INDEX

Chapter No. TOPIC Page No.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Existing System
1.3 Proposed System

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.3 MODULES
2.3.1 POWER SUPPLY
2.3.2 TRANSFORMER
2.3.3 RECTIFIER
2.3.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
2.3.5 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
2.4 MICROCONTROLLER
2.4.1 Raspberry Pi Pico
2.4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.4.3 INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY PICO DEVELOPMENT
BOARD
2.4.4 RASPBERRY PI PICO TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION
2.5.2 PIN DIAGRAM
2.5.3 LIST OF COMMANDS
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
 3 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Arduino IDE
3.2 Writing Sketch
3.3 File
3.4 Edit
3.5 Sketch
3.5.1 Tools
3.5.2 Sketch Book
3.5.3 Uploading
3.5.4 Library
3.6 Serial Monitor
3.7 Preferences
3.8 Boards
4 IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Schematic Design
5 SIMULATION AND DESIGN
5.1 Output Screen Shots
6 CONCLUSION

7 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions
often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Embedded systems are controlled
by one or more main processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal
processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task,
which may require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may usefully
be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and
national networks between airports and radar sites. (Each radar probably includes one or more
embedded systems of its own.) Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design
engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance.

Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically
embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches andMP3 players, to large
stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear
power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with
multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. In general, &
embedded system is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have some element of extensibility
or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems
such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems which don’t
expose programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates.

On a continuum from & general purpose to & embedded, large application systems will have
subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is & designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions and is thus appropriate to call embedded.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:
We consider intruders as robots which misbehave, i.e. Do not follow the rules, because of either
spontaneous failures or malicious reprogramming. Our goal is to detect intruders by observing the
congruence of their behavior with the social rules as applied to the current state of the overall
system. Moreover, the detection itself must be performed by individual robots, based only on local
information.
DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
 Do not follow the rules
 Monitoring process only possible
 Prevention process not possible
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
The proposed system of our project is to monitor the border of the nation by using robots. The image
processing will be done by using the MATLAB. The information will be transmitted through the
WSN transmitter. It have two mode of operation which are Automatic and Manual mode. In robot
section, Robot monitors the boundary compare with the information from the WSN receiver. If any
intruder is found, then the robot will automatically emit the chloroform. Ultrasonic sensor used to
find the obstacle. If obstacle is present automatically it will take another path. If human will detected
around the robot then laser light will be turn on. If anyone attack that robot then it will get self-
destructed.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
 It can support both auto and manual process.
 It can be use a border security system.

APPLICATIONS

 Robotics Systems
 Analysis Robot Systems
 CHAPTER 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile
phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor and
special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the embedded
software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The embedded
software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer.
You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting,
software development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed.

Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things.
Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not
have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to
work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In some
embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may
cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power.
As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.

Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperatures and humidity.
Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded
system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment-
consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical engineering, wireless
communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.

Consumer appliances

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD
player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player,
video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for
transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are
now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we
can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.
Office Automation

The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, key
telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial Automation

Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include pharmaceutical,
cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The
embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the
temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the
monitored levels to control other devices or to send information to a centralized monitoring station.
In hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used,
which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry
out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.

Medical Electronics

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These equipments include
diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equipment
used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in medical electronics
have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer Networking

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks
(ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded
systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router
interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The
router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send
them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking
equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are
embedded systems.

Telecommunications

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber terminals
and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones, terminal
adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes multiplexers,
multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone,
IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice
communication over the Internet.

Wireless Technologies

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th century. It
is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on the move.
The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access multimedia service over
the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching
centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Insemination

Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering
activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as weight,
temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test equipment such
as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio communication test set
etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and
measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the
field by field-personnel.

Security

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our homes
and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for
security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices at homes,
offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices
are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems.
Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment- consumer electronics,
transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial
automation, data communication, telecommunication, defence, security etc. Used to encrypt the
data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in
banking applications as well as for access control in high security buildings.

Finance

Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using smart
cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) machines. Smart
card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the
smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the
capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that
eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded system.

Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software
residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig 2.1. The operating system runs above the
hardware, and the application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is
applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are significant
differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small
appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating
system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For applications involving
complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate
the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the
memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run
for a long time you don’t need to reload new software.

Fig:2.1 Layered Architecture of Embedded System

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As
shown in Fig2.2. the building blocks are:
  Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
 Input Devices
 Output devices
 Communication interfaces
 Application-specific circuitry

Fig:2.2 Building Blocks of Embedded System

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its
main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-
controller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the
other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with
them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and
video processing.

Memory

The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains
the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power
is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
Input Devices

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There
will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task.
Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific command. A
keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in process control do not
have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd
produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output Devices
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used
to display some important parameters.
Communication Interfaces

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a few
communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394,
Ethernet etc.

Application-Specific Circuitry

Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded
system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the
necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts main
supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the power consumption is
minimized.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig: 2.3 Block diagram of Transmitter System
 Fig: 2.4 Block diagram of Receiver System

2.3 MODULES
2.3.1 POWER SUPPLY
The power supply section is the section which provide +5V for the components to work. IC LM7805
is used for providing a constant power of +5V.
The ac voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer, which steps down that ac voltage
down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc
voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also retains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage
varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually
obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

Fig:2.5 Block Diagram of Power Supply

2.3.2 Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies
use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in India) to a safer
low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in
the soft-iron core of the transformer. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is
(almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.
The transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0- 6V) level. Then the
secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the bridge rectifier, which is constructed
with the help of PN junction diodes. The advantages of using bridge rectifier are it will give peak
voltage output as DC.
2.3.3 Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge
rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also
be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now
that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+)
parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying Dc
2.3.4 Bridge Rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input
to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken
from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is
a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.

Fig:2.6 Bridge Rectifier

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are
forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and
will block current flow.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given
transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.
i. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre tapped
transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost.
ii. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to
the other side as shown below.
iii. The result is still a pulsating direct current but with double the frequency.

Fig:2.7 Output Waveform Of DC

Smoothing:
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to
act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is
falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it
supplies current to the output.
2.3.5 Voltage Regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for
reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC
units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably
set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli
amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts totens of watts.
A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input
terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal
connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the
series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Voltage regulator
ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated
by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in
dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805
+5V 1Amp regulator. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Fig:2.8 Regulator

2.4 MICROCONTROLLER
2.4.1 RASPBERRY PI PICO W
Raspberry Pi Pico W is Raspberry Pi's first wireless microcontroller board, designed especially for
physical computing. It is the successor of the popular Raspberry Pi Pico board. Similar to
the Pico board, which we discussed earlier, the Pico W board is also built around the Raspberry
Foundation in-house ARM chip RP2040

Fig:2.9 RASPBERRY PI PICO W

The main improvement is the addition of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality. Raspberry Pi Pico
W incorporates an Infineon CYW43439 wireless chip that supports IEEE 802.11 b/g/n wireless
LAN, and Bluetooth 5.2.
Raspberry Pi Pico Vs Raspberry Pi Pico W
The main difference between the Pico and Pico W is the inclusion of Infineon’s CYW43439 2.4-
GHz Wi-Fi chip, which is responsible for WiFi and Bluetooth. Another major change is with the
power section. The new Pico W uses the RT6154A from Richtek as the power regulator instead of
the RT6150B in the original Pico design. The debug port also moved near the SoC to make space for
the Wi-Fi antenna.
To power the Pico W, you can either use the USB port or VSYS pin.
  The simplest way is to use the USB port(5V). This 5V can also be accessed from the VBUS pin
for external components.
 Another way is to use the VSYS pin (1.8 V-5.5 V) which can be connected to a battery or other
similar power source. This input voltage is then converted to a suitable 3.3 V by an onboard
voltage regulator.
How to program the Pi Pico W?
The new Pico W can be programmed using C/C++ and MicroPython. You can use Thonny IDE for
micro python programming. The Pico W board can also be programmed with the Arduino IDE.

2.4.2 Raspberry Pi Pico W Specifications:

The key features of Raspberry Pi Pico W are the following:

 RP2040 microcontroller chip designed by Raspberry Pi in
 Dual-core ARM Cortex M0+ processor, flexible clock running up to 133 MHz
 264kB of SRAM, and 2MB of onboard Flash memory
 On-board single-band 2.4GHz wireless interfaces (802.11n)
 Castellated module allows soldering directly to carrier boards
 USB 1.1 Host and Device support
 Low-power sleep and dormant modes
 Drag & drop programming using mass storage over USB
 26 multi-function GPIO pins
 2×SPI, 2×I2C, 2×UART, 3×12-bit ADC, 16×controllable PWM channels
 Accurate clock and timer on-chip
 Temperature sensor
 Accelerated floating point libraries on-chip
 8×Programmable IO (PIO) state machines for custom peripheral support

2.4.3 RASPBERRY PI PICO W PINOUT

Raspberry Pi Pico W is pin-to-pin compatible with the older Pico board and has a total of 40 Pins out
of which 26 are multipurpose GPIOs. These 26 digital input and output pins are labeled as GP0,
GP1, and so on up to GP28. Out of these 30 pins, GP23, GP24, GP25, and GP29 are not exposed on
the header, hence we only get a total of 26 GPIO pins. All GPIOs are operating at a 3.3V logic
level. Apart from these pins, Pico w also offers a 3-Pin header for debug interface which is located
near the RP2040 Chip.

Raspberry Pi Pico W Power Supply Pinout:

Raspberry Pi Pico and Pico W include the following power pins:
 VBUS (PIN 40): This pin is connected to the micro-USB port and allows the Pico W to be
powered through. It accepts a voltage range of 4.5V to 5.5V
 Fig:2.10 RASPBERRY PI PICO W PINOUT

 VSYS (PIN 39): Pin for main system input voltage. The input voltage can vary between 1.8V
to 5.5V. This voltage is used by the onboard SMPS to generate 3.3V to power the RP2040
microcontroller and GPIOs.
 3V3_EN (PIN 37): Used to enable the onboard SMPS for 3.3V. It is pulled high to
the VSYS pin using a 100kΩ resistor.
 3V3(OUT) (PIN 36): Outputs a regulated 3.3V voltage that can be used to power external
components such as sensors. The datasheet recommends keeping the maximum load current
from this pin to be under 300mA.
 GND: These pins provide the reference ground for the Pico W and connected devices. There
are 8 GND pins available on the edge pinouts of Pico, all serving the same purpose.
 ADC_VREF (PIN 35): The ADC power supply & reference voltage pin that gets filtered
3.3V from the onboard SMPS.
 AGND (PIN 33): Ground reference pin for ADC.
 RUN (PIN 30): Enable pin for the RP2040 microcontroller. It is internally pulled up to 3.3V.
It can be used to reset the Raspberry Pi Pico.
The VBUS voltage is fed through a Schottky diode to generate VSYS. If the USB port is not used,
you can safely power Pico by connecting VSYS to a DC power source with a supply voltage in the
range of ~1.8V to 5.5V. For example, you can use a single Li-ion battery (~3.7V) or 2/3 AA
batteries in series to power your Pico.
The following debug pins are available in Pico: SWDIO, GND, and SWCLK. Through these pins,
we can access the Serial Wire Debug(SWD) interface in RP2040. Using SWD, we can reset, load,
and run code on our microcontroller. Debug pins can help us find faults in code by executing the
code line by line or by giving us information on the contents of internal registers.
On Raspberry Pi Pico, the debug pins are located towards the bottom of the board. In Pico W, the
debug pins are below the RP2040 microcontroller.
Raspberry Pi Pico W Digital I/O Pinout:
The Pico W board provides 26 General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins that can be accessed using
the header pins. The pins are 3.3V compatible. For input/output voltages that are more than 3.3V,
one can use a logic level converter to shift the voltage to safe levels. The digital pins in Raspberry Pi
Pico W are GPIO0 to GPIO22 and GPIO26 to GPIO28.
All GPIO pins can also be configured as interrupt pins for external input. Refer to our Raspberry Pi
Pico Interrupts Guide to learn more.
Raspberry Pi Pico & Pico W Analog Input/ ADC Pinout:
Besides being digital I/O pins, GPIO26 to GPIO28 can also be used as ADC input pins to sense
analog voltages. The ADC pins can read voltages between 0 V to 3.3 V.
A total of 5 ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) channels are available on the RP2040
microcontroller onboard Pico. An internal temperature sensor is coupled to one of the ADC
channels. Through GPIO26, GPIO27, GPIO28, and GPIO29, respectively, you may access ADC0,
ADC1, ADC2, and ADC3. However, GPIO29 is a special function pin and is not accessible through
the GPIO pads.
The following table shows the GPIOs and the corresponding ADC channels we can access through
the pinout.
Table:2.1 ADC Channel

ADC Channel GPIO

ADC 0 GPIO 26

ADC 1 GPIO 27

ADC 2 GPIO 28

RPi Pico & Pico W PWM Pinout:

The RP2040 in Raspberry Pi Pico has 8 identical slices of PWM block. Each slice can monitor the
frequency or duty cycle of an input signal as well as produce two PWM output signals. So, there are
16 controllable PWM outputs. The PWM block may operate each of the 26 available GPIO pins
onboard the Raspberry Pi Pico.
The pinout diagram below shows how the PWM pins are arranged.

Fig:2.11 RPi Pico & Pico W PWM Pinout

Raspberry Pi Pico SPI Pinout:

The Pico has 2 SPI peripherals with a programmable clock rate and programmable data size. The
two SPI peripherals are named as SPIO & SPI1.
The SPI Pin names can be interpreted as:
 SPI SCK: Pin for clock signal to synchronize serial data.
 SPI RX: SPI pin for transmitting data.
 SPI TX: SPI pin for receiving data.
 SPI CSn: Chip Select signal pin.

Table:2.2 Internal Board Functions in RPi Pico

Pin Function

GPIO23 Controls the on-board SMPS power save pin.

GPIO24 Senses voltage at VBUS pin – high if VBUS is present, else low.

GPIO25 Connected to onboard LED.

GPIO29 Used in ADC mode (ADC3) to measure VSYS/3.

Table:2.3 special function pins in RPi Pico W

 Pin Function

GPIO23 Output(OP) pin for wireless power-on signal.

GPIO24 OP/IP pin for wireless SPI data/IRQ.

OP wireless SPI CS pin – when high it also enables GPIO29 ADC pin
GPIO25
to read VSYS.

GPIO29 OP/IP wireless SPI CLK/ADC mode (ADC3) to measure VSYS/3.

Table:2.4 GPIOs of the Infineon CYW4343 wireless chip onboard Pico W

Pin Function

WL_GPIO0 Connects to the onboard LED.

WL_GPIO1 Controls the on-board SMPS power save pin.

WL_GPIO2 Senses voltage at VBUS pin – high if VBUS is present, else low.

2.5 OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes)

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) is a flat light emitting technology, made by placing a series
of organic thin films between two conductors. When electrical current is applied, a bright light is
emitted. OLEDs are emissive displays that do not require a backlight and so are thinner and more
efficient than LCD displays (which do require a white backlight).
OLED displays are not just thin and efficient - they provide the best image quality ever and they can
also be made transparent, flexible, foldable and even rollable and stretchable in the future. OLEDs
represent the future of display technology!
OLED vs LCD
An OLED display have the following advantages over an LCD display:
 Improved image quality - better contrast, higher brightness, fuller viewing angle, a wider color
range and much faster refresh rates.
 Lower power consumption.
 Simpler design that enables ultra-thin, flexible, foldable and transparent displays
 Better durability - OLEDs are very durable and can operate in a broader temperature range

The future - flexible and transparent OLED displays

As we said, OLEDs can be used to create flexible and transparent displays. This is pretty exciting as
it opens up a whole world of possibilities:
 Curved OLED displays, placed on non-flat surfaces
 Wearable OLEDs
 Foldable OLEDs and rollable OLEDs which can be used to create new mobile devices
 Transparent OLEDs embedded in windows or car windshdields
 And many more we cannot even imagine today...
Flexible OLEDs are already on the market for many years (in smartphones, wearables and other
devices) and since 2019, with the introduction of the Samsung Galaxy Fold, foldable devices are
increasing in popularity. In 2019 LG also announced the world's first rollable OLED - its 65" OLED
R TV that can roll into its base!
An OLED is made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. When electrical
current is applied, a bright light is emitted. Click here for a more detailed view of the OLED
technology.
OLEDs are organic because they are made from carbon and hydrogen. There's no connection to
organic food or farming - although OLEDs are very efficient and do not contain any bad metals - so
it's a real green technology.
OLED is the best display technology - and indeed OLED panels are used today to create the most
stunning TVs ever - with the best image quality combined with the thinnest sets ever. And this is
only the beginning, as in the future OLED will enable large rollable and transparent TVs!
Currently the only company that produces OLED TV panels is LG Display. The Korean display
maker is producing a wide range of OLED TV panels, offering these to LG
Electronics, Panasonic, Sony, Philips and others.
OLED white lighting

OLEDs can be used to create excellent light source. OLEDs offer diffuse area lighting and can be flexible,
efficient, light, thin, transparent, color-tunable and more. OLEDs enable new designs and these devices emit
healthier light compared to CFLs and LED lighting devices.
Specifications
 Use CHIP No.SH1106
 Use 3.3V-5V POWER SUPPLY
 Graphic LCD 1.3” in width with 128x64 Dot Resolution
 White Display is used for the model OLED 1.3 I2C WHITE and blue Display is used for the
model OLED 1.3 I2C BLUE
 Use I2C Interface
 Directly connect signal to Microcontroller 3.3V and 5V without connecting through Voltage
Regulator Circuit
  Total Current when running together is 8 mA - PCB Size: 33.7 mm x 35.5 mm.
2.6 Internet of things (IoT)
Internet of things (IoT), is another advance technology in IT sector, provides internetworking for
numerous of devices such as sensors, actuators, PLCs and other electronic embedded smart devices
and controls, and various software’s’ and provides systems network configuration and connectivity,
which enables communication between these numerous devices for information exchanging.
In 1995, “thing to thing” was coined by BILL GATES. In 1999, IoT (Internet of Things) was come
up by EPC global. IOT interconnects human to thing, thing to thing and human to human. The goal
of IoT is bring out a huge network by combining different types connected devices. IoT targets three
aspects Communication, automation, cost saving in a system. IOT empowers people to carry out
routine activities using internet and thus saves time and cost making them more productive. IOT
enables the objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network model. IOT in
environmental monitoring helps to know about the air and water quality, temperature and conditions
of the soil, and also monitor the intrusion of animals in to the field. IOT can also play a significant
role in precision farming to enhance the productivity of the farm.
Recent advancements, such as the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), the
cloud computing model, and cyber-physical systems, provide support for the
transmission and management of huge amounts of data regarding the trends
observed in environmental parameters. In this context, the current work
presents three different IoT-based wireless sensors
for environmental and ambient monitoring: one employing User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)-based Wi-Fi communication, one communicating through Wi-Fi
and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and a third one using Bluetooth Smart.
All of the presented systems provide the possibility of recording data at remote
locations and of visualizing them from every device with an Internet connection,
enabling the monitoring of geographically large areas. The development details
of these systems are described, along with the major differences and
similarities between them. The feasibility of the three developed systems for
implementing monitoring applications, taking into account their energy
autonomy, ease of use, solution complexity, and Internet connectivity facility,
was analysed, and revealed that they make good candidates for IoT-based
solutions.
Nowadays, IoT is one of the most advanced, efficient, and cost less technological solution which
encompasses various hardware and software resources; and allows remotely connected sensing
devices to sense with more capabilities, provides efficiency and can be monitored and controlled
through deployed of existing systems or infrastructures, resulting the physical World integration
with computer controllers (or systems).

As IoT provides interconnectivity among various real-time sensing sensors and PLC and other
intelligent devices, therefore this technology will be an entity indicated for the more advance cyber-
systems encircling the significant developments, “such as smart grid, smart vehicle systems, smart
medical systems, smart cities, and others smart systems.” In early future, IoT has striven to provide
advance or smart connectivity for variety of electronic and intelligent equipment’s or devices, IT-
based systems and the more advanced services through deploying of various traditional and real-time
protocols, networks domains, and system software/hardware applications, which will be an work
followed by machine-to-machine technological concept.

Through interconnection of various devices and managing of the internet of things (IoT) is the
network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these
objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things
(IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the infrastructure of the information society. The IoT allows objects to
be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for
more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.

When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more
general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart
grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable
through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects
by 2020.

IoT is a system defines an environment that encompasses numerous of objects; sensors that
connected with these objects are accessible over the Internet through employing of various
Networks connections, such wired or wireless. IoT can be able to carry information from various
embedded sensors attached with the physical World, human and any inanimate object, and then
transmit them to a system for further analyses. In early future, IoT will be able to connect almost
components or parts of industrial infrastructures, smart medical tele monitoring systems, and smart
transportation systems; and will provide the information sharing facilities in order to make systems
and peoples always updated.
What is the internet of things (IoT)?
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability
to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with
a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is
low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address
and is able to transfer data over a network.
Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently, better
understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and increase
the value of the business.
How does IoT work?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway
or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they
get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people
can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices
largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data
collecting processes easier and more dynamic.
Why is IoT important?
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into
everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and
improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well as
offering transparency into customer transactions.
As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will continue to pick
up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them competitive.
What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?
The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-specific,
and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of IoT enable
businesses to:
 monitor their overall business processes;
 improve the customer experience (CX);
 save time and money;
 enhance employee productivity;
 integrate and adapt business models;
 make better business decisions; and
 generate more revenue.
IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives them the
tools to improve their business strategies.
Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making
use of sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has also found use cases for organizations within
the agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading some organizations
toward digital transformation.
IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall,
humidity, temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that would help automate farming
techniques.
The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT can help with.
Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within structural buildings, bridges
and other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such as cost saving, saved time, quality-of-life
workflow changes and paperless workflow.
A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and manipulate mechanical and electrical
systems in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce waste and energy
consumption.
IoT touches every industry, including businesses within healthcare, finance, retail and
manufacturing.
What are the pros and cons of IoT?
Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:
 ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;
 improved communication between connected electronic devices;
 transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and
 automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the
need for human intervention.
Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:
  As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between
devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of
IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
 If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
 Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
IoT standards and frameworks
There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:
 IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open standard
defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standard enables any
low-power radio to communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE) and Z-Wave (for home automation).
 ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in industrial settings.
ZigBee is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4
standard. The ZigBee Alliance created Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables
smart objects to work securely on any network and understand each other.
 LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS supports
smartphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing applications, smart homes and the internet
of vehicles (IoV). The OS also serves as a smart device development platform.
 OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be embedded in software and
hardware to connect devices. The global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to
develop reusable standards to enable IoT applications across different verticals to
communicate.
 Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management Group (OMG)
and is an IoT standard for real-time, scalable and high-performance M2M communication.
 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for
asynchronous messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable messaging
between organizations and applications. The protocol is used in client-server messaging and
in IoT device management.
 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies
how low-power, compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things.
 Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs designed to
support huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.
IoT frameworks include the following:
  Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT is a cloud computing platform for IoT released by
Amazon. This framework is designed to enable smart devices to easily connect and securely
interact with the AWS cloud and other connected devices.
 Arm Mbed IoT is a platform to develop apps for IoT based on Arm microcontrollers. The
goal of the Arm Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure
environment for IoT devices by integrating Mbed tools and services.
 Microsoft's Azure IoT Suite is a platform that consists of a set of services that enables users
to interact with and receive data from their IoT devices, as well as perform various operations
over data, such as multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation, and visualize
those operations in a way that's suitable for business.
 Google's Brillo/Weave is a platform for the rapid implementation of IoT applications. The
platform consists of two main backbones: Brillo, an Android-based OS for the development
of embedded low-power devices, and Weave, an IoT-oriented communication protocol that
serves as the communication language between the device and the cloud.
 Calvin is an open source IoT platform released by Ericsson designed for building and
managing distributed applications that enable devices to talk to each other. Calvin includes a
development framework for application developers, as well as a runtime environment for
handling the running application.
Consumer and enterprise IoT applications
There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from consumer IoT and
enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT applications span numerous verticals,
including automotive, telecom and energy.
In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats, smart
appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely via
computers and smartphones.
Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending messages to
other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more comfortable.
Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example, improving first responders' response
times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction
workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.
In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more closely using
an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as
inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.
Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce energy costs using sensors that detect how many occupants
are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically -- for example, turning the air conditioner
on if sensors detect a conference room is full or turning the heat down if everyone in the office has
gone home.
In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light, temperature,
humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is also instrumental in
automating irrigation systems.In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart
streetlights and smart meters, can help alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address
environmental concerns, and improve sanitation.
IoT security and privacy issues
The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of billions of
data points, all of which need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT
privacy are cited as major concerns.
In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet that infiltrated domain
name server provider Dyn and took down many websites for an extended period of time in one of the
biggest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers gained access to the
network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.
Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one vulnerability to
manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices
regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.
Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal information, including names,
ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts -- information that's invaluable to
hackers.
Hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern for IoT
users. For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use those
devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.
Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity,
transportation and financial services.
2.7 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MODULE
RF TRANSMITTER
The function of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter is to modulate, up convert, and amplify signals
for transmission into free space. An RF transmitter generally includes a modulator that modulates an
input signal and a radio frequency power amplifier that is coupled to the modulator to amplify the
modulated input signal. The radio frequency power amplifier is coupled to an antenna that transmits
the amplified modulated input signal. The RF transmitter used in our project is TWS-434A. This RF
transmitter transmits data in the frequency range of 433.92 MHz with a range of approximately 400
foot (open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately 200 foot, and will go through most
walls. TWS-434A has features which includes small in size, low power consumption i.e. 8mW and
operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts- DC, excellent for applications requiring short-range RF signal. Data to
be send is Amplitude modulation with the carrier RF signal.
Pin Description of Transmitter
 Pin 1: Ground (0v)
 Pin2: Input pin for data from encoder
 Pin3: Supply (+5v)
 Pin 4: Pin for external RF antenna

Fig:2.12 RF TRANSMITTER

RF RECEIVER

The RF receiver receives an RF signal, converts the RF signal to an IF signal, and then converts the
IF signal to a base band signal, which it then provides to the base band processor. As is also known,
RF transceivers typically include sensitive components susceptible to noise and interference with
one another and with external sources. The RF receiver is coupled to the antenna and includes a low
noise amplifier, one or more intermediate frequency stages, a filtering stage, and a data recovery
stage. The low noise amplifier receives an inbound RF signal via the antenna and amplifies it. The
RF receiver used is RWS-434. This RF receiver receives RF signal which is in the frequency of
434.92 MHz and has a sensitivity of 3uV. The RWS- 434 receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC,
and has both linear and digital outputs and its tunable to match the frequency of the transmitter unit.

Fig:2.13 RF RECEIVER
Pin Description of Receiver
 Pin1: Ground (0v)
 Pin2: Output Pin For Digital Data Recieved
 Pin 3: Output Pin For Analog Data Recieved
 Pin4: Supply (+5v)
 Pin5: Supply (+5v)
 Pin6: Ground (0v)
 Pin7: Ground (0v)
 Pin 8: Pin For External RF Antenna
ENCODER
An encoder can be a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a code. The
code serves any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or
storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to
another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital,
while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. Encoder used here is HT 12E. The HT12E
encoder is a CMOS IC It is capable of encoding 8 bits of address (A0-A7) and 4- bits of data (AD8-
AD11) information. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states, 0 or 1.
Grounding the pins is taken as a 0 while a high can be given by giving +5V or leaving the pins open
(no connection). Upon reception of transmit enable (TE-active low), the programmed address/data
are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF medium.

Fig:2.14 RF ENCODER IC
DECODER
A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the
original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in
order to decode. In digital electronics this would mean that a decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-
output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs. Enable inputs must be on for the
decoder to function, otherwise its outputs assume a single "disabled" output code word. Decoding is
necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address
decoding. The decoder used here is HT 12D. The HT12D is a decoder IC made especially to pair
with the HT 12E encoder. It is a CMOS IC. The decoder is capable of decoding 8 bits of address and
4 bits of data (AD8 - AD11) information. For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the
same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses
and data from programmed encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR
transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local
addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then
transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The
decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and 12_N bits of
data. Of this series, the HT 12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits.

Fig:2.15 RF Decoder IC

RF Advantages:

 Not line of sight

 Not blocked by common materials: can penetrate most solids and pass through walls
 Longer range
 Not light sensitive
 Not as sensitive to weather/environmental conditions
RF Disadvantages:
  Interference: communication devices using similar frequencies - wireless
phones, scanners, wrist radios and personal locators can interfere with
transmission
 Lack of security: easier to "eavesdrop" on transmissions since signals are
spread out in space rather than confined to a wire
 Higher cost than infrared
 Federal Communications Commission(FCC) licenses required for some
products
 Lower speed: data rate transmission is lower than wired and infrared
transmission

2.8 PASSIVE INFRA-RED SENSOR

Introduction
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIR-
based motion detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature,
such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall.
All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is
invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but
merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. “Infra” meaning below our ability to detect it
visually, and “Red” because this color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense
before it becomes invisible. Thus, infrared means below the energy level of the color red, and
applies to many sources of invisible energy.
Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the sensor face. At the core of a
PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from an approximately 1/4 inch square of
natural or artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in the form of a thin film, out of gallium nitride
(GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and
cobaltphthalocyanine. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectric and
pyroelectric properties.
The sensor is often manufactured as part of an integrated circuit and may consist of one (1), two (2)
or four (4) 'pixels' of equal areas of the pyroelectric material. Pairs of the sensor pixels may be wired
as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel
each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal;
an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger the device.
This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed to flashes of
light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous bright light could still saturate the sensor materials and
render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential
arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to
nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in that
configuration and therefore this configuration is specialized for motion detectors.
PIR Sensor

This PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor is a pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring
changes in the infrared (heat) levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be detected by
checking for a sudden change in the surrounding IR patterns. When motion is detected the PIR
sensor outputs a high signal on its output pin. This logic signal can be read by a microcontroller or
used to drive a transistor to switch a higher current load.

Figure: 5.2.1 PIR Sensor Module\

Features
Detection range up to 20 feet away Single bit output Jumper selects single or continuous
trigger output mode 3-pin SIP header ready for breadboard or through hole. Product size makes it
easy to conceal Compatible with BASIC Stamp, Propeller, and many other microcontrollers.

Key Specifications
 Power requirements: 3.3 to 5 VDC; >3 mA (may vary)
 Communication: Single bit high/low output
 Operating temperature: 32 to 122 °F (0 to 50 °C)
 Dimensions: 1.27 x 0.96 x 1.0 in (32.2 x 24.3 x 25.4 mm)

Theory of Operation
Pyroelectric devices, such as the PIR sensor, have elements made of a crystalline material
that generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation. The changes in the amount of
infrared striking the element change the voltages generated, which are measured by an on-board
amplifier. The device contains a special filter called a Fresnel lens, which focuses the infrared
signals onto the element. As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly, the on-board amplifier trips
the output to indicate motion.
PIR pin definition and ratings:

Table:2.5 Pin configuration of PIR Sensor

2.9 VIBRATION SENSOR

Sensor is mounted at the bottom of the unit. The unit should be fixed with the vibrating body
firmly the sensitivity is adjusted for the required vibration/ shock is detected the output goes low and
the delay is provided for proper operation vibrating frequency and amplitude can be detected.

SPEC:
Supply- DC +2v ripple free
Output current-PNP 100ma
Analog o/p- 10ma
Sensors available to detect the flame / fire smoke flow level speed position Temp Bio medical
application.
Special sensor can be developed against specific requirement.

Fig:2.16 Vibration Sensor

 Rd- 12v
 BK- 0v
 Gr- switch output
 Y1- analog output vibration
2.10 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensors are industrial control devices that use sound waves above 20,000 Hz, beyond the
range of human hearing, to measure and calculate distance from the sensor to a specified target
object.

Features of ultrasonic sensors:

 Devices with TEACH-IN functionality for fast and simple installation
 ULTRA 3000 software for improved adaptation of sensors to applications
 Adjustable sensitivity to the sound beam width for optimized adjustment of the sensor
characteristics according to the application
 Temperature compensation - compensates for sound velocity due to varying air temperatures
 Synchronization input to prevent cross-talk interference when sensors are mounted within
close proximity of each other
 Sensors with digital and/ or analog outputs
Description:
Ultrasonic sensors use electrical energy and a ceramic transducer to emit and receive mechanical
energy in the form of sound waves. Sound waves are essentially pressure waves that travel through
solids, liquids and gases and can be used in industrial applications to measure distance or detect the
presence or absence of targets
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive) work on a principle
similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or
sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the
echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the
signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.
This technology can be used for measuring: wind speed and direction (anemometer), fullness of a
tank, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction a device uses multiple
detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To
measure the amount of liquid in a tank, the sensor measures the distance to the surface of the fluid.
Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar alarms, and non-
destructive testing.
 Fig:2.17 Block Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor
Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above
20,000 hertz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound
waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed.
The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of the
material. For example foam on the surface of a fluid in a tank could distort a reading.

Transducers
Sound field of a non focusing 4MHz ultrasonic transducer with a near field length of N=67mm in
water. The plot shows the sound pressure at a logarithmic db-scale. Sound pressure field of the same
ultrasonic transducer (4MHz, N=67mm) with the transducer surface having a spherical curvature
with the curvature radius R=30mm
An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound, or sound waves above the
normal range of human hearing. While technically a dog whistle is an ultrasonic transducer that
converts mechanical energy in the form of air pressure into ultrasonic sound waves, the term is more
apt to be used to refer to piezoelectric transducers that convert electrical energy into sound.
Piezoelectric crystals have the property of changing size when a voltage is applied, thus applying an
alternating current (AC) across them causes them to oscillate at very high frequencies, thus
producing very high frequency sound waves.
The location, at which a transducer focuses the sound, can be determined by the active transducer
area and shape, the ultrasound frequency and the sound velocity of the propagation medium.
The example shows the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in water.
This ultrasonic rangefinder can measure distances up to 2.5 meters at accuracy of 1 centi- meter.
Working
The sensor has a ceramic transducer that vibrates when electrical energy is applied to it. The
vibrations compress and expand air molecules in waves from the sensor face to a target object. A
transducer both transmits and receives sound. The ultrasonic sensor will measure distance by
emitting a sound wave and then "listening" for a set period of time, allowing for the return echo of
the sound wave bouncing off the target, before retransmitting.
Microcontroller and the ultrasonic transducer module HC-SR04 forms the basis of this circuit. The
ultrasonic module sends a signal to the object, then picks up its echo and outputs a wave form whose
time period is proportional to the distance. The microcontroller accepts this signal, performs
necessary processing and displays the corresponding distance on the 3 digit seven segment display.
This circuit finds a lot of application in projects like automotive parking sensors, obstacle warning
systems, terrain monitoring robots, industrial distance measurements etc.
It has a resolution of 0.3cm and the ranging distance is from 2cm to 500cm. It operates from a 5V
DC supply and the standby current is less than 2mA. The module transmits an ultrasonic signal,
picks up its echo, measures the time elapsed between the two events and outputs a waveform whose
high time is modulated by the measured time which is proportional to the distance.
The supporting circuits fabricated on the module makes it almost stand alone and what the
programmer need to do is to send a trigger signal to it for initiating transmission and receive the
echo signal from it for distance calculation.
The HR-SR04 has four pins namely Vcc, Trigger, Echo, GND and they are explained in detail
below.

Fig2.18 Pin Description and View of Ultrasonic Sensor

 VCC : 5V DC supply voltage is connected to this pin.

 Trigger: The trigger signal for starting the transmission is given to this pin. The trigger
signal must be a pulse with 10uS high time. When the module receives a valid trigger signal
it issues 8 pulses of 40KHz ultrasonic sound from the transmitter. The echo of this sound is
picked by the receiver.
 Echo: At this pin, the module outputs a waveform with high time proportional to the
distance.
 GND: Ground is connected to this pin.
The transmitter part of the circuit is build around IC1(NE 555).The IC1 is wired as an astable multi
vibrator operating at 40KHz.The output of IC1 is amplifier the complementary pair of transistors
( Q1 & Q2) and transmitted by the ultrasonic transmitter K1.The push button switch S1 is used the
activate the transmitter.
The receiver uses an ultrasonic sensor transducer (K2) to sense the ultrasonic signals. When an
ultrasonic signal is falling on the sensor, it produces a proportional voltage signal at its output. This
weak signal is amplified by the two stage amplifier circuit comprising of transistors Q3 and Q4.The
output of the amplifier is rectified by the diodes D3 & D4.The rectified signal is given to the
inverting input of the opamp which is wired as a comparator. Whenever there is an ultrasonic signal
falling on the receiver, the output of the comparator activates the transistors Q5 & Q6 to drive the
relay. In this way the load connected via the relay can be switched. The diode D5 is used as a free-
wheeling diode.

Detectors
Since piezoelectric crystal generate a voltage when force is applied to them, the same crystal can be
used as an ultrasonic detector. Some systems use separate transmitter and receiver components while
others combine both in a single piezoelectric transceiver.
Alternative methods for creating and detecting ultrasound include magnetostriction and capacitive
actuation.

Application
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves rather than light, making them ideal for stable detection of
uneven surfaces, liquids, clear objects, and objects in dirty environments. These sensors work well
for applications that require precise measurements between stationary and moving objects.
Ultrasonic sensor provides a very low-cost and easy method of distance measurement. This sensor is
perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform measurements between moving or
stationary objects. Naturally, robotics applications are very popular but it is also find in product
which is useful in security systems or as an infrared replacement if so desired.
Use in medicine
Medical ultrasonic transducers (probes) come in a variety of different shapes and sizes for use in
making pictures of different parts of the body. The transducer may be passed over the surface of the
body or inserted into an body opening such as the rectum or vagina. Clinicians who perform
ultrasound-guided procedures often use a probe positioning system to hold the ultrasonic transducer.
Use in industry
Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the presence of targets and to measure the distance to targets in
many automated factories and process plants. Sensors with an on or off digital output are available
for detecting the presence of objects, and sensors with an analog output which varies proportionally
to the sensor to target separation distance are commercially available.
Other types of transducers are used in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning devices. An
ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with a solvent (frequently water
or isopropanol) and a square wave is applied to it, imparting vibrational energy on the liquid.
Application In Industries
 Measurement of dynamically changing diameters
 Measurement of dynamically changing distances
 Measurement of dynamically changing heights
 Measurement of dynamically changing depths
 Counting number of units.
2.11 ULN2003:-
The ULN2003 is a monolithic IC consists of seven NPN darlington transistor pairs with high voltage
and current capability. It is commonly used for applications such as relay drivers, motor, display
drivers, led lamp drivers, logic buffers, line drivers, hammer drivers and other high voltage current
applications. It consists of common cathode clamp diodes for each NPN darlington pair which
makes this driver IC useful for switching inductive loads.

The output of the driver is open collector and the collector current rating of each darlington pair is
500mA. Darlington pairs may be paralleled if higher current is required. The driver IC also consists
of a 2.7KΩ base resistor for each darlington pair. Thus each darlington pair can be operated directly
with TTL or 5V CMOS devices. This driver IC can be used for high voltage applications up to 50V.

Fig:2.19 Logic Diagram of ULN2003

Note that the driver provides open collector output, so it can only sink current, cannot source. Thus
when a 5V is given to 1B terminal, 1C terminal will be connected to ground via darlington pair and
the maximum current that it can handle is 500A. From the above logic diagram we can see that
cathode of protection diodes are shorted to 9th pin called COM. So for driving inductive loads, it
must connect to the supply voltage.
ULN2003 is widely used in relay driving and stepper motor driving applications.
FEATURES

 500mA rated collector current (Single output)

 High-voltage outputs: 50V
 Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
 Relay driver application
2.12 RELAY
INTRODUCTION
A relay is an electromechanical switch, which perform ON and OFF operations without any human
interaction. General representation of double contact relay is shown in fig. Relays are used where
it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

Fig:2.20Relay
History
The first relay was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. The name relay derives from the French noun
relays’ that indicates the horse exchange place of the postman. Generally a relay is an electrical
hardware device having an input and output gate. The output gate consists in one or more electrical
contacts that switch when the input gate is electrically excited. It can implement a decoupled, a
router or breaker for the electrical power, a negation, and, on the base of the wiring, complicated
logical functions containing and, or, and flip-flop. In the past relays had a wide use, for instance the
telephone switching or the railway routing and crossing systems. In spite of electronic progresses (as
programmable devices), relays are still used in applications where ruggedness, simplicity, long life
and high reliability are important factors (for instance in safety applications)
Working
Generally, the relay consists a inductor coil, a spring (not shown in the figure), Swing terminal, and
two high power contacts named as normally closed (NC) and normally opened (NO). Relay uses an
Electromagnet to move swing terminal between two contacts (NO and NC). When there is no power
applied to the inductor coil (Relay is OFF), the spring holds the swing terminal is attached to NC
contact.
Whenever required power is applied to the inductor coil, the current flowing through the coil
generates a magnetic field which is helpful to move the swing terminal and attached it to the
normally open (NO) contact. Again when power is OFF, the spring restores the swing terminal
position to NC.

Fig:2.21 Representation of Relay

Advantage of relay:
A relay takes small power to turn ON, but it can control high power devices to switch ON and OFF.
Consider an example; a relay is used to control the ceiling FAN at our home. The ceiling FAN may
runs at 230V AC and draws a current maximum of 4A. Therefore the power required is 4X230 = 920
watts. Off course we can control AC, lights, etc., depend up on the relay ratings. Relays can be used
to control DC motors in ROBOTICs.
2.13 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, house
hold appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows.
It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that
determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a
light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or
intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical
system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing
noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a
sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a
circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit
up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric
sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to “driver”
circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.
In game shows it is also known as a “lockout system,” because when one person signals (“buzzes
in”), all others are locked out from signalling. Several game shows have large buzzer buttons which
are identified as “plungers”.

Fig:2.22 Buzzer
USES
 Annunciator panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game shows
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games
 Electrical alarms
 CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 THE ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment

Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
3.2 WRITING SKETCHES
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in
the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.
The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives
feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by
the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information
The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open
the serial monitor.
NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. It is
possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be prompted to save the sketch with the .ino
extension on save.

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.
Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can hold down the
"shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text will change to "Upload
using Programmer"
New
Creates a new sketch.
 Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will open it within
the current window overwriting its content.
Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a sketch late in
the list, use the File | Sketchbookmenu instead.
Save
Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.
Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus
are context sensitive, which means only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out
are available.
3.3 FILE
 New
Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketch already in place.
 Open
Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.
 Open Recent
Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.

 Sketchbook
Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; clicking on any name opens the
corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
 Examples
Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up in this menu item. All the
examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access by topic or library.
 Close
Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
 Save
Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a name will be provided
in a "Save as.." window.
 Save as...
Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.
 Page Setup
It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
 Print
Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page Setup.
 Preferences
Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be customized, as the language
of the IDE interface.
 Quit
Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will be automatically
reopened the next time you start the IDE.
3.4 EDIT
 Undo/Redo
Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you may go forward with
Redo.
 Cut
Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy
Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy for Forum
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for posting to the forum, complete
with syntax coloring.
 Copy as HTML
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML, suitable for embedding in web pages.
 Paste
Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
 Select All
Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
 Comment/Uncomment
Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.
 In-crease/Decrease Indent
Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected line, moving the text one space on the
right or eliminating a space at the beginning.
 Find
Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside the current sketch
according to several options.
 Find Next
Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item in the Find
window, relative to the cursor position.
 Find Previous
Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item in the Find
window relative to the cursor position.
3.5 SKETCH
 Verify/Compile
Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code and variables in the
console area.

 Upload
Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the configured Port.

 Upload Using Programmer

This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need to use Tools > Burn Bootloader to
restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again. However, it allows you to use the full
capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note that this command will NOT burn the
fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn Bootloader command must be executed.
 Export Compiled Binary
Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other tools.
 Show Sketch Folder
Opens the current sketch folder.
 Include Library
Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of your code. For more
details, see libraries below. Additionally, from this menu item you can access the Library Manager
and import new libraries from .zip files.
 Add File...
Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The new file appears in a
new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from the sketch using the tab menu accessible
clicking on the small triangle icon below the serial monitor one on the right side o the toolbar.
3.5.1 TOOLS
 Auto Format
This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly braces line up, and
that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.
 Archive Sketch
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the same directory as
the sketch.
 Fix Encoding & Reload
Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and other operating systems char
maps.
 Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with any connected board on the
currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if the board supports Reset over serial port
opening.
 Board
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various boards.
 Port
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It should automatically
refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
 Programmer
For selecting a harware programmer when programming a board or chip and not using the onboard
USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if you're burning a bootloader to a new
microcontroller, you will use this.
 Burn Bootloader
The items in this menu allow you to burn a bootloader onto the microcontroller on an Arduino board.
This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino board but is useful if you purchase a
new ATmega microcontroller (which normally come without a bootloader). Ensure that you've
selected the correct board from the Boards menu before burning the bootloader on the target board.
This command also set the right fuses.
Help
Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino Software (IDE).
You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the IDE and other documents locally,
without an internet connection. The documents are a local copy of the online ones and may link back
to our online website.
 Find in Reference
This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the relevant page in the
local copy of the Reference for the function or command under the cursor.
3.5.2 SKETCHBOOK
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your
programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File
>Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino
software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change the
location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.
Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous versions use the .pde
extension. You may still open .pde named files in version 1.0 and later, the software will
automatically rename the extension to .ino.
Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation
Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in its own tab).
These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C files (.c extension), C++ files
(.cpp), or header files (.h).
3.5.3 UPLOADING
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools > Board and Tools
> Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the serial port is probably something
like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a
Duemilanove or earlier USB board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected
with a Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial
board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial
device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should
be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct serial port and board,
press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current
Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that
lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before starting the upload. On
most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software
(IDE) will display a message when the upload is complete, or show an error.
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been
loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any
additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts
whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the
on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
3.5.4 LIBRARIES
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or manipulating
data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert
one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with your sketch.
Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it
takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library, simply delete its #includestatements from the top of
your code.
There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino software.
Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library Manager. Starting with
version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See
these instructions for installing a third-party library.
To write your own library, see this tutorial.
Third-Party Hardware
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your sketchbook
directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions (which appear in the board menu),
core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer definitions. To install, create the hardware directory,
then unzip the third-party platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-
directory name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete its
directory.
For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE 1.5 3rd party
Hardware specification.
3.6 SERIAL MONITOR
Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or serial board). To send
data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose the baud rate from
the drop-down that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows,
Mac or Linux, the Arduino or Genuino board will reset (rerun your sketch execution to the
beginning) when you connect with the serial monitor.
You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see the interfacing page for
details).
3.7 PREFERENCES
Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under the Arduino menu on the Mac,
or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be found in the preferences file, whose location is
shown in the preference dialog.
LANGUAGE SUPPORT

Since version 1.0.1, the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+ different languages. By
default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your operating system. (Note: on Windows and
possibly Linux, this is determined by the locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not
by the language the operating system is displayed in.)
If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software (IDE) and open
the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a dropdown menu of currently
supported languages. Select your preferred language from the menu, and restart the software to use
the selected language. If your operating system language is not supported, the Arduino Software
(IDE) will default to English.
You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based on your operating
system by selecting System Default from the Editor Language drop-down. This setting will take
effect when you restart the Arduino Software (IDE). Similarly, after changing your operating
system's settings, you must restart the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default
language.
3.8 BOARDS
The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and baud rate) used when
compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and fuse settings used by the burn bootloader
command. Some of the board definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading
successfully with a particular selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader. You
can find a comparison table between the various boards here.
Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the following list, all based on
the AVR Core. The Boards Manager included in the standard installation allows to add support for
the growing number of new boards based on different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero,
Edison, Galileo and so on.
 CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATIONS
 CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION AND DESIGN
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it. Presence of
every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working of
the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs with the help of growing technology, the project has
been successfully implemented. Thus, the project has been successfully designed and tested.
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] www.electronicsforu.com
[2] International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology[IRJET]
[3] International general of Computer applications March 2015
[4] International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
[5] www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 Journal , Volume 5 , Issue 10, October2015)
[6] TEXAS’S Linear IC’s Manual
[7] SIGNETICS Digital IC’s Manual