ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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ISA Transactions
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Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented

control technique for converters of grid connected DFIG and STATCOM
for different types of faults
D.V.N. Ananth a,n, G.V. Nagesh Kumar b,nn
a
Department of EEE, Viswanadha Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam 531173, India
b
Department of EEE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With increase in electric power demand, transmission lines were forced to operate close to its full load
Received 29 December 2014 and due to the drastic change in weather conditions, thermal limit is increasing and the system is
Received in revised form operating with less security margin. To meet the increased power demand, a doubly fed induction
8 February 2015
generator (DFIG) based wind generation system is a better alternative. For improving power flow
Accepted 23 February 2015
capability and increasing security STATCOM can be adopted. As per modern grid rules, DFIG needs to
This paper was recommended for publica-
tion by Jeff Pieper operate without losing synchronism called low voltage ride through (LVRT) during severe grid faults.
Hence, an enhanced field oriented control technique (EFOC) was adopted in Rotor Side Converter of DFIG
converter to improve power flow transfer and to improve dynamic and transient stability. A STATCOM is
Keywords: coordinated to the system for obtaining much better stability and enhanced operation during grid fault.
DFIG
For the EFOC technique, rotor flux reference changes its value from synchronous speed to zero during
Field oriented control (FOC)
fault for injecting current at the rotor slip frequency. In this process DC-Offset component of flux is
Low voltage fault ride through (LVRT)
STATCOM controlled, decomposition during symmetric and asymmetric faults. The offset decomposition of flux
Symmetrical and symmetrical faults will be oscillatory in a conventional field oriented control, whereas in EFOC it was aimed to damp
Voltage mitigation quickly. This paper mitigates voltage and limits surge currents to enhance the operation of DFIG during
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. The system performance with different types of faults like single
line to ground, double line to ground and triple line to ground was applied and compared without and
with a STATCOM occurring at the point of common coupling with fault resistance of a very small value at
0.001 Ω.
& 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction induces drastically. Hence, the Rotor Side Converter (RSC) will get
damaged due to exceeding voltage or the current rating. Apart from
The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) has better preference this, there will be huge electromagnetic torque pulsations and
due to its low power ratings of converters, small size with higher increase in rotor speed, which may reduce the gears of the wind
MVA ratings available in the market, variable generator speed and turbine-generator lifetime.
constant frequency operation, robust four-quadrant reactive power The status of research on the LVRT issue for DFIG for symme-
control and much better performance during the low voltage ride trical and asymmetrical faults and comparison of different control
through (LVRT). However, such DFIG is sensitive to external distur- strategies are given in [1]. Understanding the capability of RSC to
bances like voltage sag. If grid voltage falls suddenly due to any deliver the desired reactive power and withstanding capability
reason, large surge currents enter the rotor terminals and the voltage during fault are given in [2]. In this paper, if the stator and rotor
voltages are dropped to a certain value during fault, the DFIG
turbine system gets synchronized quickly after the fault is cleared
n
Corresponding author: Correspondence to: Viswanadha Institute of Technology and is made to operate as in the pre-fault state. LVRT enhancement
and Management, Sontyam Mandal, Visakhapatnam 531173, India. Tel.: is based on flux trajectory [3], enhanced reactive power support
þ 91 8500265310. [4], and controlling DC link current of RSC to smoothen DC voltage
nn
Correspondence to: GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530045,
Andhra Pradesh, India. Tel.: þ91 9000573759.
fluctuations due to grid faults by using stored kinetic energy [5]. In
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D.V.N. Ananth), these papers an additional reactive power support can enhance
[email protected], [email protected] (G.V. Nagesh Kumar). the performance of the DFIG system during sudden fault issues.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014
0019-0578/& 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
2 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Also, crowbar as passive and RSC strategy as active compensations power system stability during disturbances, UPFC is used [25].
for LVRT reactive power compensation [6], FFTC scheme with PIR Using superconducting coil as an energy storage device as inte-
[7] and PI [8] with symmetrical and asymmetrical faults can be grated in the DC link for the DFIG system is discussed in [26].
used for improving uninterrupted P, Q supply from WT to grid. In The system performance during a single line to ground (SLG),
these papers the authors claim that, instead of using a conven- double line to ground (DLG) and triple line to ground (TLG) is
tional PI controller, PIþResonant controller can perform better compared with and without STATCOM. The parameters under study
during asymmetrical faults for the DFIG system. Few intelligent are rotor, stator, grid, stator terminal and STATCOM voltage and
control techniques like Genetic Algorithm [9] and bacterial search, current magnitude, DFIG electromagnetic torque, speed of the rotor,
etc. were used in control strategies for improving the performance DC voltage across back-to-back converters of DFIG. In Section 2,
during LVRT and can improve voltage and current levels during mathematical modeling of wind turbine and generator converters
fault and make the system more sustainable during and after fault. for the grid connected DFIG was explained during the steady state. In
Some external passive elements and active sources are used in Section 3, modeling under transient conditions is explained with
coordination for improving stability, thereby providing a better symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. In Section 4, design of STATCOM
LVRT operation of DFIG during symmetrical and asymmetrical for the LVRT issue is described. Further Section 5 describes the
faults. Among the external devices that were connected in coordi- simulation results in comparison without and with STATCOM in the
nation with the DFIG system to enhance system LVRT behavior MATLAB environment. The conclusion is given in Section 6, followed
during severe faults is single phase crowbar [11], super-capacitor by appendix and references.
energy storage system [12], Fault Current Limiter (FCL) [13], and
Superconducting FCL with Magnetic Energy storage devices [14]
were used recently. From these papers, active energy storage 2. Mathematical analysis of RSC and GSC converters for the
devices are found to be quite helpful for rapid real and reactive grid connected DFIG during steady state
power compensation for stator and rotor terminals with improved
stability during symmetrical or asymmetrical faults. The conventional field oriented control (FOC) scheme for DFIG
Among the FACTS family, STATCOM [15–22] is used to over- is carried out in a synchronously rotating frame to facilitate
come the system to lose synchronism because of external dis- decoupled active and reactive power control and to enhance the
turbances like large variations in wind speed, symmetrical and system performance due to transients by improving the dynamic
asymmetrical faults and sub-synchronous resonance. For external response. The DFIG equivalent circuit [6,7,10] is as shown in Fig. 3;
grid fault disturbances, hybrid PI (PI þFUZZY) controller is used to the dynamics of vectors are shown in GSC and RSC control
improve stability during severe faults [15]. Improvement of vol- strategies.
tage stability and damping of electric power system oscillations
were achieved in [16,17]. Heuristic programming and radial basis 2.1. Grid side converter control
neural network are used to compensate the voltage sag [18]. In
[19,20], an offshore multiple wind turbine-based DFIG system was It is developed with the EFOC strategy for providing rapid
connected to a common bus and transferred using the HVDC reactive power support to the grid through d and q axis compo-
network. In these papers, decreased STATCOM rating with optimal nents of grid voltage. Next, parks transformation is applied and the
VSC capacitor switching was implemented. Sub-synchronous sinusoidal PWM technique is used to feed gate pulses for the grid
resonance (SSR)-type disturbance was compensated using TCSC, side converter. From Fig. 1
SVC, and STATCOM using a root-locus method [21]. Two sequence dΦds
components with dual voltage control during grid faults for a V ds ¼ ids Rs  ωs Φqs þ ð1Þ
dt
DFIG–STATCOM system were carried out in [22,23]. The DVR with
high-temperature SCFCL is used to find the solution for balanced dΦqs
V qs ¼ iqs Rs  ωs Φds þ ð2Þ
and unbalanced faults at grid for the DFIG system [24]. Frequency dt
domain approach with Eigen analysis for seashore wind farm with For a DFIG-grid system, the stator is directly connected to the grid;
generators like DFIG and SCIG was compared. In order to improve superior current regulation can be obtained by adapting the above

Fig. 1. An equivalent circuit of DFIG.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 3

Fig. 2. GSC controller design for grid connected DFIG.

Eqs. (1) and (2)–(3) and (4), control technique [4] is as in Fig. 2 is the voltage induced in the stator flux with
V dg ¼ ðidg  idg ÞRs  ωs Lg iqg þ V ds
n
ð3Þ Φss ¼ Ls iss þ Lm iss ð6Þ

V qg ¼ ðinqg iqg ÞRs  ωs Lg idg ð4Þ Φsr ¼ Lr isr þ Lm isr ð7Þ

The d and q axis rotor voltages in Eqs. (5a), (5b), (6) and (7) in
where dΦqs =dt≌0 specifies non-alignment of flux Φqs with rotating
the synchronous rotating reference frame are given by
stator quadrature flux. The suffix ‘s’ represents stator, replaced with ‘g’
for grid reference. The direct axis grid current idg depends on DC dΦdr
V dr ¼  ðωs  ωÞΦqr þ Rr idr ð8Þ
capacitor voltage and generates its reference indg . The exchange of dt
reactive power between GSC and point of common coupling (PCC)
dΦqr
will depend on the grid d-axis current inqg [8]. V qr ¼  ðωs  ωÞΦdr þ Rr iqr ð9Þ
dt
The decoupled components are compensated using cross
couple grid parameter terms  ωs Lg iqg , V ds and ωs Lg idg , which The stator and rotor two-axis fluxes are
are added to the output of the PI controller to circumvent coupling Φdr ¼ ðLlr þ Lm Þidr þ Lm ids ð10Þ
effects.
Φqr ¼ ðLlr þ Lm Þiqr þ Lm iqs ð11Þ
2.2. Rotor Side Converter control
Φds ¼ ðLls þ Lm Þids þLm idr ð12Þ
RSC controller helps in improving reactive power demand at Φqs ¼ ðLls þ Lm Þiqs þ Lm iqr ð13Þ
grid in extracting maximum power from the machine for which the
rotor is made to run at optimal speed. The optimal speed of the where Lr ¼ Llr þ Lm ; Ls ¼ Lls þ Lm ; ωr ¼ ωs  ω
rotor is decided from machine real power and rotor speed By substituting (10)–(13) (in 8), (9) and by rearranging the
characteristic curves from the MPPT algorithm. The stator active terms, then


and reactive power control is possible with the RSC controller dL0 Lm
strategy through iqr and idr components controlling, respectively. V dr ¼ Rr þ r idr sωs L0r iqr þ V ds ð14Þ
dt Ls
The rotor voltage in a stationary reference frame [11] is given by


dL0 Lm
dis V qr ¼ Rr þ r iqr  sωs L0r idr þ ðV qs  ωΦds Þ ð15Þ
V sr ¼ V s0r þ Rr isr þ σ Lr r  jωisr ð5aÞ dt Ls
dt
where σ ¼ 1  ðL2sm =Ls Lr Þ andω is the rotor speed, isr is the rotor where ω is rotor speed, ωΦs is speed of stator flux, andωs is
current in a stationary frame of reference, Ls, Lr and Lm are, synchronous speed.
respectively, stator, the rotor and mutual inductance parameters The MATLAB/SIMULINK based on the control circuit of RSC for
in Henry or in pu enhancing the performance for LVRT issues is shown in Fig. 3a. The

 right-side corner with subsystem 2 is a sub-circuit of the con-
Lm d troller for the EFOC technique and its design is shown later
 jωs Φs
s
V s0r ¼ ð5bÞ
Ls dt in Fig. 9.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
4 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 3. (a) (i) The RSC controller with the EFOC technique design for grid connected DFIG. (b) (i) Complete RSC controller design. (b) (ii) Block diagram representation of
decoupled d-axis rotor voltage parameter. (b) (ii) Block diagram representation of stator flux calculation. (b) Enhanced FOC control technique with the PI controller adopted
for RSC.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 5

The above Eqs. (14) and (15) can be rewritten in terms of Electromotive Force (EMF) V 0r . The flux during fault is given by
decoupled parameters and are designed for the RSC controller as
Φssf ¼ Φss e  t=τs ð18Þ
in Eqs. 16 and 17
and dΦsf =dt is negative, indicating its decay. By substituting (18)
s
dI dr Lm
σ V dr ¼ σ Lr  ωs Φqr þ ðV ds  Rs I ds þ ω1 Φqs Þ ð16Þ in (5b)
dt Ls

Lm 1
þ jω Φs e  t=τs
s
V s0r ¼  ð19Þ
dI qr Lm Ls τs
σ V qr ¼ σ Lr  ωs Φdr  ðRs I qs þ ω1 Φds Þ ð17Þ
dt Ls The above equation is converted into a rotor reference frame
and neglecting 1=τs
In general the rotor speed is ωr and the synchronous speed of
stator is ωs . But this synchronous frequency has to be changed V s0r ¼ 
Lm
ðjωÞΦs e  jωt
s
ð20Þ
from ωs to a new synchronous speed value as described in the Ls
flowchart in Fig. 10 ω0s as it is represented commonly by ω1 : Under By substituting Φ ¼
s V ss  jωs t
s jωs e in (20)
ideal conditions, reference stator d-axis flux Φd is zero and q-axis
n
Lm
flux Φq is equal to the magnitude of stator flux Φs for a given back
n
V r0r ¼  ð1  sÞV s ð21Þ
Ls
emf and rotor speed.  r 
The enhanced FOC (EFOC) technique block diagram is shown in V  is proportional to (1 s)
0r
Fig. 3b. The direct and quadrature axis (d and q axis) currents are By converting Eq. (5a) into the rotor reference frame
used to control effectively flux decay during symmetrical or
dirr
asymmetrical faults. In Fig. 3b, comparison is made with the IMC V rr ¼ V r0r e  jωt þ Rr irr þ σ Lr ð22Þ
dt
controller and PI, replacing PI with IMC in the outer loop control
strategy. The d and q axis stator flux control action with its Thus rotor equivalent circuit derived from (20) is as shown in
operation is described in the flowchart. Fig. 4 [11].
The overall block diagram of RSC is presented in Fig. 3b (i). The A considerable decrease in pre-fault steady state voltage V r0r to
rotor speed is multiplied with pole numbers and is subtracted a certain fault voltage during a three-phase fault was explained in
from angular grid synchronous frequency. Later it is integrated and the above analytics. However, the RSC converter is designed to
given a 901 phase shift to get rotor slip injection frequency angles meet V rr to match V r0r for rotor current control and the design has
(θs). At this slip frequency RSC converter injects current into the to be made for a rating of only 35% of the stator rated voltage. The
rotor circuit to control the rotor speed for optimum value and to voltage dip during fault can be adopted independently or in
control grid reactive power. The stator voltage magnitude is coordination by using the two techniques explained below.
compared and controlled using PI or IMC controller to get the q- During fault, at first instant,Φs does not fall instantly (21) as
axis current. Similarly, rotor actual speed and optimal speed shown in the flux and voltage trajectories in Fig. 4. If the machine
reference are controlled using PI or IMC to obtain the d-axis is running at super synchronous speed with slip (s) near to
reference current. They are compared with an actual rotor d and q  0.2 pu, during fault, rotor speed further increases based on the
axis currents and controlled with tuned PI controllers to obtain the term (1  s) as given by (21). The above speed change is uncontrol-
rotor injecting d and q axis voltages. The d and q voltages are lable for a generator having higher electrical and mechanical
converted into three-axis abc voltage using phase locked loop inertia constants. In order to control the rotor current change,
(PLL) with inverse parks transformation and are given to a PWM V rr has to be increased. Based on the first reason listed above, a
pulse generator for obtaining pulses in the RSC converter. voltage V Φs has to be injected in the feed-forward path for
The d-axis decoupled voltage derivation block diagram is improving the rotor dip to reach its near steady state value.
shown in Fig. 3b (ii). The d and q axis stator flux and stator flux Converting Eq. (16) into a synchronous reference frame and by
magnitude derivation block diagram is shown in Fig. 3b (iii). The considering the direct alignment of Φds with Φs we get
flux derivation technique helps in understanding the operation of Lm
V Φs ¼  ωΦds ð23Þ
DFIG during steady state and transient state. The accuracy of Ls
system performance during steady state depends on the accuracy
The second technique for voltage increase requirement in a
of wind speed measurement action of pitch angle controller,
rotor is that dip can be compensated by replacing sωs with
measurement of stator current, voltage, flux and other important
(ωΦs  ω) in cross-coupling terms sωs L0r iqr and sωs L0r idr , respec-
parameters. The more accurate these measurements, the more can
tively. The reduction in magnitude and frequency of flux Φs ; and
real power be extracted from the DFIG wind turbine system. Eqs.
alignment of flux with the stator voltage without the rate of
(14)–(17) play a vital role in understanding the behavior of DFIG
during steady state and the accuracy of RSC control action depends
on control of d and q axis voltages.

3. Mathematical analysis of RSC and GSC converters for the

grid connected DFIG during transient state

3.1. Three phase symmetrical faults

The stator voltage will reach zero magnitude during severe

three-phase symmetrical fault of very low impedance and stator
flux Φs will reduce to zero magnitude. The decay in flux is not as
rapid as in voltage and can be explained from the flux decay
theorem available in the literature and further explained as, delay
is due to inertial time lag τs ¼ RLss effecting the rotor induced Fig. 4. The rotor equivalent circuit.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
6 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 5. (a) Voltage and flux trajectories for symmetric (TLG) fault. (b) Voltage and flux trajectories for asymmetric (a single phase to the ground) fault.

change in flux angle θΦs indicate DC offset component in a flux, as the presence of positive and negative sequence components, the
observed from the voltage and flux trajectories shown in Fig. 5a for rate of change in flux angle θϕs and magnitude change in flux is
TLG and in Fig. 5b during SLG fault observed [4], given by
dθφs dθϕs ðV βs ϕαs  V αs ϕβs Þ
¼ ωφ s ¼ 0 ¼ ωf ð24Þ ¼ ωϕs ¼ ¼ ωf ð25Þ
dt
ðϕ þ ϕ Þ
dt 2 2
αs βs
Here, ωf is the speed of stator flux during fault and this value
can be made to zero as offset. The voltage and flux trajectories for a single phase to the
The voltage injection components (20) and (21) and compen- ground fault for the present system are shown in Fig. 5a and b and
sating components as discussed above are estimated using the flowchart for designing the EFOC for RSC is shown in Fig. 6.
enhanced flux oriented control (EFOC scheme whose flow chart When dynamic stability has to be improved, the proposed
is shown in Fig. 8 and the determined values are incorporated in technique controls the decrease in stator and rotor flux magnitude
the RSC controller shown in Fig. 3). and also damps oscillations at the fault instances. To achieve better
performance during transients, this paper proposes a strategy for
3.2. Asymmetric faults stator frequency reference to change to zero or other values
depending on the type and severity of disturbance. The accurate
The same control strategy can be employed for a single phase measurement of stator and rotor parameters like flux and current
to the ground as well as two phases to ground faults, but due to helps in achieving better performance during transients. The DC

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
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 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 7

Fig. 6. Scheme of enhanced flux oriented control, where DCOC¼ dc offset component of flux, RФs ¼ radius of flux trajectory.

½ðV a  V b Þic þ ðV b  V c Þia þ ðV c V a Þib 

offset stator current reduction during transients and making the Q¼ pffiffiffi ð27Þ
two-axis flux and voltage trajectories circular also improve the 3
efficacy of the system performance during any faults. Eqs. (18)– In two-dimensional frames, the above equations can be repre-
(22) help in understanding the DFIG behavior during transient sented as
conditions and the accuracy of its working depends on the
P ¼ V d id þ V q iq ð28Þ
measurement of rotor current and flux parameters.
Q ¼ V q id  V d iq ð29Þ

In matrix form, the two equations can be written as

4. Design of control circuit for STATCOM " # " #" #
P Vd Vq id
¼ ð30Þ
Q Vq Vd iq
The STATCOM control strategy is shown in Fig. 7. The controller
works on the principle of the PQ control theory. The reference " # " #" #
voltage and current are taken from PCC (refer Fig. 8); from these id 1 Vd Vq P
Or ¼ ð31Þ
parameters reference real and reactive powers are extracted. Using iq V 2d þ V 2q Vq Vd Q
the first order transfer function model, direct and quadrature axis
currents are derived from real and reactive powers. By substituting the values of reference voltages and powers, a first
The instantaneous real and reactive powers can be expressed as order transfer function can be obtained. This transfer function helps in
extracting reference d and q axis currents. If there is deviation in these
P ¼ V a ia þ V b ib þ V c ic ð26Þ reference currents, STATCOM will inject or absorb current to or from

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
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8 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 7. Block diagram of STATCOM controller.

Fig. 8. Grid connected DFIG with STATCOM controller.

the system. In Fig. 7, X is reactance and K is instantaneous value of slower than the electrical system, but the electrical energy output
voltage of STATCOM, E is the voltage at reference bus, and Vd and Vq decreases. This difference in energy conversions makes the rotor shaft
are direct and quadrature components of STATCOM. The transfer rotate faster and tends the system towards instability. Here STATCOM
function is used to convert current to voltage parameters. Hence helps in supplying additional energy such as reactive power to control
reference d and q axis reference voltage are derived. These d and q axis the deviation in electro-mechanical conversion. Within the scope of its
voltages are converted to three phase using inverse Park's transforma- power limits, for any type of disturbances like asymmetrical and
tion with the help of phase locked loop (PLL). Based on Eq. (13), symmetrical faults, STATCOM helps in improving the reliability and
voltage in the capacitor is converted to current by STATCOM. In this lifetime of the overall system. The efficacy of a system without and
equation α refers to voltage angle at STATCOM bus and θs is phase with STATCOM will be analyzed in Section 5.
angle produced by PLL.
If the feedback is positive, STATCOM will inject current, or else it
will absorb current from the system. The energy stored in a DC link 5. Result analysis
capacitor is used for injecting or absorbing current into the system.
This three phase voltages are given to a PWM pulse generator to In this a general system is considered as shown in Fig. 8. The
generate pulses to the IGBT module. Thereby voltage at reference bus DFIG is driven by a wind turbine and electric power from the
can be maintained constant. generator is pumped to the grid for meeting different load
The DFIG wind turbine system layout with STATCOM connected at requirements. The RSC is designed with the EFOC technique to
a point of common coupling (PCC) is shown in Fig. 8. Pitch controller is enhance operation during grid fault and has better dynamic
used to extract maximum power from the wind turbine during steady stability features than a conventional FOC [6]. The role of RSC is
state by adjusting the turbine blade angles and referring optimal rotor to extract maximum power from the wind turbine, so the
speed to Rotor Side Converter (RSC) RSC controller. The STATCOM will generator is made to rotate at that optimal speed by adjusting
inject current at the required phase angle to compensate real the gear wheels between the generator and the turbine shaft.
and reactive power. The role of RSC and GSC is explained in brief in Another role of RSC is to improve the reactive power requirement
Section 5. The accuracy of STATCOM working depends on its rating, during any abnormal situations like faults. The excess reactive
control strategy, location and severity of fault. In general, when fault power is supplied by RSC using the capacitor bank at RSC end and
occurs, the mechanical energy remains constant as its response is accuracy and speed depend on the control strategy.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
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 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 9

Fig. 9. (a) (i) Rotor pu voltage and current for single line to ground (SLG) fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (b) (i) Stator pu voltage and current for SLG fault
without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (c) (i)) Grid pu voltage and current for SLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (d) (i) DC voltage in volts across
generator converters back-to-back capacitor, (ii) rotor speed in pu and (iii) electromagnetic torque in pu for SLG fault. (e) (i) Stator terminal three phases pu voltage and
current for SLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (f) (i) Stator terminal A-phase pu voltage and current for SLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM.

The GSC of DFIG has two main functions. One function is to the fault current cannot reach the stator and from there to the
maintain a nearly constant voltage profile at DC link capacitor so rotor and hence GSC will protect the generator two windings.
that voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) will also have the Since the GSC and RSC are designed to a nearly 35% rating of
same value. The other function is to supply or absorb rapidly stator terminals, the capability of reactive support may not be very
required reactive power. The GSC is also designed to bypass surge high. An external device that can support reactive power can help
current to the converter terminal, store it in capacitor bank and to in compensating voltage dip and can improve current flow
re-inject the excess power when fault gets relieved. In doing so, capability from generator during grid faults. Hence for the external
reactive power support a STATCOM is used. Three cases studied

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10 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 9. (continued)

are analyzed in comparison without and with STATCOM. Case A – 0.25 pu to nearly 0.5 pu, but with STATCOM during fault, peak
single line to ground fault (SLG fault), case B – double line to surges in current had nearly the same 0.25 pu value. The com-
ground fault (DLG fault) and case C – triple line to ground fault pensation in the grid side converter (GSC) terminal is also high
(TLG fault) with fault occurring at PCC between 0.7 and 0.8 s. The with STATCOM in Fig. 9b (ii) than without STATCOM in Fig. 9b(i).
results can be compared with [5] STATCOM and [15] without So an external reactive power support helps RSC and GSC to work
STATCOM. better during fault dynamics. In SLG fault without STATCOM, phase
C remained nearly the same but phases A and B were dropping to
5.1. Case A: SLG fault 0.2 pu from 0.5 pu due to asymmetric current flowing into the
stator winding and with STATCOM GSC injecting current being
For the system shown in Fig. 8, a single line to ground (SLG) nearly constant.
fault was applied between 0.7 and 0.8 s with fault impedance of During disturbance, the rotor and stator current waveforms are
0.001 Ω between phase A and ground and the system without and continuous with nearly constant current magnitude with the
with STATCOM with both RSC circuits designed with EFOC tech- proposed EFOC technique. Because of additional reactive power
nique will be analyzed. In Fig. 9a (i) and (ii) depict the system support from STATCOM, better current waveforms can be observed
without and with STATCOM controller. It can be observed that in these two windings. The system reached steady state within a
rotor current has more distortions than the system with STATCOM cycle when fault was cleared at 0.8 s, which shows better robust-
and also the time taken for reaching pre-fault state after the ness and reliability with the proposed system for SLG faults. In
system recovered from disturbance is quicker with STATCOM. The [2,5], it took about 4 cycles for postfault synchronizing to grid and
rotor injecting current without STATCOM has a peak value from also in current waveforms dropped and were a little distorted

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 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 11

Fig. 10. (a) (i) Rotor pu voltage and current for double line to ground (DLG) fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (b) (i) Stator pu voltage and current for DLG fault
without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (c) (i) Grid pu voltage and current for DLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (d) (i) DC voltage in volts across
generator converters back-to-back capacitor, (ii) rotor speed in pu and (iii) electromagnetic torque in pu for DLG fault. (e) (i) Stator terminal three phases pu voltage and
current for DLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (f) (i) STATCOM three phase pu voltage and current in Amps for DLG fault.

during disturbance. Most of the papers in the literature did not Fig. 9d (i) and (ii) for systems without and with STATCOM. With
specify much about machine voltage waveforms during faults. the EFOC technique without STATCOM, DC voltage remained
The voltages and current at the grid terminal near PCC is shown nearly constant at 485 V and during fault, the ripples reached
without and with STATCOM in Fig. 9c (i) and (ii). It is observed that nearly 500–430 V without STATCOM and 490–480 V with STAT-
due to an SLG fault in one phase, the same phase voltage and COM. The rotor speed in either case remained same during and
current decrease while other phases are nearly constant. Initially, after fault. The torque is oscillating more without STATCOM than
voltage without STATCOM is nearly 0.8 pu and during fault, one with it. During steady state without STATCOM torque has 0.9 pu,
phase decreased to nearly 0.3 pu, and current in all phases reached but during fault it oscillated between zero and  1.1 pu and with
0.9 from nearly 0.98 pu. With STATCOM two healthy phase STATCOM it oscillated between 0 and  1 pu. The capacitor voltage
voltages are the same at 0.95 pu, but a faulty third phase voltage is nearly constant with small oscillations during disturbance,
reached 0.4 pu, but current in all three phases remained constant which can be observed with the proposed system. This can be
at 0.98 pu during fault. achieved with rapid operating switching control strategy and also
The DC voltage at back-to-back terminals of RSC and GSC, rotor based on rating of the capacitor.
speed and output electromagnetic torque in pu are shown in

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12 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 10. (continued)

The stator winding terminal voltage before fault is 0.8 pu and to burn and it is necessary to safeguard them for increased lifetime
current is 1 pu, during fault without STATCOM, the voltage and of the generator. With STATCOM, all three phase currents
current in a phase decreased to 0.2 pu voltage and the current remained nearly constant with AC supply and no sub-transients
became DC value in a faulted phase with very high sub-transient during fault and current reached a peak value of 1.25 pu which is
value. In the healthy two phases also current became very within the safe and controllable margin of generator operation.
asymmetrical and reached 72 pu during fault. This type of The individual phase currents at stator terminal are shown in
asymmetry in current waveforms makes the winding vulnerable Fig. 9f (i) with A and B phase currents having more DC

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 13

Fig. 11. (a) (i) Rotor pu voltage and current for triple line to ground (TLG) fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (b) (i) Stator pu voltage and current for TLG fault
without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (c) (i) Grid pu voltage and current for TLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (d) (i) DC voltage in volts across
generator converters back-to-back capacitor, (ii) rotor speed in pu and (iii) electromagnetic torque in pu for TLG fault. (e) (i) Stator terminal three phases pu voltage and
current for TLG fault without STATCOM and (ii) with STATCOM. (f) (i) STATCOM three phase pu voltage and current in Amps for TLG fault.

characteristics with very high sub-transient current due to the the enhanced action of the RSC controller using the EFOC techni-
very high value of internal inductance and C phase is sinusoidal que. Such a technique with coordination with external reactive
with twice the current flow during fault. The rotor speed is source not only improves power supply during fault, but also
perfectly constant during the disturbance. For a conventional enhances reliability and operating lifetime effectively.
system, rotor speed increases due to imbalance between mechan- The injected current by STATCOM is shown in Fig. 9f; the faulty
ical and electrical energy conversions and can be understandable phase current shifted by nearly 901 during fault and its magnitude
from equal area criteria basics. The torque during disturbance has reached nearly from 5–35 A during fault and the remaining two
oscillations without becoming 0 pu as in a conventional system. phases remained at the same phase and reached 20 A. Due to this
The oscillations were further reduced with coordinated EFOC and compensation in current, stator and rotor terminals have very less
STATCOM. The stator terminal voltage and current waveforms fault current and the system operates in a very healthy en-
were improved with STATCOM. The current is nearly continuous vironment.
during fault due to current injection provided by rotor circuit with

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14 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 11. (continued)

5.2. Case B: DLG fault than half a cycle and also distortions in waveform during fault are
much lesser than the system without STATCOM.
For the same system, A and B phases are short circuited with The GSC converter voltage and current are shown in Fig. 10b
fault resistance of 0.001 Ω between 0.7 and 0.8 s, which is (i) and (ii) without and with STATCOM. The GSC voltage remained
analyzed in this case B. With the proposed EFOC technique, the nearly constant with the type of severe fault due to EFOC
rotor voltage remained at the same magnitude and waveform with technique and two phase currents decreased to 0.25 pu from
2LG fault and current also did not drop due to control of internal 0.5 pu during fault and in another phase it is about 0 pu without
flux decay. During fault, the fault current increased from 0.25 pu to STATCOM. With the STATCOM controller, the GSC current in two
0.5 pu and reached its pre-fault state in less than one rotor slip phases are 0.4 pu and in the other phase 0.25 pu. Hence with some
frequency cycle, which is quicker than with the conventional FOC little support from an external reactive power source, the opera-
technique as in Fig. 10a (i) and (ii). However, with the proposed tion of GSC will be enhanced and thereby overall dynamic and
STATCOM controller, the postfault steady state was reached in less transient stability can be improved.

Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i
 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 15

The PCC voltage and current without and with STATCOM are
STATCOM
current
shown in Fig. 10c (i) and (ii). The faulty phase voltages got dipped
and reached 0.1 pu from 0.8 pu and fault current magnitude
(A)

30
55
85
dropped to 0.3 pu in the fault phases and 0.65 pu in the healthy

From  0.9 to  0.1 and  1.9

phase without STATCOM. With STATCOM, the grid currents in the

From  0.9 to 0 and  1.2

faulty phases are about 0.5 pu and the same magnitude of 1 pu

From  0.9 to  0.2 and  1.9 From  0.9 to 0 and  1

during fault due to the injection of current by it.
The DFIG converter with common DC link voltage in volts and
rotor and output torque in pu is shown in Fig. 10d (i) and (ii)
without and with STATCOM. DC ripples during fault are low and
are because of fast-acting IGBT switches during the charging and
discharging action of back-to-back capacitor with the EFOC tech-
ST

nique. With STATCOM, the deviation in DC link voltage is from

490 V to 500 and 480, and without STATCOM are 500 and 460 V,
respectively. The rotor speed remained nearly constant. The time
From  0.9 to 0 and  2
From  0.9 to 0 and  2

taken to reach a steady state value for torque without STATCOM is

more than the system with consideration. The peak value of torque
during the fault period is  2 pu and reached steady state at 0.95 s
after the fault cleared at 0.8 s without STATCOM. However with
Em Torque

STATCOM, torque value peak is 1.9 pu and reached the steady

NO ST

state at 0.85 s and hence quicker.

The stator winding terminal voltage and current waveforms are
shown in Fig. 10e (i) and (ii). The fault sub-transient currents in
0.9–0.3 0.9–0.55 490–400 490–450
0.9–0.35 0.9–0.6 490–480 490–485

0.9–0.1 0.9–0.5 490–250 490–450

both cases are high, but without STATCOM, it is much higher and
reached more than 2 pu A in magnitude. This surge current of
VDC (V) DFIG

ST

more than 2 pu can damage the stator and rotor windings; hence
even for a robust controller scheme, a STATCOM can be a better
NO ST

option and placed near the STATCOM terminal or in a system for

safe operation. The injecting current by STATCOM is shown in
Fig. 10f and the current reached from 5–55 A during fault. It is
noted that pu representation and original value representation at
ST

some places make the analysis easy to understand.

Current

NO ST

With much more severity in fault compared to SLG, the

performance during DLG is satisfactory. Stator voltage and current
waveforms were improved with EFOC and STATCOM in not
0.8–0.4
0.8–0.4
0.8–0.4

becoming zero per-unit during fault. The postfault steady state

current waveforms were achieved in less than a cycle. Stator
ST

terminal surge current waveforms were also limited to 2 pu during

Voltage

1–0.9 0.5–0.25 0.5–0.45 0.8–0.2

1–0.8 0.5–0.0 0.5–0.25 0.8–0.2
0.5–0.05 0.5–0.25 0.8–0.1
NO ST

disturbance. In a conventional system, stator terminal voltage

GRID

drops to around 0.2 pu and the current reaches more than five
times of the nominal value. Hence the proposed system will
prolong the lifetime of the machine by protecting from severe
ST

surge currents entering into the winding and getting damaged.

Current

NO ST

5.3. Case 3: TLG fault

Parameters comparing deviation from prefault state and during fault.

In this case a very heavy fault called three lines to ground fault
ST

(TLG) occurs with the same fault resistance of 0.001 occurred

1

during 0.7 and 0.8 s. In a system without STATCOM as in Fig. 11a

Voltage

NO ST

0.25–0.55 0.25–0.45 1–0.9

TLG fault 0.8–0.5 0.8–0.7 0.25–0.5 0.25–0.4 1–0.6

(i) three phase's rotor voltages dropped to 0.5 pu from 1 pu and

GSC

0.25–0.5 0.25–0.3 1

current increased from 0.25 pu to 0.5 pu with change in frequency

during fault. With rotor frequency remaining same at a slip
frequency, the stator synchronous frequency is changing and
ST

hence the rotor current frequency is changing during fault. During

fault, the deviation in magnitude of the rotor current is small with
Current

NO ST

EFOC than FOC technique. With STATCOM, deviation in rotor

frequency is low and also fault current magnitude is also lesser
at 0.4 pu and reaches steady state within half a cycle. The postfault
voltage without STATCOM just after the instant of fault recovery is
0.8
0.8
ST

about 1.1 pu and reaches steady state due to sudden current

Voltage

NO ST

change in voltage at DC link capacitor between the converter

Fault type RSC

SLG fault 0.8

DLG fault 0.8

terminals.
The GSC voltage and current waveforms without and with
STATCOM are shown in Fig. 11b (i) and (ii). Because of severe fault,
Table 1

the GSC current became zero and voltage decreased to 0.5 pu from
1 pu during fault and at fault recovery instant again surge voltage

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16 D.V.N. Ananth, G.V. Nagesh Kumar / ISA Transactions ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

passed through GSC without STATCOM. With STATCOM, the stator For all the three cases, rotor speed remained constant from
voltage remained nearly the same at 1 pu and current reached deviation during fault. The drop in DC link voltage at back-to-back
0.25 pu from 0.5 pu, which is much better than without STATCOM. converters of DFIG increased with increase in phases to ground
The grid voltage and current without and with STATCOM are fault. The postfault recovery in machine voltage and current took
shown in Fig. 11c (i) and (ii). In a system without STATCOM, the place with small surges in voltage. The decrease in DC link voltage
grid voltage fell down to 0.05 pu from 0.8 pu and current from is minimized and hence PCC voltage was improved using STAT-
1 pu to 0.05 pu during fault. For the same system with STATCOM, COM and EFOC based system. The electromagnetic torque output
the grid voltage and current are recovered at 0.4 pu during fault from DFIG has more oscillations and reached steady state slowly
and grid injected current during compensation is shown in Fig. 11f. with asymmetric faults than with symmetric faults. It is due to
The fault injecting current is from 5 A during a steady state current symmetric decrease in flux value and recovers very rapidly with-
of 80 A instantly during the abnormal conditions. The proposed out fluctuations.
STATCOM controller can operate very effectively and efficiently In recent works, PR, PIR and meta-heuristic type techniques
with some extra cost incurred for the installation. Even though with much mathematical complexities were used to improve
installing a FACTS device is costly, stability, security and transfer reliability and sustainability during asymmetrical faults. The same
capability will be much better. control strategy for symmetrical faults may not hold that good in
The DC capacitor voltage at DFIG converters, speed of the rotor improving continuity of supply during asymmetrical faults. Our
and electromagnetic torque are given in Fig. 11d (i) and (ii) for the proposed system with EFOC alone can improve the performance
system without and with STATCOM. The DC link voltage decreased during and after for any type of fault disturbance. For more
from 490 to 200 V during fault and reached 580 V after the fault promising results, STATCOM was used in coordination. The future
was cleared. The rotor speed remained nearly constant during and scope can be improving the torque pulsations and maintain to
after the disturbance. The electromagnetic torque has fewer constant value during any disturbance. The stator winding or
oscillations in this TLG fault case than in the previous two cases. terminal current has to be improved for better continuity of
It is due to symmetric drop in flux magnitude in stator winding current. This can be achieved by controlling more effectively the
and the flux decay was effectively controlled using the EFOC decay of flux during fault. Hence robust GSC controller strategy
technique. The time to reach a steady state value without STAT- needs to be adopted. Another alternative is adopting supercon-
COM is 0.9 s and with it is 0.85 s when the fault died at 0.8 s. ductor magnetic energy storage system (SMES) or such energy
The stator winding voltage and current without and with storage with diode and IGBT switches connected to the stator
STATCOM are shown in Fig. 11e (i) and with STATCOM is in terminal rather than at PCC.
Fig. 11e (ii). Due to the fault, stator voltage decreased to 0 pu from
0.8 pu. During the fault period, the three phase stator currents
became DC for the system without STATCOM and got stabilized in Appendix
7 cycles (refer to blue-colored waveform). For STATCOM based
system also, during fault, current is DC, but it reached steady state The parameters of DFIG used in simulation are
with lesser magnitude deviation in 5 cycles and voltage is about Rated Power ¼1.5 MW, Rated Voltage¼690 V, Stator Resistance
0.4 pu during fault. Rs¼ 0.0049 pu, rotor Resistance Rr1 ¼ 0.0049 pu, Stator Leakage
The EFOC technique and STATCOM can operate effectively with Inductance Lls ¼ 0.093 pu, Rotor Leakage inductance Llr1 ¼0.1 pu,
both symmetrical as well as asymmetric faults with rapid control- Inertia constant¼ 4.54 pu, Number of poles¼ 4, Mutual Inductance
ling action and much better performance during and after fault. Lm¼ 3.39 pu, DC link Voltage¼ 415 V, Dc link capacitance ¼0.2 F,
The dynamic and transient stability and also power transfer Wind speed ¼14 m/s.
capability can be enhanced with the proposed system. The para- Grid Voltage¼25 kV, Grid frequency ¼60 Hz.
meters with its deviation from prefault state during fault at RSC, Grid side Filter: Rfg ¼ 0.3 Ω, Lfg ¼0.6 nH
GSC and grid terminals and variation in DC link voltage, electro- Rotor side filter: Rfr ¼0.3 mΩ, Lfr ¼0.6 nH
magnetic torque and injecting current are shown in Table 1. All STATCOM: capacitance ¼ 20,000 UF, transformer-690/440 V,
parameters are in per-unit (pu) unless specified. 50 kVA rating.

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Please cite this article as: Ananth DVN, Nagesh Kumar GV. Fault ride-through enhancement using an enhanced field oriented control
technique for converters of grid connected.... ISA Transactions (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2015.02.014i