Purposive Communication -expressive level usually show their real feelings and

emotions through facial

expressions, tone of voice, or language use.
Lesson 2: Local and Global
Communication in Multicultural Settings -less expressive ones tend to either hide their
feelings or exert some effort for these feelings not to
show.
COMMUNICATION STYLES IN VARIOUS
MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS The combination of these levels result to the basic
communication styles:
-each person has a unique style of communicating
-his/her linguistic ability but also on his/her cultural Spirited = High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
and social context
Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low
-Some are outspoken; some are more quiet yet on Assertiveness
point. Some always seem formal
Direct = Low Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
Communication style
​ refers to the choices people make and the Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low
strategies or tools they use in the process of Assertiveness
communication.
​ A style may sometimes depend on the VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND
demands of the communicative situation, as well as WRITTEN LANGUAGE
on the needs and requirements of the target
Also called “lects”, these refer to the different variants
recipients of the information.
of language, delimited from one another in terms of
social, historical, or Geo-spatial factors, thus forming
Communication Styles Matrix language clusters.
by Dr. Eileen M. Russo
a. Pidgin- refers to a new language that develops into
situations where speakers of different languages need
to communicate but do not share a common language.
Examples are Chavacano in the Philippines and
Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu.

b. Creole. It is a pidgin that becomes the first

language of the children, or the mother tongue of a
certain community. Examples are the Gullah and the
Patwa, is a creole in
Jamaica.

c. Regional Dialect. It is not a language that is not

distinct from a national language, but
rather a variety of a language spoken in a particular
area of a country. Examples are as
Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon in the
Philippines.

d. Minority Dialect. This is a variety used as a marker

of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by the
members of a particular minority ethnic group.
-assertive communication level tend to tell or instruct Examples Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines
others what to do and sometimes even how to do it and the London-Jamaican variety in
Britain.
-less assertive styles usually tend to be
on the receiving end, often asking for guidance, e. Indigenized Varieties. These are spoken mainly as
instructions or directions. second languages in former colonies
with multilingual populations. A classic example is
Singlish (or Singaporean English).
Language Registers

​ A language register is characterized by the

way a speaker uses language differently in different
social circumstances.
​ These are determined by such factors as
social atmosphere, purpose of communication,
audience, and the general context of the discourse.

Generally, language registers can be classified as:

a. Formal. These registers are used in professional,

academic, or legal settings where communication is
expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and
restrained to specific rules. Slang is never used and
contractions are rare. Examples: used in research
paper, government documents, business letters, and
in business presentations.

b. Casual. These registers are used when

communicating with friends, close acquaintances,
colleagues, and family members. These are used in
birthday parties or family
gatherings.

c. Intimate. These registers are reserved for special

occasions, usually between only two people and often
in private. Examples are an inside joke between two
high school friends or sweet nothings whispered to
your “special someone.”

d. Frozen. It refers to historic language that is

intended to remain unchanged. Examples are the
registers used in the Philippine Constitution and the
Holy Bible.

e. Consultative. It is used in conversations when

people are speaking with someone who has
specialized knowledge or is offering advice. Tone is
often respectful, such as the use of honorifics or
courtesy titles. Examples are registers used in local
television broadcast or in a conversation with a doctor
during medical examination.

Improving one’s Ability in Communicating in a

Multicultural Setting

●​ Refrain from forming expectations based

solely on your culture.
●​ Remove personal biases or any stereotype
that may impede understanding.
●​ Make a personal commitment to develop
communication skills appropriate in
multicultural settings.
Lesson 3: Evaluating Messages and Lesson 4: The Rise of New Media and
Images of Different Text Types Technology Aids in Communication
World Englishes SOCIAL MEDIA USE
●​ Social media has undoubtedly altered the
​ regionally distinct varieties of English that
world operates.
have arisen in parts of the world
●​ Changed the way people relate and
​ where there is a long and often colonial communicate with each other in the social,
history of English being used in education, economic, and political
commerce and government.
​ Emergence of technologies that enable
Examples of World Englishes are Indian English, modern communication (that is, FAST,
West African English, Singapore English, and CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE communication).
Filipino English.
●​ These include computers, laptops, and
Multimodality smart phones, among others.
​ fairly new concept in the general academic ●​ A unique manifestation of how quickly and
setting, but can be a very powerful tool in light of drastically patterns of social behaviors
digital and multicultural communication. change.
​ A text or output is considered Responsible Use of Social Media
multimodal if it uses two or more communication ​ There are some practices for engaging in
modes to make meaning. responsible social media use and best practices for
social site etiquette.
-semiotic resources (language, gestures, images) Social Responsibility
various modalities (visual, aural,
somatic, etc.). 1. The Golden Rule of treating others how you
want to be treated is a good practice.
A multimodal text can either be one of the following: 2. Do not turn to social media as a way to
harass, demean, or bully someone else.
 Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)
3. Keep in mind that anything can possibly be seen
 Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages,
by anyone at any time. Pause before you post,
social media, animation, film, video games
think before you click.
 Live (performance or an event)
4. Maintaining good friendships or future job
 Transmedia (A story is told using multiple prospects, be responsible in what you post and
delivery channels through a combination of how it could affect your reputation. Employers
platforms, such as comics, film, and video games all now check up on job candidates' social media
working as part of the same story with the same accounts for evidence of bad behavior.
message.)
In creating a multimodal text, the Purpose,
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THE NEW MEDIA
Audience, Context must all be considered.
New media
refer to highly interactive digital technology. These
Purpose, the creator of the text must be clear on
are very easily processed, stored, transformed,
the message and the reason(s) why the message
retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and accessed.
has to be delivered.
Generally, these can be classified as:
Audience, the nature, interests and sensitivities of
the target audience must be considered so the text Blogs, Social media, Online newspaper, Virtual
will not be offensive and hurt people’s sensibilities. reality, Computer games
Context, the message should be clearly delivered
through various semiotic resources, and in
consideration of the various situations where how
the text will be read by different people having
different cultural backgrounds.
Language in new media
is sometimes referred to as Computer-mediated CMC is Interpersonal
communication (CMC), though it may also be ​ it is relationship-focused rather than
subject-oriented. This can be explained by the number
called any of the following:
of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and the number
●​ Netspeak
of individuals a person engages simultaneously.
●​ Computer-mediated discourse
●​ Digital discourse The interpersonal nature of CMC is characterized by
●​ Electronic discourse the following:
●​ e-communication ●​ Turn-taking
●​ Digitally mediated communication ●​ Topic development
●​ Keyboard-to-screen communication ●​ Back-channels
●​ Repairs
Internet
CMC is Spontaneous.
is the largest area of language development we
​ It is usually unplanned, unstructured, and
have seen in our lifetimes. -inevitable expansion.
sometimes impulsive.
Digital discourse illuminates social and cultural ​ This spontaneity also gave rise to Net
processes, which is under the domain of Neologisms through Lexical Creativity, such as the use
sociocultural linguistics. of
“b4n” and “f2f”, such terms as trolls, meme,
The primary concern is not with abstract, hashtag, and meh.
grammatical linguistics, but rather the everyday These can be described as mediatized stylization and
functions and uses of language. popular representation.

CMC is Dialogical
This type of discourse or computer-mediated
​ It carries expectation of continuous
communication can be described as:
exchange.
●​ Vernacular ​ This is why most media platforms have a
●​ Interpersonal “Reply” or “Comment” option, while some have a
●​ Spontaneous “Leave a comment” button, to ensure continuous
●​ Dialogical interaction.
​ The English language in the New Media is
CMC is Vernacular ◦​ Brief
​ which means it uses language that is
common to people regardless of age, social class, ◦​ Multimodal
gender, or race
◦​ Ideological
Examples
●​ Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae)
Ideologically-motivated.
●​ Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd) ​ New media is inherently ideological, especially
●​ Emoticons/ Emojis in terms of their political-economies of access and
●​ Expressive Punctuations control.
o Hello? VS Hello?!?
o No. VS No? VS No!!!
Language use
o <3 ; </3 ​ is not simply a way of communicating, but a
o :-) ;) powerful resource for representing (or manipulating)
its users, especially the young people – so-called
Misspellings / Respellings
“digital natives”.
Respelling is a resource whose use is subject to a
variety of factors, including users’ ‘technoliteracy’, their
considerations of audience and purpose, and physical
constraints of message production (for economy and
text entry reduction).
( cu, 2nyt, tom/2mrw, abt, y? )
“errors”, which are reinterpreted as outcomes of
speedy text production rather than indices of
lacking competence.
COMMUNICATION PLANNING Lesson 5: Communication for Work
Purposes
The communication planning process
Oral Communication in the Workplace
​ -involves defining the types of information
you will deliver, who are the intended recipients of ​ Your good communication skill is
that information, the format for communicating it, important because it helps you and your company
and the timing of its release and distribution. meet desired goals for personal and business
The key goal is to make sure everybody gets the productivity.
right message at the right time. ​ Effective oral communication skill
It serves various purposes: takes the top place among the business skills
1. To inform needed in the company for its quality performance.
2. To persuade
3. To prevent misunderstanding ​ Oral communication skill in business is
4. To present a point of view or reduce barriers highly valued. To communicate details of
information, discuss strategies, map out plans,
Steps in Communication Planning close business agreements, work in teams, and
deal with managers, employees, business partners,
1. Research and analyze current situation.
guests or clients.
2. Establish goals and objectives
3. Identify the target audience Pressing Challenges in Workplace
4. Conceptualize on key messages. Communication
5. Strategize on communication styles and
platform(s). Top Communication Issues
6. Evaluate and anticipate.
1. Failure to Listen.
​ when one doesn’t pay much attention or
Factors that you need to bear in mind in using plan what to say before one ends his statement.
technology as an aid to communication: Many distractions affect effective listening.
1. Keep it simple. ​ Team members are distracted by the
2. Emphasize only on key ideas. thoughts bothering his mind, short attention span.
​ Other distractions like noise and other
3. Show what you can’t say.
physical barriers present in the environment.
4. Keep the number of images you present ​ To avoid it, speakers have to emphasize the
manageable. importance of active listening in the discussion.
5. Combine variety with coherence.
6. Use large lettering. 2. Culture Differences.
​ The diversity of backgrounds and cultural
customs create communication issues among team
members and leaders.
​ To avoid it, try to promote “unity in diversity”
wherein team members have to be assigned to
different groups to break the usual grouping.

3. Locale or Distance to Office.

​ The office location or its distance to its
employees entails problem in the communication.
The company usually resorts to email, phone or
video conferencing.
​ The very low level of interaction in electronic
communication poses a communication barrier
​ To solve it, meetings should be done at the
nearest venue and on a regular schedule.
4. Ego and Attitude. 10. Cliques, Groups and Friendships.
​ Self-image or ego often affects team’s effort ​ Group membership or group affiliation or
to execute plans. One’s arrogance causes trouble, exclusive grouping of team members can
and more often, teamwork ends due to one’s sometimes create segregation.
defiance. ​ To avoid it, promote teamwork .spirit in the
​ To solve it, the team leader or manager department. Conduct team building activities to
should promote better understanding promote objectivity, teamwork, cooperation, and
as the group discusses the issue. unity in diversity.

5. Authority or Hierarchy Problems.

​ The authority that the team leader or
manger demonstrates more often creates
intimidation or gap with team members.
​ To resolve, managers or team leaders
should promote harmoniously relation among the
team members.
​ Communicate to the members about the
intention of helping and letting them feel they are
important.

6. Poorly Written Communication.

​ The confusion or misunderstanding of in
interoffice business communication is due to poor
content of written documents, substandard
organization, fractured grammar.
​ To avoid it, ensure that documents are
well-edited and proofread by best editor in the
department.

7. Gender Bias.
​ The choice of which gender makes a more
effective leader in the department is an issue of
gender bias.
​ Avoid gender-bias language or terms that
connote gender. For example, use chairperson for
chairman or chairwoman.

8. Focus or Listening Problems.

​ Inability of employees to focus on the issue
is equivalent to listening problems.
​ Encourage teamwork and unity despite
differences of age, sex, social status, and family
background.

9. Inadequate Knowledge.
​ Little knowledge is dangerous. Hence, team
performance is affected due to ineffective education
or lack of understanding
​ To resolve it, leaders or managers
encourage team members to upgrade knowledge
by pursuing higher degree programs.