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AIM: Creation, altering and droping of tables and inserting rows into a table(useconstraints
while creating tables) examples using SELECT command.
DATA DEFINATION LANGUAGE:
DDL commands are used to define and manage all structures in a database. These commands deal
with the schema and structure of the database.
CREATE: Used to create database objects like tables, indexes, and views.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint1,
column2 datatype constraint2,
...
columnN datatype constraintN
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
HireDate DATE
);
Output:
Table created.
ALTER: Used to modify existing database objects.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
-- To modify a column
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name new_datatype;
Example:
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
Output: Table altered.
TRUNCATE: The TRUNCATE TABLE command removes all rows from a table
SYNTAX:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

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Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;
Output:Table Truncated.
RENAME: The RENAME TABLE command changes the name of an existing table.
Syntax:
RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO new_table_name;
Example:
RENAME TABLE employees TO staff;
Output:
Table Renamed
Data Manipulation Language:
DML commands are used for managing data within schema objects. These commands allow you to
insert, update, delete, and retrieve data.
INSERT: Used to add new records to a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
Example:
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', ’[email protected]’);
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (2, 'kavya', 'sri',’[email protected]’);
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (3, 'veena', 'jessy',’[email protected]’);
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (4, 'greeshma', 'siri',’[email protected]’);
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (5, 'varsha','tej',’[email protected]’);
Output:
5 rows created.
UPDATE: Used to modify existing records in a table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example:
UPDATE Employees
SET LastName = 'Johnson'
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
Output:1 row updated.
SELECT: Used to query and retrieve data from one or more tables.

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Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
Select*from employees;
Output:
EMPLOYEEID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL

1 john doe [email protected]

2 kavya sri [email protected]
3 veena jessy [email protected]
4 greeshma siri [email protected]
5 varsha tej [email protected]

DELETE: Used to remove records from a table.

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 2;
Output:
1 row deleted.
TCL (Transaction Control Language):
TCL commands are used to manage transactions in a database. These commands ensure that a
series of operations are completed successfully and maintain the integrity of the database.
COMMIT: Used to save all changes made during the current transaction.
Syntax: COMMIT;
Example: commit;
Output:
Commit complete.
ROLLBACK: Used to undo changes made during the current transaction.
Syntax:ROLLBACK;
Example: rollback;
Output: Rollback complete.

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SAVEPOINT: Used to set a point within a transaction to which you can later roll back.
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
Example:
INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (6, 'rish','prajkat',’[email protected]’);
1 row created.
SQL> savepoint sp1;
Output:
Savepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (7, 'mostly','sane',’[email protected]’);
1 row created.
SQL> rollback to sp1;
Output:
Rollback complete.
Data Control Language:
GRANT: Used to give users access privileges to database objects.
Syntax:
GRANT privilege_type ON object TO user;
Example: GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO system;
Output: Grant succeeded.
REVOKE: Used to remove access privileges from users.
Syntax:
REVOKE privilege_type ON object FROM user;
Example: REVOKE SELECT ON Employees FROM system;
Output: Revoke succeeded.
RESULT:
Hence for Creation, altering and droping of tables and inserting rows intoatable
(useconstraints while creating tables)was successfully executed.

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AIM:Queries (along with sub Queries) using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS, NOTEXISTS, UNION,
INTERSET, Constraints. Example:- Select the roll number and name of the student who
secured fourth rank in the class.
DESCRIPTION:
This query retrieves the roll number and name of the student who secured the 4th rank in the
class by joining the teacher and results tables.

CREATE TABLE Students (

RollNumber INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,

Class VARCHAR(20),

Rank INT,

DepartmentID INT

);

CREATE TABLE Departments (

DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

DepartmentName VARCHAR(50)

);

CREATE TABLE Scores (

RollNumber INT,

Subject VARCHAR(50),

Score INT,

FOREIGN KEY (RollNumber) REFERENCES Students(RollNumber)

);

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select * from departmentss;

DEPARTMENTID DEPARTMENTNAME

1 Computer Science
2 Os
3 Mathematics
4 Physics
5 English
6 Es

ROLLNUMBER NAME CLASS RANK DEPARTMENTID

101 veena 12A 1 1

102 Bob 12A 3 2

103 teja 12B 4 1

104 varsha 12B 2 3

105 avi 12A 5 2

106 avi 12A 6 4

SELECT* from scores;

ROLLNUMBER SUBJECT SCORE

101 Math 90

101 Science 85

102 Math 88

103 Science 92

104 Physics 95

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105 Math 80

106 Computer Science 70

FOURTH RANK:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students WHERE Rank = 4;

ROLLNUMBER NAME

103 teja

USING ANY CLAUSE:

Syntax:SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name > ANY (SELECT

column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

QUERY:

SELECT s.RollNumber, s.Name FROM Students s WHERE s.RollNumber = ANY ( SELECT

sc.RollNumber FROM Scores sc WHERE sc.Score > ANY(SELECT Score FROM Scores WHERE
Subject = 'Math'));

OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

101 veena

102 Bob

103 teja

104 varsha

USING ALL CLAUSE:

SYNTAX:SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name > ANY (SELECT

column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

QUERY: SELECT s.RollNumber, s.Name FROM Students s WHERE s.RollNumber = ANY ( SELECT
sc.RollNumber FROM Scores sc WHERE sc.Score > (SELECT ALL(Score) FROM Scores WHERE
Subject = 'Math'));

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OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

103 teja

104 varsha

IN:

SYNTAX: SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2,

...);

QUERY:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students WHERE DepartmentID IN (1, 2);

OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

101 veena

102 Bob

103 teja

105 avi

EXISTS:

SYNTAX: SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE
condition);

QUERY:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students s WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM Scores sc
WHERE sc.RollNumber = s.RollNumbe);

OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

101 veena

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102 Bob

103 teja

104 varsha

105 avi

106 avi

NOT EXISTS:

SYNTAX: SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table2
WHERE condition);

QUERY:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students s WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT 1FROM Scores sc
WHERE sc.RollNumber = s.RollNumber);

OUTPUT:

No rows selected.

UNION:

SYNTAX: SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE condition UNION SELECT column_name
FROM table2 WHERE condition;

QUERY:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students WHERE DepartmentID = 1 UNION SELECT

s.RollNumber, s.Name FROM Students s JOIN Scores sc ON s.RollNumber = sc.RollNumber
WHERE sc.Score > 90;

OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

101 veena

103 teja

104 varsha

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INTERSECT:

SYNTAX: SELECT column_name FROM table1 WHERE condition INTERSECT SELECT

column_name FROM table2 WHERE condition;

QUERY:

SELECT RollNumber, Name FROM Students WHERE DepartmentID = 1 INTERSECT SELECT

s.RollNumber, s.Name FROM Students s JOIN Scores sc ON s.RollNumber = sc.RollNumber;

OUTPUT:

ROLLNUMBER NAME

101 veena

103 teja

RESULT:

Hence Queries (along with sub Queries) using ANY, ALL, IN, EXISTS, NOTEXISTS, UNION,
INTERSET, Constraints. Example:- Select the roll number and name of the student who
secured fourth rank in the class is executed successfully.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LABORATORY CSE DEPARTMENT