Topic: Patterns of Development, Morphology and Text as Connected Discourse

What is reading? It is the

complex cognitive process of
decoding symbols to derive meaning.

What is writing? It is the process of

using symbols (letters of the alphabet,
punctuation, and spaces) to communicate
thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
Source: https://jerryjenkins.com/best-books-on-writing/

Words form sentences as sentences form paragraph and books composed of those that
is why it is a need for us to know what is a text and discourse?

Basically, a text is a large unit of written language. It is very important to know the
nature of text for us to learn how to read and write effectively.

What is text? This are made up of sentences of it came from an old French word
“textus” means scriptures that is why it is generally considered as as written material,
especially longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter, or a newspaper.

What is discourse? It came from a Late Latin word “discursus” which means
“conversation.” That is why it is considered as conceptual generalization
of conversation within each modality and context of communication. A text is actually a
connected discourse, for its wide range of definitions--- utterance, talk or even a
speech.

When we link the discourses together, it makes up a large unit of written language we
call a text. Jorgensen and Phillips 2002 put the qualities of a text as:

1. Cohesion – the connection of ideas at the sentence level.

2. Coherence – the connection of ideas at the paragraph level.
3. Intentionality – dwells into the purpose of the author/writer.
4. Informativity – the quantity of new information in the text.
5. Acceptability – how factual the pieces of information are.
6. Situationality – the socio-cultural appropriateness of the text. Is it
appropriate or acceptable to the target reader?
7. Intertextuality – the connection of the succeeding discourse to the
previous one. It also talks about the existence of the succeeding text
because of the previous one.

Written text acquires the characteristics of connected discourse when: ideas are
linked logically.

A text is a connected discourse, which means that all ideas in the text must be related in
the sense that they would express only one main idea, or that the text must have unity
by combining all ideas to emphasize a central idea.

Connectives are helpful in making the entire text connected. Connective is a word that
joins one part of a text to another.

Connectives for listing arguments:

Firstly This can be used for the first supporting argument.

Secondly, These can be used for any further supporting

furthermore, moreover, in arguments (except, of course, for “Secondly” which
addition can only be used for the second.

Finally This can be used for the last supporting argument.

Concluding Connectives:
Three common concluding connectives are:

In conclusion These all carry roughly the same meaning. They

should be used to indicate that you are making final
In summary statements that cover all the supporting arguments in
a very general way.
 Thus

In fact/Indeed
These two connectives have almost the same meaning and both can be used in
the following situations:

1. To connect a more detailed statement with a preceding general statement

Example: Today is very warm. In fact, (or Indeed) it is 35 degrees Celsius.

2. To connect a statement which is more factual and exact with a preceding

statement that is more debatable and general.
Example: The internet is very popular in Australia. Indeed (or in fact), Australia
has the highest proportion of Internet users per head of population of any country
in the world.

Knowing the nature of text will lead you to becoming adept in writing for you will
be guided by your own awareness of what it takes to write an effective text.

Patterns of Development- refers to the particular strategy used by writers to develop

ideas. It helps the writer to sort out information and shape paragraphs or essays.

PATTERNS DESCRIPTION GRAMMATICAL

SIGNALS
1. Narration - describes how, when, and first, second, etc.
where an event or after, next, then,
occurrence happened eventually, soon
- used to tell a story or focus meanwhile, a short
on a set of related events. time later
- it is the most basic pattern of during, at the same
development. time, simultaneously
- it reveals what a reader suddenly, instantly,
should learn and usually in momentarily
chronological order the next day,
following, thereafter
In the end, ultimately

Concrete and Specific Detail

Descriptive details in a narrative paragraph are essential to a good story. Details help
readers to connect to the world the author envisions.
Specific General
blue hamster pet
banana squash vegetable
red and white umbrella with a broken spoke rain gear
 Concrete Abstract
He kissed her and smiled into her eyes. He loved her.
Her hands were shaking, and she was afraid She was scared.
her knees would not support her.

2. Description - the pattern of development above, across,

which goes into details about adjacent to, away
a specific object, person, or from, behind, beyond,
location, in order to firmly set etc.
its appearance
This patterns always answer the
following questions:
What does it look like?
What are its characteristics?
- Description provides details
on the idea by using either a
sensory or spatial pattern.

VARITIES OF DESCRIPTION
Objective Description
- Also used in reportorial and scientific writing, or other writing in which the goal
is to present an objective picture of an object or scene.
- Looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as
objectively as possible.
* The writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead,
describes the scene as it is.

Example of Objective Description

The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from
15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on
younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations. The
leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply
V-shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while those
of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the tip.

Subjective Description
- A sort of description that the author would normally use to
“paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to
see a character.
- Also used in a literary discourse when there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an event.

Example of Subjective Description

My mother had hair so dark that it looked like a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in
 a braid that fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a plain black band. The braid
of black slung over her shoulder, the plaits shining like scales.

3. Definition - explains not just what something is defined as, as

means or is, but also what defined, means, refers
something does, what something is to, to define and to
used for, what something looks like, illustrate
etc.
- helps to clarify concepts by
answering the question “What does
it mean?”
- explains information using
illustrations, examples, and
descriptions

VARITIES OF DEFINITION
Scientific Definition
- Defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real-world facts.

Example of Scientific Definition

Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia) lodge
on abnormal heart valves or other damaged heart tissue. Certain bacteria normally
live on parts of your body, such as the mouth and upper respiratory system, the
intestinal and urinary tracts, and the skin. Some surgical and dental procedures
cause a brief bacteremia. Bacteremia is common after many invasive procedures,
but only certain bacteria commonly cause endocarditis.

Subjective Definition
- Defines the objects in a more personal way.
- Usually derived from the author's own experiences and opinion
- Often used by a writer to state something from the point of view of the
characters or in relation to the setting.
-
Example of Subjective Definition
. . . “[I]diot” is not a nice word to call somebody, and I find myself asking, as Mr.
Welch did of Senator Joseph McCarthy, “Have you no sense of decency, sir?”
Throughout my life, I have had to struggle to keep from thinking of myself in the
limiting way that word implies. So, for the record, I would like it known that I am not
an “idiot.” I am a person who suffers from idiocy. Nobody knows what it is like to deal
with crippling bouts of idiocy while trying to lead a normal life. The last thing I need is
for somebody to make it harder by pointing out what an “idiot” I am. (Frazer)
4. Exemplification and Classification Grammatical Signals
Classification - divides things into groups, for Classification
classes, or categories another
 - organizes ideas into divisions classified as
based on criteria or one kind
standards the last group
another kind
Exemplification final type
- provides examples and the first category
illustrations in order to further the next part
clarify or explain the concept
or subject matter Grammatical Signals
- presents the general for Exemplification
statement and then provides after all
specific and concrete for instance
examples to expound on the namely
main idea that is
as an example
in other words
put another way
to be specific consider
the following
in specifically
to clarify
for example
in short
stated differently
to illustrate

Example:
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with humans for generations.
Dogs can be classified in several different ways. For example, they can be classified
by breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles
and countless others as defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also
be classified by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog.
In many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their role. For example, a
dog could be a beagle that is a family pet.
5. Comparison and - organizes ideas based on Grammatical Signals
Contrast how events, places, people, for Comparing
things, and concepts are also
similar to or different from equally
one another in the same way
a. separately -involves similarly
describing one item first as
followed by the second item in a similar fashion
b. side-by-side -involves like
discussing both items based to compare
on each point of comparison both
 in comparison
likewise

Grammatical Signals
for Contrasting
although
despite
instead
otherwise
and yet
even so
however
still
as opposed to
even though
nevertheless
the fact remains
but
in contrast
nonetheless
unlike
conversely
in spite of
on the contrary
whereas
counter to
in the meantime
on the other hand
yet
Example:
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies, they have completely diverse
personalities. Obbie is a six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is a
one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small and soft, unlike Marcee who has
bristly hair and is much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed, under the
covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie will only sleep on the floor, under the
bed. Obbie is tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is hyper and friendly
to anyone she meets or sees. Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog,
yet Obbie will always stand his ground, never giving up until he is scolded. Given
that they were both treated the same way all their life, it is hard to believe that they
are so different in everything they do.
6. Cause and Effect - explains why something Grammatical Signal
happens or what results a for Cause
particular event produces As for
- used to show how the facts, in view of (the fact)
events, or concepts result owing to (the fact)
due to other facts, events, or because (of the fact)
 concepts. for the reason that
in as much as
Paragraph emphasizing cause seeing that being that
Example: Several factors in that
contributed to the instability of the one reason
economy today. since
Paragraph emphasizing effect due to (the fact that)
Example: Renan should never have
quit his job, for now he is really in Grammatical Signals
trouble. for Effect
accordingly
consequently
in consequence
so that
as a consequence
for this reason
so
therefore
as a result (of this)
hence
so much (so) that thus
because (of this)

7. Problem- Solution - presents a problem and Grammatical Signal

describes two or more for Problem-Solution
possible solutions to that but
problem the problem
- focuses on either a problem one solution is
first, second
or solution in a particular area
or situation the solution
one way is
nonetheless
one reason for the
8. Persuasion - convinces readers to agree to Grammatical Signal
an argument or claim about a for Emphasizing a
particular topic Point
again
in that case
to emphasize
truly
for this reason
indeed
to repeat
with this in mind
in fact
 Grammatical for
Signal for
Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly
therefore
as a result
consequently
finally
in short
since
thus
as I have said
in any event
in summary
in essence
to sum up
in brief
Inevitably
in a nutshell
all in all
due to
in conclusion
overall

Grammatical Signal
for Conceding a
Point
admittedly
it is true that
obviously
true
assuredly
needless to say
of course
undoubtedly
certainly
no doubt
to be sure
unquestionably
granted
Topic: Properties of a Well-Written Text
Properties of a Well-Written Text

Organization- is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically
through it.

It is said that ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose,
position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or
opposing viewpoints.

Cohesion and Coherence- Coherence and cohesion make your text easier for your
readers to follow and understand.

Cohesion: Connection of ideas at sentence level.

Coherence: This means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner,
making them easily understood by the reader.

A text with cohesion but without coherence is difficult to follow.

A text with coherence but without cohesion has no definite point.
A text with both cohesion and coherence is logically arranged and stays on topic.

How can we organize the details of a paragraph? In order for you to assure
cohesion and coherence, you need to consider that use of transitional and signal
devices. To achieve cohesion and coherence you must check the organization of your
ideas.
 One thing that you need to consider is the arrangement of your details. To
connect the new detail to old detail you must think of the appreciate pattern to use.

A. Arrangement of details according to . . .

1. Chronological Order
2. Spatial Order
3. Emphatic Order

Chronological Order The details are arranged in the order in which they
happened.

Spatial Order The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according

to geographical location, such as left-to-right, up- to-
down, etc.

Emphatic Order This arrangement is used when information found in a

paragraph is arranged to emphasize certain points
depending on the writer’s purpose.

The coherence of the paragraph is established in one of

two ways:
1. from least to most
2. from most to least

B. Signal Devices- are words that give the readers an idea of how the points in
the paragraph are progressing.

1. Transitions Words that connect one idea to another, in order for our
ideas to flow smoothly.

2. Repetitions Repetitions of main ideas keep continuity and highlight

important ideas.
3. Synonyms These are words similar in meaning to important words
or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions.

4. Pronouns Words that connect readers to the original word that the
pronouns replace.

1. Transitions
Time first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time,
after, earlier, simultaneously, finally, next, in the
meantime, later, eventually, then, meanwhile, now,
subsequent, etc.
Sequence moreover, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another,
first, second, third, besides, additionally, etc.
Space above, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.
Illustration for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this
case, to illustrate, etc.
Comparison similarly, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in
comparison, too, etc.)
Contrast but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other
hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely,
etc.
Cause and Effect because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since, etc.
Conclusion thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc.

2. Repetitions
Examples:
1. If you think you can do it, you can do it.
2. The boy was a good footballer, because his father was a footballer, and his
grandfather was a footballer.
3. The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on the table, “Order in the court,
order in the court.”
4. The president said, “Work, work, and work,” are the keys to success.

3. Pronouns
Example of Pronouns used in an actual sentence:

INCORRECT: Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the Republic of the

Philippines. Aside from that, Rodrigo Duterte also served as Davao City’s Mayor
for a long period of time. Rodrigo Duterte is also known by the populace as an
adamant leader.
CORRECT: Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the Republic of the
Philippines. Aside from that, he also served as Davao City’s Mayor for a long
period of time. He is also known by the populace as an adamant leader.

Language Use- Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style of language for
a particular form a text.

It is important that you make good choices when it comes to language use
because how you use language affects the tone of the text and the readers’
interpretation of it. Before writing, you have to think about and consider your target
audience.
 It is important to determine when it is appropriate to use formal and
informal language.

Formal language - is used in writing academic, business and official texts.

Informal language - is usually used in writing for oneself, friends, family and
colleagues.

Examples:
1. We asked the secretary to call the professor and get her permission for us to
continue our research.
2. We requested that the secretary contact the professor and obtain her permission
for us to continue our research.
In the first sentence, the writer used casual words and the second used words
that are more serious and appropriate to use when talking or writing to a person
of authority.

Language Use Tips

1. Clear and concise sentences. On average, a sentence is 18 words long.

2. Jargon (i.e. “insider” terminology that may be difficult for readers from other fields
to understand).
3. Clichés (which are expressions that are heavily overused, such as think outside of
the box and but at the end of the day)
4. Everyday abbreviations (e.g. photos, fridge, phone, info)
5. Slang (e.g. cops, cool)
6. Not gender neutral (e.g. firemen, mankind)

Mechanics- focuses on the technicalities of the structure. It determines errors on

subject-verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization,
abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and the
punctuation marks.

1. Spelling- When you write, always make sure that you are consistently using
one standard with regard to the spelling of your words.
Examples: American Spelling British Spelling
Color Colour

2. Capitalization- is the act of writing the first letter of a word in uppercase while
the rest of the letters are in lowercase.

3. Punctuation- is the act of using a system of symbols such as the comma,

period, quotation marks, question marks, etc. that are used to give structure
to and organize a text. The use of punctuation guides the reader regarding
how the text should be read.
Examples:
I love to paint portraits I would paint one every day if I had the time
 I love to paint portraits. I would paint one every day if I had the time.
This book is dedicated to my parents, Mario and Lisa.
This book is dedicated to my parents, Mario, and Lisa.

The following should be observed in academic and more formal texts.

1. Always use standard English.

2. Avoid contractions.
3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotations.

REMEMBER
 Mechanics focuses on the technicalities of the structure.
 There are three arrangements of ideas; chronological, spatial and
emphatic order.
 Coherence and cohesion make your text easier for your readers to follow
and understand.
 Appropriate language use refers to the acceptable style of language for a
particular form a text.
 Organization is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader
logically through it.
 Signal Devices are words that give the readers an idea of how the points
in the paragraph are progressing.
 There are four properties of a well-written text: organization, cohesion and
coherence, language use and mechanics.

Explicit and Implicit Claims in a Text and Different Kinds of Facts

What is a claim?

Claims state the point or position of an author regarding a certain topic. The claim
statement is further proven by supporting details from various resources and reliable
evidence. This is the most important part of a written text as it does not only limit the
scope of the topic, but it also gives a concise summary of the writer’s thoughts and
argument.
Claims state the point or position of an author regarding a certain topic.

What is explicit and implicit? Explicit information is information that is clearly stated in
the text. Implicit, on the other hand, are ideas suggested in the text by not directly stated.
This is where the ability to make inferences based on clues within the text is applied.
There are three times of claims: claim of fact, claim of value and claim of policy. In this
module you will know their differences and definitions.

Claim of Fact- asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist. To support this
claim it is a must to use factual evidence that is sufficient, reliable, and appropriate.
A claim of fact is not dependent on merely on a person’s preference but can be true or
false.

In a claim of fact, it is always in contrast to statement of fact, statement of fact is a claim

that is universally accepted.

Examples: Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th president of the Philippines.

Saint Lorenzo Ruiz is the first Filipino saint.

Claim of Value- expresses approval or disapproval about something; attempts to

show that something is wrong/right, moral/immoral, beautiful/ugly. A statement about
which is better, more important, more desirable, more needs, or more useful.

To support this claim, you must establish your standard that you are going to use in
measuring the beauty and morality of the topic.

a. The government should stop the war on

drugs.
b. The students must follow the CLAYGO
Policy of the school.
c. The government must devote more funds
to building schools than building roads.

Claim of Policy? argues that something should/should not be done, believed,

banned. Argues for a course of action. An argument that asserts the implementation of
a certain policy.

To support this claim, you must first convince the audience that a problem exists and
then prove that your policy will fix it.

In studying claims, you must also consider fact and opinion.

What is fact? fact is something, that has actually taken place or known to have
existed, which can be validated with pieces of evidence.

A fact can be an event or information, based on real occurrences which can be

tested through verifiability.

Kinds of Fact

Facts Definition Examples

Empirical Facts that can be proven by Typhoon Yolanda was

scientific observation, experience, recorded as one of the
 or experiment. strongest typhoons that hit
the Philippines.

The Philippines is
composed of three major
islands, namely Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao.

Analytical Facts that make use of various 7+7 means 2 x 7 = 14

operations in mathematics to 11 + 11 + 11 means 11 x 3
prove a statement. = 33
Facts that are supported by laws, Teacher – student
Evaluative local and international, and ideally relationship is illegal.
give order.
Philippines owns Spratly
Island.

Metaphysical Facts that are verified by All humans have brain.

revelatory evidence or self-
evidence. All men are created equal.

Facts that are assumed to be true

without external evidence.

What is opinion? It is defined as the personal view or judgment about a subject,

that may or may not be substantiated by the facts or positive knowledge.

A view or judgement formed about something based on one’s perspective.

Opinion is highly influenced by a person’s feelings, thoughts, perspective,

desires, attitude, experiences, understanding, beliefs, values, etc., which cannot be
tested by concrete evidence.