is stopped by this barrier’s Q.18 (3)
negative plate, Same happens with a hole in p - Diode 1 is reversed biased whereas Diode 2 is forward
region Hence, the potential barrier offers opposition biased.
to majority carriers in both regions. Equivalent resistance of circuit, Req = 4 + 2 = 6
V 12
Q.10 (2)  Current =   2A
R eq 4  2
A B
for forward bias Q.19 (4)
P N
Due to heating, when a free electron is produced then
VAB = +ve
simultaneously a hole is also produced.
Q.20 (2)
Q.11 (2)
Diffusion of charge carriers.
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Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

Q.21 (1) Q.35 (1)

Arsenic contains 5 electrons in its outermost shell.
2
When Arsenic is doped in silicon there is one electron
extra in Silicon Crystal. Hence, such type of semi
conductor is n-type semiconductor.
2

Q.22 (4)

– 
–  i
p –  n 6V 1
– 
–  Equivalent circuit is
V0 6
i  2A
Q.23 (1) 2 1
In reverse bias, the current through a p-n junction is Q.36 (2)
almost zero. Diode conduct only in forward bias.
Q.24 (4)
Factual Q.37 (2)
Current flow is possible and
Q.25 (1) V (4  1)
Factual i   10 2 A
R 300
Q.26 (2)
for n-type semiconductor pentavalent impurity should Q.38 (3),
be added P-side is more negative as compared to N-side.
Q.27 (1)
In forward biased condition, p-type is at higher potenital Q.39 (2)
while n - type is at lower potential In forward biasing P-side is connected with positive
Q.28 (4) terminal and N-side with negative terminal of the battery

Q.40 (3)
)( In forward biasing of PN junction diode width of
depletion layer decreases. In intrinsic semiconductor
fermi energy level is exactly in the middle of the
Q.29 (4) forbidden gap
When a free electron is produced, simultaneously a
hole is also produced.
Q.30 (4)
In N-type semiconductors, electrons are majority
charge carriers.

Q.31 (2)
One atom of pentavalent impurity, donates one
electron.
Q.41 (2)
Q.32 (4) When reverse bias is increased, the electric field at the
In semiconductors, the forbidden energy gap between junction also increases. At some stage the electric field
the valence band and conduction band is very small,
breaks the covalent bond, thus the large number of
almost equal to kT. Moreover, valence band is charge carriers are generated. This is called Zener
completely filled where as conduction band is empty. breakdown.
Q.33 (2)
From Half wave rectifier Q.42 (1)
Q.34 (2)
V 0.5
Voltage will be divided equally as resistance are equal E   106 V / m .
d 5  107

72 PHYSICS
 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits

Q.43 (1) In forward biasing, resistance of PN junction diode

is zero, so whole voltage appears across the resistance.  
 A. A  B   AB  .B

 AB  0
Q.44 (3) Q.57 (3)

Q.45 (3)
When a light (wavelength sufficient to break the

R = P  Q  x  y  xy   
covalent bond) falls on the junction, new hole electron
pairs are created. No. of produced electron hole pair
     
 x  y  x y = x  y  xy = xy

depened upon no. of photons. So photo emf or current Q.58 (2)

proportional to intensity of light.

Q.46 (1) EXERCISE-IV

Q.47 (1)
Q.1 (2) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (3) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (1)
In the given condition diode is in reverse biasing so it
Q.6 (1)
acts as open circuit. Hence potential difference between
A and B is 6V

Q.48 (3) PREVIOUS YEAR'S

Q.49 (1) K CET

Q.1 (4)
Q.50 (1) The atom is electrically neutral.

Q.51 (4) Q.2 (4)

Q.52 (4)
V 0.6
By using E    6  105 V / m A
A
d 10 6
Q.53 (3) Y
Q.54 (2)
B
B
( A  B) = NOR gate
When both inputs of NAND gate are connected, it
behaves as NOT gate. The output Y of the circuit is
 OR + NOT = NOR. Y  A  B  A.B  A.B
It is a Boolean expression for AND gate.
Q.55 (1) Hence the given digital circuit represents the AND gate.
Q.3 (2)
   
y =  A  A  B   B  A  B  The relation between a and b is
   

    
1 
=  A  A  B    B  A  B 
    Here, a = 0.98
 
= A  A  B B A  B    
0.98

0.98
 49
1  0.98 0.02
= A A + A B + BA + BB
Q.4 (4)
y=0+ AB + BA +0
1 1
Q.56 (3) v=  LC  2v
2p LC
Y  A.AB  AB.B

PHYSICS 73
Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

Q.5 (2) Q.12 (1)

In the given circuit diode D1 is forward biased and D2 Since germanium is a semiconductor and its energy
is reverse biased. gap lies between 1 and 3 eV.
The resistance of D1 is zero and that of D2 is infinite as
the diodes D1 and D2 are ideal. No current flows through Q.13 (4)
D2. NAND gate is the universal gate.
Thus D1 can be replaced by a resistanceless wire and
D2 can be replaced by a broken wire. The equivalent Q.14 (2)
circuit is shown in the figure.  Ie = Ib + Ic
2 D2 Q.15 (1)
Using Kirchhorr’s law
D1 VAB = 2(0.2 mA× 5kW) + (0.2 V) = 2.2 V
Q.16 (2)
3
Zener diode is a device which is used as voltage regular
+ –
when operated in reverse bias.
4
The current in the circuit is Q.17 (1)
In a CE amplifier, the input ac signal to be amplified is
12V 12V
I   1.71A applied across forward biased emitter - base junction.
4  3 7
Q.18 (3)
Q.6 (1) In terms of Boolean algebra, if A = 1 and B = 0, A +
The wavelength of the emitted light is
B = 1 + 0 = 1+1 = A or B
hc

Eg Q.19 (2)
In pure germanium, ni = ne = nh = 3 × 1016 m–3
where h is the Planck’s constant, c is the velocity of
light in vacuum and Eg is the energy gap. In doped germanium, n i2  n e n h
Here,
n 2  3  10 m 
16 3 2
Eg = 1.9 eV = 1.9 × 1.6 × 10–19J 9  1032
 ne  i   m 3
h = 6.63 × 10–34J s, c = 3 × 108 m s –1 nh 4.5  1022 m 3 4.5  1022
 6.63 10 Js  3 10 m s 
34 8 1
= 2 × 1010 m–3
 = 6.5 × 10–7m
1.9 1.6 10 J  19 Thus, the electron density in doped germanium will
be 2 × 1010 m–3.
Q.7 (4)
Factual Q.20 (1)
Q.8 (1) Here, dc current gain, dc = 50
The given truth table is for NAND gate. Voltage across collector and emitter, VCE = 2V
Q.9 (2) Collector resistance, RC = 4k = 4 × 103 
The input characteristics of a transistor in CE mode is As VCE = IC RC
the graph obtained by plottinb base current IB against VCE 2V
base-emitter voltage VBE at constant collectoremitter  IC  R  4  103  = 0.5 × 10–3A
voltage VCE. C

= 0.5 mA (as 1 mA = 10–3 A)

Q.10 (1) IC
Here, Ic = 0.49 mA, Ie = 0.50 mA and dc  I
Ib = Ie – Ic = 0.01 mA, b = ? B

Ic 0.49 IC 0.5  10 3 A
  = I  0.01  49  IB    1 10 5 A
b
dc 50
Q.11 (4) = 10 × 10–6 A = 10 µA (as 1 µA = 10–6A)

Y   A.B   A  B  A  B Q.21 (4)

 OR gate. Due to increase in temperature bond break which
liberates large number of holes and electrons (charge

74 PHYSICS
 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits

carriers). Relaxation time too decreases but its effect is NEET

much less.
Q.1 (2)
Q.22 (3) In p-type semiconductors, holes are the majority carriers
At low frequency, reactance of capacitor is high. and trivalent atoms are the dopants such as B, Al or Ga.
At high frequency, input capacitor influence is
negligible. Q.2 (3)
LED bulb will light up if switch (s) A or B or both A and
Q.23 (3) B is/are open. Hence it represents a NAND gate.
P  (Q  1)
Q.3 (4)
Q  PO
A A
Q.24 (4)
Here the voltage across the capacitor, Y
V = Vmax = Vrms × 2 = 220 2 V B B
Q.25 (2)
Let us assume, P = 0, then B = 0 and Q = 1 Here, Y  A  B  A·B  A·B
1 This AND Gate. so, the truth table is
P
A
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
B 1 0 0
Q
0 1 1 1
If P = 1, then B = 1, Q = 1, but then P should be equal to Q.4 (1)
zero which goes against our assumption. Width of the depletion layer increases in reverse
 P = 0, Q = 1 biasing.
Q.26 (2) Q.5 (4)
Factual Mobility of electrons is more as compare to holes and
electrons are majority charge carriers in n-type
Q.27 (1) semiconductors. So when we apply electric field,
Resistivity of a semiconductor at room, temp. is in current will be more in n-type semiconductor compare
between 10–5 m to104m i.e. 10–3 to 106cm to p-type semiconductor.
Q.28 (1) Q.6 (2)
The forbidden energy gap for germanium crystal is 0.71 Yes, zener diode is connected in reverse bias as it is
eV used as voltage regulator.
The potential barrier of p-n junction
Q.29 (2) For Ge; V0 = 0.3 : Si; V0 = 0.7 V
This is a case of AND gate. Input and output are shown
below Q.7 (3)
 y + B  A.B  AB(since A + B = A.B) A y1

A A B y
A+ B
V C y2
B Output of combination of logic gates is given as
B
Q.30 (2) y  AB  BC
Q.31 (1)
Q.32 (3)

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Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

JEE MAIN
A B C y1 y2 y  AB  BC Q.1 (1)
0 0 0 0 1 1 Since silicon diode is used so 0.7 volt is drop cross it.
1 0 0 0 1 1 Only D1 will conduct so current through cell
0 1 0 0 1 1 5  0.7
0 0 1 0 1 1 I=
10
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 I = 0.43
1 1 1 1 0 1
Q.2 (1)
Transformer  Step up – Step down
Rectifier  AC to DC
Filter  Ripple is removed
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 Stabiliser  For any input, output would be same
Q.3 (2)
5V
The variation of the fermi level obeys two conditions.
 The mass action law
 The neutrality equation
Q.4 9
The output (y) can be represented as above.

Q.8 (2)
In half wave rectification
fin = fout
Þ fout = 60 Hz

Q.9 (1)
y = A.B  A  B
= (A + B) OR Gate
90  30
I= = 15mA
A B y 4
0 0 0 30
0 1 1 I1 = = 6mA
5K
1 0 1 I2 = 15mA – 6mA = 9mA
1 1 1 Ans. = 9

Q.5 (1)
Q.10 (2)
Capacitor used to remove AC ripples from Rectifier Zener diode breakdown
output. 5
 i = 2  103 = 2.5  10–3
Q.11 (4)
Statement I : Photocell/solar cell convert light energy x  10–4 = 2.5  10–3
into electric energy/current. x = 2.5mA
Statement II : We use zener diode in reverse biased
condition, when reverse biased voltage more than break Q.6 (0)
down voltage than it act as stablizer.
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 Y

1 0 0 1

76 PHYSICS
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Q.7 (2)
AAB
By De Morgan’s theorem, we have A
·
A·B
A·B = NAND
AB
· Y

B
· BAB

Q.8 [25] A B y

dV 1 1 0 0 1
Rd =  
di di 5  1 10 3
0 1 0
dV 0.75  0.65
1 0 0
100
 Rd =  25
4 1 1 1

Q.9 (2)
Q.13 (2)
The equivalent circuit is AND gate.
VA=5V  A=1
Output u  A  B  A.B VA= 0 V  A=0
 VB= 5 V  B=1
A VB= 0 V  B=0
A If A = B = 0, there is no potential anywhere here V0 = 0
If A = 1, B = 0, Diode D1 is forward biased, here V0 = 5V
 
B  A  B  A B IfA= 0, B = 1, Diode D2 is forward biased hence V0 = 5V
B If A = 1, B = 1, Both diodes are forward biased hence V0
Q.10 (5) =5V
For a doped semi-conductor in thermal equilibrium Truth table for Ist
A B Output
n 2 1.5  10 
16 2
0 0 0
nenh = n 2
 ne  i  0 1 1
i
nh 4.5  1022
1 0 1
1.5  1.5  1032 1 1 1
=  5  109 m 3  Given circuit is OR gate
4.5  10 22
For IInd circuit
VB = 5V,A= 1
Q.11 (2)
VB = 0V,A= 0
A.B When A = 0, E – B junction is unbiased there is no
A current through it
Y  V0 = 1
When A = 1, E–B junction is forward biased
B 
 B V0 = 0
Y A BB  Hence this circuit is not gate.

Q.14 (1)
A B Y When Vi > 3 volt, VR > 0
Because diode will be in forward biased state
0 0 1 When Vi  3 volt; VR = 0
Because diode will be in reverse biased state.
0 1 0

0 0 0 Q.15 (2)
When the amplifier connects with positive feedback, it
1 1 0 acts as the oscillator the feedback here is positive
feedback which means some amount of voltage is given
Q.12 (4) to the input

PHYSICS 77
Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices
and Simple Circuits

Q.16 (4)

60 0.6 V

40
Q.21 (1)
A B Y
0 0 0
IV 1 1 1
1 – I (60) – 0.6 I (40) = 0 0 1 0
1 0 0
0.4
I 0 0 0
100
I = 4 mA And gate

Q.17 (3) Q.22 (2)

This NAND gate conceptual / theory
A B Y
0 0 1 Q.23 (480)
 - IR - Vz = 0
1 0 1
20 –IR – 6 = 0
0 1 1 IR = 12
1 1 0 25 × 10–3R = 12
12
Q.18 (4) R  480
In +ve half cycle 25  103
Q.24 (1)
D1  F.B.; D2  R.B.
0 - 0.6V

Vout same as Vin
 V  
In -ve half cycle 

D 2  F.B.; D1  R.B.

Q.19 [3]
hc Here D2 is in reverse biase, so it has infinite resistance
 Eg  so, the equivalent circuit is 6  and 10  is series

Rs = 10 + 6 = 16 
12400 Now, Req = 8 + 2 = 10 
E g 
4000
V 10
E g  3.1eV Current, i = R 10  1A
eq
Q.20 [25]
Q.25 (1)
Woks as voltage regulator in reverse bias and as simple
P-n junction in forward bias.

Q.26 (2)
A1 B1 Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Y = A1  B1 NAND
Q.27 (4)
Statement – I is correct

78 PHYSICS
 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials,
Devices and Simple Circuits

When P-N junction is formed an electric field is generated Q.33 (3)

form N-side to P-side due to which varrier potential arises
 n2  1 
& majority charge carrier can not flow through the junction  
A  B 
due to barrier potential so current is zero unless we apply
forward bias voltage. A = B ln 2
Q.34 (1)
Q.28 (3) Power rating of zener diode = 1.6 W
Theory based 1.6 = 8 × I
Photodiodes are operated in reverse bias condition.  1.6 
For P-N junction current in forward bias (for V  V0) is I   0.2A
 8 
always greater than current in reverse bias (for V  Vz). For maximum voltage of 10 V
Hence Assertion is false but Reason is true So, potential across R is 2 V
2V = R × 0.2
Q.29 (3)
2 20
LED works in forward biasing and light energy maybe R   10
slightly less or equal to band gap. 0.2 2

Q.30 (4) Q.35 (3)

Truth table corresponding to given situation
A  A = A A B Out
1 1 0
B B = B 1 0 0

 A  B = A + B
0 1 0
0 0 1
OR Gate  The truth table corresponds to NOR gate.

Q.31 (1) Q.36 (2)

Y = (A . B  ) In forward bias movement of electrons is eased due to
=A+ B  external electric field.
 Option 1  A is correct
R is incorrect as diffusion current in p-n junction is
Q.32 (2) from p side to n-side.
Y= (AB)
 Y would be zero only when both A and B are 1.
 option 2

PHYSICS 79