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resources and development notes

The document discusses the concept of resources, categorizing them based on origin, exhaustibility, development status, ownership, and their role in sustainable development. It highlights the importance of resource planning to prevent ecological crises and ensure sustainable economic growth, referencing the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21. Additionally, it covers land resources in India, types of soil, land utilization, and methods for soil conservation.

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DG Gyan
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2 views

resources and development notes

The document discusses the concept of resources, categorizing them based on origin, exhaustibility, development status, ownership, and their role in sustainable development. It highlights the importance of resource planning to prevent ecological crises and ensure sustainable economic growth, referencing the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21. Additionally, it covers land resources in India, types of soil, land utilization, and methods for soil conservation.

Uploaded by

DG Gyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Resources

Resources
and
Development
and
Key Points Development
Everything available in our environment which can be

Resources used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically


accessible, economically feasible and cul turally
acceptable can be termed as 'Resource'.

Types of Resources
Biotic Human beings, flora and fauna,
resources fisheries, livestock, etc.
Based on Origin
Abiotic
Rocks and Metals.
resources

Renewable
Solar and Wind Energy, etc.
Resources
Based on exhaustibility
Non
renewable Minerals and fossil fuels
Resources

Potential
Uranium , Solar Power Etc.
resources

Developed
Forests , Petroleum Etc.
resources
Based on status of
development
Stock Coal And Petroleum

Reserves Water In The Dams, Minerals Etc.


International
Mountains, Seas, Volcanoes Etc.
resources

National Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Etc.


resources
Based on Ownership
Community Public Parks, Playgrounds, Etc.
owned
resources

Individual
House, Car, Book, Etc.
resources

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Problems that arose due to indiscriminate use of resources

Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals

Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided


the society into two segments i.e. rich and poor.

Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological


crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental
pollution, and land degradation.

Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence


of all forms of life.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable economic development means 'development should take
place without damaging the environment, and development in the
present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992


· The first International Earth Summit took place in Rio De Janeiro in
1992, to address urgent problems of environmental protection and
socioeconomic development at the global level.
· It endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for
achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21
· It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which
took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
· It aims at achieving global sustainable development.
· It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease
through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs, and
shared responsibilities.
Resource Planning

Resource planning is a complex process which involves

Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the


country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of the resources.

Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill


and institutional set up.

Matching the resource development plans with overall national


development plans.

Conservation of Resources

Gandhiji told “There is enough for everybody's need and not


for any body's greed.”

He thought that exploitative nature of modern technology is the


root cause for depletion at global level.

He believed in the production by masses and not in the mass


production.
Land Resources

India comprises of many types of land.

Mountains – About 30% of land area in India is in the form of mountain.


Mountain supports the perennial flow of rivers, which carry fertile soils,
facilitate irrigation and provide drinking water.

Plains – About 43% of land area in India is in the form of plains.

Plateau – About 27% of land in India is in the form of plateau which


provides many types of minerals, fossil fuels and forest.

Land Utilization

Forests Other uncultivated land


Net sown area
(excluding fallow land)

Land not available Fallow land Area which is


for cultivation sown at least
once in a year
Barren and is called net
waste land sown area.

Permanent pastures
Lands used for buildings, and grazing land
roads, factories, etc.
i.e for non-agriculture
Land under miscellaneous
purpose.
tree crops groves

Culturable waste land


Land Use Pattern in India

Pattern of land use depends on – Physical factors such as climate,


topography etc. and human factors such as population, technology etc.

India – 3.28 million sq.km. land use data, out of which 93% is available.

Land under permanent pasture is decreasing

Total net sown area – 54% approx.

Land other than fallow – poor quality.

Variable net sown area in different states.

Factors Responsible for Land Degradation

Mining Overgrazing Water Logging


The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are
Soil parent rocks, climate, plant, animal, and local topography.

Types of Soil
· Most widespread soil in India.
· In upper part of river valley,soil is coarse, such soil are
Alluvial soil common in piedmont plain such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
· Further classified in to Old Alluvial or Bhangar and New
Alluvial or Khadar

· Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in


crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
Red and · It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
Yellow soil · Found in Tamil Nadu, Parts of Karnataka, South east
Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and on the Chhota
Nagpur, Plateau of Jharkhand.

· They are made of extremely fine material i.e., clayey


material.
Black soil · Rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime and poor in phosphoric
contents.
· Also known as regur soil.
· Mainly found in Maharastra, Western Madhya Pradesh,
part of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil
Nadu.
Types of Soil
· They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained
in the upper slopes.
· Suitable for plantation of tea, coffee, spices, and tropical
Forest soil fruits.
· Found in hilly regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim,
Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.

· Colour ranges from red to brown.


· Lacks humus and moisture due to dry climate and high
temperature.
· Lower layer of the soil contains Kankar due to calcium
Arid Soil content.
· With irrigation facilities soil becomes cultivable.
· Found in Western Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat, and
Southern Punjab.

· Laterite has been derived from Latin word 'later' which


means brick.
· It is a result of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical
rains.
Laterite soil
· Due to lack of nitrogen, potassium, and organic elements
laterite soil lacks fertility.
· Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
Soil Erosion and Conservation

It is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water,
more rapidly than the various soil forming process can replace it.

Types of soil erosion

Gully erosion Sheet erosion Wind erosion


Soil Conservation
Contour
ploughing

Ploughing along the contour lines reduces the flow of water


on the slope.

Terrace
farming

Steps are cut on the slopes making terraces to check soil


erosion. This is found in western and central Himalayas.

Strip
farming

Large fields are divided into strips and grass is allowed to


grow between the crop.

Planting of
shelter belts

Lines of trees are grown, stabilization of sand dunes and


deserts in western India to check wind erosion.

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