Calculation Method

for the performance of

Anchor Channels

TR 047
September 2015
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EOTA Technical Reports (TR) go into detail in some technical aspects and express the common
understanding of existing knowledge and experience of the EOTA bodies at a particular point in time. They
are supporting documents being referenced in European Assessment Documents (EAD), if relevant.
Where knowledge and experience is developing, especially through assessment work, such reports can be
amended and supplemented. Amendments of EOTA Technical Report supersedes the previous one.
This EOTA Technical Report has been prepared by the working group of Technical Assessment Bodies
designated for the product area 33 «Fixings» according to Annex IV to the Regulation (EU) 305/2011. It has
been adopted by EOTA Technical Board 15/09 and may be used until the relevant Eurocode is available.

September 2015
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Content
1 Introduction 5
2 Scope 5
2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Type, dimensions and materials of anchor channels .......................................................................... 5
2.3 Anchor channel loading ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Concrete member................................................................................................................................ 6
3 Notations and Definitions 6
3.1 Indices ................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Superscripts ........................................................................................................................................ 7
3.3 Actions and resistances ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Concrete and steel .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.5 Anchor channels, reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 8
3.6 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.7 Units .................................................................................................................................................. 10
4 Design and safety concept 11
4.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2 Design format .................................................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Verification by the partial factor method ............................................................................................ 12
4.3.1 Partial factors for actions ................................................................................................... 12
4.3.2 Partial factors for resistances – Ultimate limit states ......................................................... 12
4.3.3 Partial factors for resistances – Serviceability limit state ................................................... 12
4.4 Project specification .......................................................................................................................... 13
4.5 Installation of anchor channels .......................................................................................................... 13
4.6 Determination of concrete condition .................................................................................................. 13
5 Durability 14
6 Forces acting on anchor channels - analysis 14
6.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Tension loads .................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Shear loads VEd acting transverse to the longitudinal axis of the channel ........................................ 16
6.4 Forces assigned to supplementary reinforcement ............................................................................ 17
6.4.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 17
6.4.2 Tension loads ..................................................................................................................... 17
6.4.3 Shear loads ........................................................................................................................ 17
7 Verification of ultimate limit state 18
7.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 18
7.2 Tension load ...................................................................................................................................... 18
7.2.1 Required verifications ........................................................................................................ 18
7.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement ......................................................................... 20
7.2.3 Steel failure ........................................................................................................................ 21
7.2.4 Pull-out failure .................................................................................................................... 21
7.2.5 Concrete cone failure ......................................................................................................... 22
7.2.6 Concrete splitting failure .................................................................................................... 24
7.2.7 Concrete blow-out failure ................................................................................................... 25

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7.2.8 Failure of supplementary reinforcement ............................................................................ 26

7.3 Shear load VEd acting transverse to the longitudinal axis of the channel.......................................... 27
7.3.1 Required verifications ........................................................................................................ 27
7.3.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement ......................................................................... 27
7.3.3 Steel failure ........................................................................................................................ 29
7.3.4 Concrete pry-out failure ..................................................................................................... 29
7.3.5 Concrete edge failure ........................................................................................................ 29
7.3.6 Supplementary reinforcement ............................................................................................ 32
7.4 Combined tension and shear loads ................................................................................................... 33
7.4.1 Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement .................................................... 33
7.4.2 Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement ......................................................... 34
8 Verification of fire resistance 34
8.1 Partial factors .................................................................................................................................... 34
8.2 Actions ............................................................................................................................................... 34
8.3 Resistance ......................................................................................................................................... 34
8.3.1 Tension load ...................................................................................................................... 34
8.3.2 Shear load .......................................................................................................................... 35
8.3.3 Combined tension and shear load ..................................................................................... 35
9 Verification of serviceability limit state 36
10 Additional rules for verification of concrete elements due to loads
applied by anchor channels 36
10.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 36
10.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member ............................................................ 36
11 References 37

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Tables
Table 4.1 Recommended values of partial factors
Table 7.1 Required verifications for anchor channels in tension
Table 7.2 Verifications for anchor channels under shear load VEd acting transverse to the longitudinal
channel axis

Figures
Figure 2.1 Definitions for anchor channels
Figure 6.1 Examples for amplification of tension forces acting on the anchor channel due to eccentricity
Figure 6.2 Anchor channels covered by this design method: a) example of anchor channel with 5
anchors; b) on elastic support; c) triangular load distribution method
Figure 6.3 Shear load with lever arm: a) Definition of lever arm; b) free rotation of the fixture; c) no
rotation of fixture
Figure 6.4 Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces — forces in the reinforcement
Figure 7.1 Arrangement of supplementary reinforcement to take up tension loads
Figure 7.2 Arrangement of supplementary reinforcement a) anchor channel parallel to the edge b)
anchor channel in narrow member
Figure 7.3 Anchor channel with different anchor tension forces - example
Figure 7.4 Anchor channel at an edge (a) or in a narrow member (b)
Figure 7.5 Definition of the corner distance of an anchor channel in the corner of a concrete member
Figure 7.6 Anchor channel at the edge of a thin concrete member
Figure 7.7 Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces with simplified strut and tie model to design
edge reinforcement
Figure 7.8 Anchor channel with different anchor shear forces - example
Figure 7.9 Anchor channel with anchors influenced by one (a)) or two (b)) corners, anchor 2 is under
consideration - example
Figure 7.10 Anchor channel influenced by the member thickness – example
Figure 7.11 Anchor channel loaded parallel to the edge
Figure 7.12 Illustration of an anchor channel influenced by two corners and member thickness (in this
example c2,2 is decisive for the determination of c1' )

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1 Introduction
This Technical Report contains a design method for anchor channels which have been awarded an ETA in
accordance with EAD “Anchor channels” [2].
Note: A design method that is consistent with the assessment according to EAD “Anchor channels” [2]
has been developed during the revision of the CEN/TS 1992-4 series [1] and is incorporated in
EN 1992-4 [8]. Since EN 1992-4 has not yet been published the need for a publicly available
document arises. The design method for anchor channels in this Technical Report (TR) is
intended to bridge the time span until the publication of EN 1992-4. The design method given in
this TR complies with the final draft of EN 1992-4 prepared by CEN/TC 250/SC 2/WG 2 for CEN
Formal Vote.
This document should be withdrawn within a reasonable time frame when EN 1992-4 is
published. Once EN 1992-4 has been published no ETA should be issued with reference to this
Technical Report.
This document has been written to represent current best practice. However, users should verify
that applying its provisions allows local regulatory requirements to be satisfied.

2 Scope

2.1 General
This TR provides a design method for anchor channels in concrete members (connection between structural
elements and attachment of non-structural elements to structural components).
This TR is intended for safety related applications in which the failure of anchor channels may result in
collapse or partial collapse of the structure, cause risk to human life or lead to significant economic loss. In
this context it also covers non-structural elements.
The design rules in this TR are only valid for anchor channels with a European Technical Assessment (ETA).
The transfer of the loads applied to the anchor channel to the supports of the concrete member shall be
shown for both, ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state according to EN 1992-1-1 [6].
This TR does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with
the appropriate Standards and fulfil the requirements on the fixture as given in this TR.
This document relies on characteristic resistances and distances which are stated in an ETA and referred to
in this TR.
Note: The numerical values for certain parameters given in Notes may be used for pre-dimensioning.
The corresponding values for verification are given in the ETAs and may be different.

2.2 Type, dimensions and materials of anchor channels

This TR applies to anchor channels with rigid connection (e.g. welded, forged, bolted) between anchor and
channel. The anchor channels shall have an established suitability for the specified application in concrete,
which is stated in the relevant ETA.
The effective embedment depth shall be hef ≥ 40 mm.
This TR covers anchor channels made of either carbon steel or stainless steel. The surface of the steel may
be coated or uncoated. This TR is valid for anchor channels with a nominal steel tensile strength
fuk ≤ 1000 N/mm2. An example for anchor channels is given in Figure 2.1.

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a) b)

Key
1 anchor
2 connection between anchor and channel
3 channel
4 channel lip
5 channel bolt
a) hef for anchor channels (see 7.2.5 and 7.2.5 b))
*
b) hef for anchor channels (see 7.2.5 a))

Figure 2.1 Definitions for anchor channels

2.3 Anchor channel loading

Loading on the anchor channel covered by this document may be static and quasi-static. The loading on the
anchor channel resulting from the actions on the fixture will generally be axial tension and/or shear. A shear
force applied with a lever arm will result in a bending moment on the channel bolt and the channel. Any axial
compression on the fixture should be transmitted to the concrete either directly to the concrete surface or via
contact between the fixture and the anchor channel.
Shear in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel is not covered by this TR.
Design of fastenings under fire exposure is covered by this TR (see section 8).
Loading scenarios such as fatigue, impact and seismic loads are not covered.

2.4 Concrete member

This TR is valid for anchor channels installed in members made of compacted normal weight concrete
without fibres with strength classes in the range C12/15 to C90/105 all in accordance with EN 206 [3]. It
should be noted that in the design of anchor channels the values of fck used for calculation shall not exceed
60 N/mm2 even if the structure uses a higher strength class. The range of concrete strength classes in which
particular anchor channels may be used is given in the relevant ETA and may be more restrictive than stated
above.
In the context of this TR the concrete members shall be subjected to static loading only.

3 Notations and Definitions

3.1 Indices
E action effects
L load
M material
N normal force
R resistance, restraint
V shear force
adm admissible

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b bond
blow-out
c concrete
connection between anchor and channel
ca connection
cb blow-out
cbo channel bolt
ch channel
cp concrete pry-out
cr cracked concrete
characteristic value
d design value
ef effective
fi fire
fix fixture
flex bending
h head of anchor of anchor channel
ind indirect
k characteristic value
l local
max maximum
min minimum
nom nominal
p pull-out
re reinforcement
s steel
sp splitting
u ultimate
ucr uncracked concrete
y yield

3.2 Superscripts
0 basic value
a anchor
cb channel bolt
ch anchor channel

3.3 Actions and resistances

 partial factor
z height of the non-structural element above the level of application of the seismic action
A'i ordinate of a triangle with the height 1 at the position of the load NEd or VEd and the
base length 2 li at the position of the anchor i of an anchor channel
Cd nominal value, e.g. limiting displacement
E effect of action
R resistance
F force in general
N axial force (positive = tension force, negative = compression force)
NEd resultant design tension force
V shear force
M moment
FRk ( NRk ; VRk ) characteristic value of resistance (axial force, shear force)
FRd ( NRd ; VRd ) design value of resistance (axial force, shear force)
FEk (NEk; VEk; MEk) characteristic value of actions acting on the fixture (axial load, shear load, bending
moment, torsion moment)
FEd (NEd; VEd; MEd) design value of actions acting on the channel bolt (axial load, shear load, bending
moment)
a a a
FEd ( NEd ; VEd ) design value of action on one anchor of the anchor channel
a a a
FEd ,i ( NEd ,i ; VEd ,i ) design value of action on anchor i of the anchor channel
cb cb cb
FEd ( NEd ; VEd ) design value of action on one channel bolt of the anchor channel

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ch
M Ed design value of bending moment acting on the anchor channel due to tension loads
cb
NEd (see section 6.2)
a
NEd ,re design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement of one anchor
of the anchor channel

3.4 Concrete and steel

fbd design bond strength of supplementary reinforcement
fck nominal characteristic compressive cylinder strength (150 mm diameter by 300 mm
cylinder)
fyk nominal characteristic steel yield strength
fuk nominal characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength
As,re cross section of a reinforcing bar
Iy moment of inertia of the channel relative to the y-axis of the channel (Figure 2.1)

3.5 Anchor channels, reinforcement

 diameter of reinforcing bar
m mandrel diameter of reinforcing bar
 influence factor
ch,c influence factor taking into account corner of concrete member
ch,e,N influence factor taking into account edge of concrete member
ch,h influence factor taking into account the thickness of the concrete member
ch,s influence factor taking into account neighbouring anchors
ch,90°,V influence factor taking into account shear loads acting parallel to the edge
h,sp influence factor taking into account the thickness of the concrete member
l,N influence factor for closely spaced channel bolts
re,N influence factor taking into account dense reinforcement
bch width of the channel, (Figure 2.1)
c edge distance from the axis of an anchor channel
c1 edge distance in direction 1 (Figure 7.4)
c2 edge distance in direction 2 (Figure 7.5), where direction 2 is perpendicular to direction 1
ccr characteristic edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance
cmin minimum allowable edge distance
d diameter of channel bolt,
effective depth to axis of supplementary reinforcement (Figure 6.4)
da diameter of an anchor of an anchor channel (round anchor)
df diameter of clearance hole in the fixture
dh diameter of anchor head (see section 7.2.4)
e1 distance between shear load and concrete surface (Figure 6.3)
es distance between the line of the shear load and the axis of the supplementary reinforcement for
shear (Figure 6.4)
h thickness of concrete member in which the anchor channel is installed (Figure 7.10)
hch height of the channel (Figure 2.1)
hef effective embedment depth (Figure 2.1)
hmin minimum allowed thickness of concrete member
la lever arm of the shear force acting on an anchor channel (Figure 6.3)
lbd anchorage length of supplementary reinforcement
li influence length of an external load NEd or VEd along an anchor channel (Figure 6.2 and
Equation (6.3))
l1 anchorage length of the reinforcing bar in the assumed concrete break-out body (Figure 7.1 and
Figure 7.7)
n number of anchors within the influence length li
nre number of legs of the supplementary reinforcement effective for one anchor
s centre to centre spacing of anchors of an anchor channel (Figure 6.2) or spacing of reinforcing
bars
scbo centre to centre spacing of channels bolts
scr characteristic spacing for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance
smin minimum allowable spacing of anchor
tfix thickness of the fixture
th thickness of anchor head
z internal lever arm of concrete member (Figure 6.4 and Equation (6.6))

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3.6 Definitions
anchor
element made of steel attached to the back of anchor channels.
anchor channel
steel profile with two or more steel anchors rigidly connected to the back of the anchor channel (see
Figure 2.1) installed prior to concreting
attached element
structural or non-structural component that is connected to the attachment
attachment
fixture
assembly that transmits loads to the anchor channel
base material
concrete member in which the anchor channel is installed
bending
bending effect induced by a shear load applied with a lever arm with respect to the surface of the concrete
member
channel bolt
screw or bolt which connects the element to be fixed to the anchor channel (Figure 2.1)
characteristic edge distance
edge distance required to ensure that the edge does not influence the characteristic resistance of an anchor
characteristic resistance
5 % fractile of the resistance (value with a 95 % probability of being exceeded, with a confidence level of
90 %)
characteristic spacing
spacing required to ensure the characteristic resistance of a single anchor
combined tension and shear loads
tension and shear load applied simultaneously
concrete blow-out failure
spalling of the concrete on the side face of the concrete element at the level of the embedded head with no
major breakout at the top concrete surface. This is usually associated with anchor channels with small side
cover and deep embedment of the anchor.
concrete breakout failure
failure that corresponds to a wedge or cone of concrete surrounding the anchor of an anchor channel being
separated from the base material
concrete pry-out failure
failure that corresponds to the formation of a concrete spall opposite to the loading direction under shear
loading
concrete related failure modes
failure modes under tension loading: Pull-out failure, concrete cone failure, concrete blow-out failure,
concrete splitting failure, anchorage failure of supplementary reinforcement; failure modes under shear
loading: Concrete pry-out failure, concrete edge failure
concrete splitting failure
concrete failure mode in which the concrete fractures along a plane passing through the axis of the anchors
of an anchor channel
displacement
movement of a channel bolt or the anchor channel relative to the concrete element in the direction of the axis
of the bolt/anchor in case of tension and perpendicular to this axis in case of shear.
edge distance
distance from the edge of the concrete member to the centre of the anchor of an anchor channel
effective embedment depth
overall depth through which the anchor of an anchor channel transfers force to the surrounding concrete; see
Figure 2.1.

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European Technical Assessment (ETA)

document containing performance characteristics for anchor channels based on a European Assessment
Document (EAD)
fastening
assembly of fixture and anchor channel used to transmit loads to concrete
flexure
bending effect in the channel of an anchor channel induced by a tension load
mechanical interlock
load transfer to a concrete member via interlocking surfaces
minimum edge distance
smallest allowable distance to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete and to avoid damage to
the concrete during prestressing of the channel bolt, given in the ETA
minimum member thickness
smallest value for member thickness, in which an anchor channel is allowed to be installed, given in the ETA
minimum spacing
smallest value for distance between anchors to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete
pull-out failure
failure mode in which the anchor pulls out of the concrete without development of the full concrete resistance
shear load
load acting parallel to the concrete surface and transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
channel
spacing
distance between centre lines of channel bolts as well as anchors of anchor channels
steel failure
failure mode characterised by fracture of the steel elements of anchor channels (anchor, channel bolt and
connection) or flexure of the channel lip or channel itself
supplementary reinforcement
anchor reinforcement
reinforcement tying a potential concrete breakout body to the concrete member
tension load
load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material

3.7 Units
In this TR SI-units are used. Unless stated otherwise in the equations, the following units are used:
Dimensions are given in mm, cross sections in mm2, section modulus in mm 3, moment of inertia in mm4,
forces and loads in N and stresses, strengths and moduli of elasticity in N/mm 2.

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4 Design and safety concept

4.1 General
Anchor channels shall resist all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use with the level
of required reliability (ultimate limit state). Deformation to an inadmissible degree (serviceability limit state)
shall be avoided and the anchor channels shall remain fit for the use for which they are required (durability).
They shall not be damaged by accidental events to an extent disproportional to the original cause.
The design of anchor channels shall be in accordance with the same principles and requirements valid for
structures given in EN 1990 [4] (including load combinations) and EN 1992-1-1 [6].
The design working life of the anchor channels shall meet that of the fixture. The partial factors for resistance
and durability in this TR are based on a design working life of 50 years for the anchor channel. Actions shall
be determined based on the relevant parts of EN 1991 [5].
The design of the concrete member in which the anchor channels are installed shall comply with EN 1992-1
and a safe transfer of loads to the supports of the member shall be ensured (see also section 10). For the
design and execution of anchor channels the same quality requirements are valid as for the design and
execution of structures and the attachment:
 The design of the anchor channels shall be performed by qualified personnel;
 the execution shall comply with the requirements stated in section 4.5.
In the ultimate limit state (ULS), verifications are required for all appropriate load directions and all relevant
failure modes. In the serviceability limit state (SLS), the displacements caused by the applied actions shall
not be larger than the admissible displacement.
The material of the anchor channels, including channel bolts, and the corrosion protection shall be selected
and demonstrated taking into account the environmental conditions at the place of installation, and whether
the anchor channels are inspectable and maintainable.
The fastening shall have an adequate fire resistance where required. In this document it is assumed that the
fire resistance of the fixture is adequate. Section 8 provides guidance for the design of anchor channels
exposed to fire.

4.2 Design format

At ULS the value of the design action Ed shall not exceed the value of the design resistance Rd.
E d  Rd (4.1)

where
Ed = value of design action;
Rd = value of design resistance.
The design resistance shall be calculated as follows:
Rd  R k /  M (4.2)
where
Rk = characteristic resistance of an anchor channel;
M = partial safety factor for material.
The forces in the anchor channel shall be derived using appropriate combinations of actions on the fixture in
accordance with EN 1990. Forces Qind resulting from restraint to deformation, intrinsic (e.g. shrinkage) or
extrinsic (e.g. temperature variations), of the attached member shall be taken into account in the design of
anchor channels. The design action shall be taken as ind · Qind. In general actions on the fixture may be
calculated ignoring the displacement of the anchor channels. However, the effect of displacement of the
anchor channels should be considered when a statically indeterminate stiff element is fastened.
At SLS the following criteria shall be met:
E d  Cd (4.3)
where the displacement of the anchor channel, Ed, shall be determined based on the information provided in
the relevant ETA. Furthermore, cracking of the concrete for anchor channels with supplementary
reinforcement close to an edge loaded in shear shall be considered. For Cd see section 9.

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4.3 Verification by the partial factor method

4.3.1 Partial factors for actions
Partial factors shall be in accordance with EN 1990. The partial factor ind shall be applied for the verification
of indirect actions.
Note: The value of ind for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex to EN 1990. The
recommended values for ULS are ind = 1,2 for concrete failure and ind = 1,0 for other failure
modes.
4.3.2 Partial factors for resistances – Ultimate limit states
Partial factors for fastenings under static and quasi-static loading shall be applied to characteristic
resistances.
Note: In absence of national regulations the recommended values of partial factors are given in
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Recommended values of partial factors
Failure modes Partial factor
Permanent and transient
Accidential design situations
design situations
Steel failure – anchor channels
Tension in anchors
= 1,2  fuk/fyk  1,4 = 1,05  fuk/fyk  1,25
and channel bolts
Shear in anchors and shear with = 1,0  fuk/fyk  1,25 = 1,0  fuk/fyk  1,25
and without lever arm in channel Ms for fuk  800 N/mm2 and for fuk  800 N/mm2 and
bolts fyk/fuk  0,8 fyk/fuk  0,8
= 1,5 for fuk > 800 N/mm2 or = 1,3 for fuk > 800 N/mm2 or
fyk/fuk > 0,8 fyk/fuk > 0,8
Connection between anchor and
Ms,ca = 1,8 = 1,6
channel in tension and shear
Local failure of anchor channel
by bending of lips in tension and Ms,l = 1,8 = 1,6
shear
Bending of channel Ms,flex = 1,15 = 1,00
Steel failure – supplementary reinforcement
Tension Ms,re = 1,15 a = 1,00
Concrete failure
Cone break-out failure, Mc = c  inst = c  inst
edge break-out failure,
blow-out failure and c = 1,5 a = 1,2 a
pry-out failure
inst = 1,0 for anchor channels
Splitting failure Msp = Mc
Pull-out failure
Pull-out Mp = Mc
a The values are in accordance with EN 1992-1-1.

4.3.3 Partial factors for resistances – Serviceability limit state

The partial factor for resistance M shall be applied to characteristic resistances.
Note: The value of the partial factor for serviceability limit state for use in a Country may be found in
its National Annex to EN 1990. The recommended value for the partial factor M is M = 1,0.

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4.4 Project specification

The project specification shall typically include the following:
a) Strength class of the concrete used in the design and the condition of the concrete (cracked or
uncracked). In case of uncracked concrete, verification of this condition is required (e.g. see
section 4.6).
b) Environmental exposure used for the design (EN 206).
c) A note indicating that the number, manufacturer, type and geometry of anchor channel or channel
bolts shall not be changed unless verified and approved by the responsible designer.
d) Construction drawings or supplementary design documents should include
 location of the anchor channels in the structure, including tolerances;
 number and type of anchor channels and channel bolts;
 spacing and edge distance of the anchor channels including tolerances (typically specified with
positive tolerances only);
 thickness of fixture and diameter of the clearance holes (if applicable);
 (special) installation instructions (if applicable). These shall not be in contradiction with the
manufacturer's installation instructions.
e) Reference to the manufacturer's installation instructions.

4.5 Installation of anchor channels

The manner of installation of anchor channels affects the resistance and reliability of fastenings. The partial
factors given in section 4.3 are valid only if the conditions and the assumptions given in the following are
fulfilled:
a) The anchor channel is fixed such that movement of the anchor channel is avoided during placing of
reinforcement or during pouring and compacting of the concrete.
b) The concrete is properly compacted especially under the head of the anchor and under the
channel.
c) It is not allowed to place anchor channels by only pushing them into the wet concrete.
d) Anchor channels may be vibrated into the wet concrete right after pouring. This process is carried
out in accordance with a quality system that includes at a minimum the following:
 The length of the anchor channel is ≤ 1 m for placement by one person (simultaneous to
vibrating). At least two persons should install longer channels.
 The anchor channels are not moved after vibrating has been finished.
 The concrete in the region of the anchor and the anchor channel is properly compacted.
e) Inspection and approval of the correct installation of the anchor channels is performed by
appropriately qualified personnel.

These assumptions should be reflected in the installation instructions for the anchor channel.
4.6 Determination of concrete condition
The concrete may be cracked or uncracked in the region of the anchor channel. The designer shall
determine the condition of the concrete for the service life.
Note: In general, it is conservative to assume that the concrete is cracked over its service life.
Uncracked concrete may be assumed if it is shown that under the characteristic combination of loading at
SLS the anchor channel with its entire embedment depth is located in uncracked concrete. This will be
satisfied if Equation (4.4) is observed (compressive stresses are negative):
 L   R   adm (4.4)

L = stress in the concrete induced by external loads including anchor channel loads

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R = stress in the concrete due to restraint of intrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. shrinkage of
concrete) or extrinsic imposed deformations (e.g. due to displacement of support or
temperature variations). If no detailed analysis is conducted, R = 3 N/mm2 should be
assumed.
adm = admissible tensile stress for the definition of uncracked concrete.
Note: The stresses L and R should be calculated assuming that the concrete is uncracked. For
concrete members which transmit loads in two directions (e.g. slabs, walls and shells)
Equation (4.4) should be fulfilled for both directions. The value of adm may be found in a
Country's corresponding National Regulation. The recommended value is adm = 0 is based on
the characteristic combination of loading at SLS.

5 Durability
Anchor channels and fixtures shall be chosen to have adequate durability taking into account the
environmental conditions for the structure (such as exposure classes) as given in EN 1992-1-1.
Note: Product specific information might be stated in the relevant ETA. Additional general information
may be available on a national level.

6 Forces acting on anchor channels - analysis

6.1 General
The actions acting on a fixture shall be transferred to the anchor channels as statically equivalent tension
and shear forces. Any friction forces that may result from bending moment or compression forces acting on
the fixture in contact with concrete are neglected in the design of the anchor channel.
The distribution of tension loads acting on the channel to the anchors of the anchor channel may be
calculated treating the channel as a beam on elastic support (anchors) with a partial restraint of the channel
ends. The resulting anchor forces depend on the assumed anchor stiffness and degree of restraint.
When a bending moment and/or a compression force act on a fixture, which is in contact with concrete, a
friction force will develop. This friction force will be superimposed to any shear force acting on the fixture
resulting in a reduced shear force on the anchor channel. However, in this TR friction forces are neglected in
the design of the anchor channels. Eccentricities and prying effects shall be taken into account within the
design of the anchor channel (Figure 6.1). Prying forces Cpr are caused by deformation of the fixture and
displacement of the channel bolt and on the anchor channel.
For reasons of simplicity, for anchor channels with two anchors the loads on the anchors may be calculated
assuming a simply supported beam with a span length equal to the anchor spacing. For anchor channels
with two or more anchors the alternative triangular-load-distribution-method may be used to determine the
distribution of tension and shear loads to the anchor (see sections 6.2 and 6.3).

Key
1 eccentricity
Cpr prying force

Figure 6.1 Examples for amplification of tension forces acting on the anchor channel due to
eccentricity

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 15 of 37

6.2 Tension loads

The tension in each anchor caused by a tension load acting on the channel is calculated according to
Equation (6.1). The influence length li, determining the anchors affected by the load, shall be calculated
according to Equation (6.3). An example for the calculation of the forces acting on the anchors is given in
Figure 6.2.

,i  k  Ai  NEd
a ' cb
NEd (6.1)

with

Ai' = ordinate at the position of the anchor i of a triangle with the unit height at the position of
cb
load NEd and the base length 2li

1
k n
 Ai'
(6.2)
1

l i  13  I y0 ,05  s 0 ,5  s (6.3)

n = number of anchors on the channel within the influence length li to either side of the applied
cb
load NEd (Figure 6.2)

In case of several tension loads acting on the channel, a linear superposition of the anchor forces for all
loads shall be carried out. The most unfavourable loading position shall be considered for each failure mode
(e.g. load acting over an anchor for the case of failure of an anchor by steel rupture or pull-out and load
acting between anchors in the case of bending failure of the channel).
ch cb
The design bending moment M Ed in the channel due to tension loads NEd can be calculated based on the
assumption of a simply supported single span beam with a span length equal to the anchor spacing. The
characteristic values of the moments of the resistance are given in the relevant ETA.

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a)

b)

c)

li  e  s li  e li  s  e
A2'  A3'  A4' 
li li li

,2  A2  k  NEd ,3  A3  k  NEd ,4  A4  k  NEd ,1  NEd ,5  0

a ' cb a ' cb a ' cb a a
NEd NEd NEd NEd

Figure 6.2 Anchor channels covered by this design method: a) example of anchor channel with 5
anchors; b) on elastic support; c) triangular load distribution method

6.3 Shear loads VEd acting transverse to the longitudinal axis of the channel
Shear loads acting on anchor channels may be assumed to act without a lever arm if the following two
conditions are satisfied:
a) The fixture is made out of steel and is in contact with the channel bolt over a length of at least
0,5 tfix.
b) The fixture is fixed directly to the concrete without an intermediate layer.
If the above conditions are not satisfied, shear force shall be considered acting with lever arm. For shear
loads VEd with a lever arm, a bending moment acting on the channel bolt has to be taken into account. The
corresponding design moment is calculated as follows:
l
M Ed  VEd  a (6.4)
M
where
l a  e1 (6.5)

with
e1 = distance between shear load and concrete surface (Figure 6.3)
M = factor accounting for the degree of restraint of the anchor channel at the side of the fixture
of the application in question. It should be determined according to good engineering
practice.
 = 1,0, if no restraint is assumed, meaning the fixture can rotate freely (see Figure 6.3 b))
= 2,0, if full restraint is assumed, valid only if the fixture cannot rotate (see Figure 6.3 c))
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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 17 of 37

a) b) c)
Key
1 channel bolt
2 concrete element
3 attachment

Figure 6.3 Shear load with lever arm: a) Definition of lever arm; b) free rotation of the fixture;
c) no rotation of fixture
The shear forces of each anchor due to a shear load acting on the channel perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis may be calculated in the same manner as described in section 6.2.
Note: Shear loads applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of anchor channels are transferred as
compression at the interface between channel and concrete and by the anchors. In addition for
reasons of equilibrium the anchors are stressed by tension forces. Generally, the percentage of
the shear load taken up by the channel and the anchors may vary depending on the geometry
of the anchor channel. In the approach presented above it is assumed that shear forces are
transferred by bending of the channel to the anchors and by the anchors into the concrete. This
simplified approach has been chosen to allow for simple interaction between tension and shear
forces acting on the channel.
For verification of concrete edge failure components of shear loads acting away from the edge may be
neglected when calculating the anchor forces.

6.4 Forces assigned to supplementary reinforcement

6.4.1 General
The design tension forces acting in the supplementary reinforcement shall be calculated by use of an
appropriate strut and tie model (for example see Figure 7.1 (tension load) and Figure 7.7 (shear load)).
6.4.2 Tension loads
a
For anchor channels the supplementary reinforcement shall be designed for the force NEd of the most
loaded anchor. This reinforcement is then placed for each anchor.
6.4.3 Shear loads
For supplementary reinforcement placed in the direction of the design shear force VEd acting on a fixture
perpendicular and towards to the edge, the corresponding design tension force NEd,re in the supplementary
reinforcement shall be determined as follows:

e 
NEd ,re   s  1   VEd (6.6)
 z 
with (see Figure 6.4):
es = distance between axis of reinforcement and line of shear force acting on the fixture
z  0,85 d, with d ≤ min {2 hef; 2 c1}

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 18 of 37

Note: For deep sections the internal lever arm will be much smaller than the section, and hence the
effective depth is limited to min {2 hef; 2 c1}.
In case the design shear force is inclined towards the edge, the supplementary reinforcement
can be designed for the total design shear force acting perpendicular and towards to the edge.
For design shear force acting parallel to the edge or inclined away from the edge, the following
conservative assumption may be made: the component of the design shear force parallel to the
edge is acting perpendicular and towards to the edge.
If the supplementary reinforcement is not arranged in the direction of the shear force then this must be taken
into account in the calculation of the design tension force of the reinforcement to maintain equilibrium in the
strut and tie model.
Supplementary reinforcement for anchor channels shall be designed using Equation (6.6) for a force VEd that
is the maximum of the shear force on the most loaded anchor and on the most loaded channel bolt.

Figure 6.4 Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces — forces in the reinforcement

7 Verification of ultimate limit state

7.1 General
Equation (4.1) shall be fulfilled for all load directions (tension, shear, combined tension and shear) as well as
for all failure modes for each load combination. Both edge distance and spacing shall be specified only with
positive tolerances.
Characteristic resistances for concrete failure modes given in this TR are valid for a spacing between
adjacent anchor channels not smaller than scr,N.
In the calculation of the area of supplementary reinforcement, the area of any underutilised reinforcement
provided in the concrete member for other purposes may be included provided such reinforcement meets the
detailing requirements in this document.

7.2 Tension load

7.2.1 Required verifications
The verifications of Table 7.1 apply.
For the design approach using supplementary reinforcement, the verification of concrete cone failure
according to Table 7.1, line 7 is replaced by the verification of the supplementary reinforcement according to
Table 7.1, line 10 and 11 to resist the total load.

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 19 of 37

Table 7.1 Required verifications for anchor channels in tension

most unfavourable
failure mode channel
anchor / channel bolt

NRk ,s ,a
1 anchor
a
NEd  NRd ,s ,a 
 Ms

connection N Rk ,s ,c
2 between anchor
a
N Ed  N Rd ,s ,c 
and channel
 Ms ,ca

Steel local flexure of N Rk ,s ,l

3 failure
cb
N Ed  N Rd ,s ,l 
channel lip a  Ms ,l

NRk ,s
4 channel bolt
cb
NEd  NRd ,s 
 Ms

MRk ,s ,flex
5 flexure of channel
ch
MEd  MRd ,s ,flex 
 Ms ,flex

N Rk , p
6 Pull-out failure
a
N Ed  N Rd , p 
 Mp

NRk ,c
7 Concrete cone failure b
a
NEd  NRd ,c 
 Mc

N Rk ,sp
8 Concrete splitting failure b
a
NEd  N Rd ,sp 
 Msp

NRk ,cb
9 Concrete blow-out failure b, c
a
NEd  NRd ,cb 
 Mc

Steel failure of N Rk ,re

,re  N Rd ,re 
a
N Ed
10 supplementary  Ms ,re
reinforcement
Anchorage failure of
,re  NRd ,a
a
11 supplementary NEd
reinforcement
a
most loaded anchor or channel bolt
b
the load on the anchor in conjunction with the edge distance and spacing shall be considered in determining
the most unfavourable anchor
c not required for anchors with c > 0,5 hef

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 20 of 37

7.2.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement

The reinforcement shall be anchored adequately on both sides of the potential failure planes.
The supplementary reinforcement to take up tension loads shall comply with the following requirements (see
also Figure 7.1):
a) The reinforcement shall consist of ribbed reinforcing bars (fyk  600 N/mm2) with a diameter  not
larger than 16 mm and shall be detailed as stirrups or loops with a mandrel diameter m according
to EN 1992-1-1.
b) Where supplementary reinforcement has been sized for the most loaded anchor, the same
reinforcement shall be provided around all anchors.
c) The supplementary reinforcement should be placed symmetrically as close to the anchors as
practicable to minimize the effect of eccentricity associated with the angle of the failure cone.
Preferably, the supplementary reinforcement should enclose the surface reinforcement. Only these
reinforcement bars with a distance  0,75 hef from the anchors shall be assumed as effective.
d) Only supplementary reinforcement with an anchorage length in the concrete failure cone of l1 ≥ 4 
(anchorage with bends, hooks or loops) or l1 ≥ 10  (anchorage with straight bars with or without
welded transverse bars) shall be assumed as effective.
e) The supplementary reinforcement shall be anchored outside the assumed failure cone with an
anchorage length lbd according to EN 1992-1-1. Concrete cone failure assuming an embedment
length corresponding to the end of the supplementary reinforcement shall be verified using the
appropriate model for headed studs for NRk,c (see fib [10], section 10.1.4). This verification may be
omitted if in reinforced structural elements the tension in the anchored reinforcing bar is transferred
to the reinforcement in the structural element by adequate lapping.
f) Surface reinforcement should be provided as shown in Figure 7.1 designed to resist the forces
arising from the assumed strut and tie model and the splitting forces according to section 7.2.6 b).

Key
1 supplementary reinforcement
2 surface reinforcement

Figure 7.1 Arrangement of supplementary reinforcement to take up tension loads

Where anchor channels are placed parallel to the edge or in a narrow concrete member, the supplementary
reinforcement shall be placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel (see Figure 7.2).

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 21 of 37

Key
1 supplementary reinforcement
2 surface reinforcement

Figure 7.2 Arrangement of supplementary reinforcement

a) anchor channel parallel to the edge
b) anchor channel in narrow member
7.2.3 Steel failure
The characteristic resistances NRk,s,a (failure of anchor), NRk,s,c (failure of the connection between anchor and
0
channel), NRk ,s ,l (basic value for local failure by flexure of channel lips), NRk,s (failure of the channel bolt) and
MRk,s,flex (failure by flexure of the channel) are given in the relevant ETA.
The characteristic resistance NRk,s,l for lip failure is given as

NRk ,s ,l  NRk ,s ,l   l ,N
0
(7.1)

with

 scbo 
 l ,N  0 ,5  1  1 (7.2)
 sl ,N 

where
scbo = spacing of channel bolts
sl,N = characteristic spacing for channel lip failure under tension, taken from the ETA.
Note: As indicative value sl,N = 2 bch may be used.
7.2.4 Pull-out failure
The characteristic resistance NRk,p for pull-out failure of the anchor is given in the relevant ETA.
Note: The concrete pressure under the head of the anchor limits the characteristic resistance NRk,p:
NRk , p  k 2  Ah  fck (7.3)

with
k2 = 7,5 for anchors of anchor channels in cracked concrete
= 10,5 for anchors of anchor channels in non-cracked concrete
Ah = load bearing area of the head of the fastener
For circular shaped heads, the load bearing area shall be calculated as follows:

Ah 

4

 d h2  d a2  (7.4)

In Equation (7.4) dh should not be taken larger than 6 th + da.

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 22 of 37

7.2.5 Concrete cone failure

For anchor channels where hch/hef ≤ 0,4 and bch/hef ≤ 0,7, the effective embedment depth is determined
according to Figure 2.1 a). In case that hch/hef > 0,4 and/or bch/hef > 0,7, the concrete cone resistance may be
calculated using one of the following options:

a) the effective embedment depth is determined according to Figure 2.1 b), with hef  hef
*
, or

b) the effective embedment depth hef is determined according to Figure 2.1 a) but the value for scr,N shall
be taken from the relevant ETA. The value for scr,N used in design shall not be smaller than that for
anchor channels where hch/hef ≤ 0,4 and bch/hef ≤ 0,7 is fulfilled (see Equation (7.8)).

The characteristic resistance of one anchor of an anchor channel in case of concrete cone failure may be
calculated as follows:

NRk ,c  NRk ,c   ch,s ,N  ch,e,N   ch,c ,N   re ,N

0
(7.5)

The various factors in Equation (7.5) are defined in the following. The basic characteristic resistance of one
anchor not influenced by adjacent anchors, edges or corners of the concrete member located in cracked or
uncracked concrete is calculated according to Equation (7.6).

,c  k1  fck  hef
0 1,5
NRk (7.6)

with
k1 = kcr,N for cracked concrete
= kucr,N for uncracked concrete
kcr,N and kucr,N are given in the corresponding ETA.
The influence of neighbouring anchors on the concrete cone resistance is taken into account by the factor
ch,s,N, which shall be calculated according to Equation (7.7).
1
 ch,s ,N   1,0
nch,N  1,5
 
 1  si N (7.7)
1   i 
i 1
 scr ,N 
 N0 
 
with (see Figure 7.3):
si = distance between the anchor under consideration and the neighbouring anchors
≤ scr,N
scr, N = 2  (2,8 – 1,3  hef /180)  hef  3  hef (7.8)

Ni = tension force of an influencing anchor

N0 = tension force of the anchor under consideration
nch,N = number of anchors within a distance scr,N to both sides of the anchor under consideration

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 23 of 37

Key
0 anchor under consideration

Figure 7.3 Anchor channel with different anchor tension forces - example
The factor ch,e,N according to Equation (7.9) takes into account the influence of an edge of the concrete
member on the characteristic resistance.
0 ,5
 c 
 ch,e,N  1   1 (7.9)
c 
 cr ,N 
with
c1 = edge distance of the anchor channel (see Figure 7.4 a))
ccr,N = 0,5 scr,N
With anchor channels located in a narrow concrete member with different edge distances c1,1 and c1,2 (see
Figure 7.4 b) and Figure 7.5 d)) the minimum value of c1,1 and c1,2 shall be inserted for c1 in Equation (7.9).

Figure 7.4 Anchor channel at an edge (a) or in a narrow member (b)

The influence of a corner of the concrete member (see Figure 7.5) on the characteristic resistance is taken
into account by the factor ch,c,N, which shall be calculated as follows:
0 ,5
 c 
 ch,c ,N   2  1 (7.10)
c cr ,N
 
with
c2 = corner distance of the anchor under consideration (see Figure 7.5).

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 24 of 37

For an anchor of an anchor channel being influenced by two corners (see Figure 7.5 c)), the factor ch,c,N
shall be calculated for c2,1 and c2,2 and the product of the factors ψch,c,N shall be inserted in Equation (7.5).

Key
a) Resistance of anchor 1 is calculated
b) Resistance of anchor 2 is calculated
c) Resistance of anchor 2 is calculated
d) Resistance of anchor 1 is calculated

Figure 7.5 Definition of the corner distance of an anchor channel in the corner of a concrete
member
The effect of a dense reinforcement for embedment depths hef ≤ 100 mm is taken into account by the shell
spalling factor re,N, which shall be calculated as follows:
hef
 re ,N  0 ,5  1 (7.11)
200
The factor re,N may be taken as 1,0 in the following cases:
a) reinforcement (any diameter) is present at a spacing ≥ 150 mm, or
b) reinforcement with a diameter of 10 mm or smaller is present at a spacing ≥ 100 mm.

The conditions a) or b) shall be fulfilled for both directions in case of reinforcement in two directions.
For the case of anchor channels with hef > 180 mm in a narrow member with influence of neighbouring
anchors and influence of an edge and 2 corners (Figure 7.5 c) and Figure 7.5 d)) located with edge distance
less than ccr,N from the anchor under consideration, the calculation according to Equation (7.5) leads to
conservative results. More precise results are obtained if the value hef is substituted by the larger value of
cmax s
hef'   hef  180 mm and hef'  max  hef  180 mm (7.12)
ccr ,N scr ,N

with
cmax = maximum distance from centre of an anchor to the edge of the concrete member  ccr,N. In
the example given in Figure 7.5 c) cmax is the maximum value of c1, c2,1 and c2,2
smax = maximum centre to centre spacing of anchors  scr,N
'
The value hef is inserted in Equation (7.6) as well as in Equation (7.8). The resulting value for scr,N is then
used in the context of Equation (7.9).
7.2.6 Concrete splitting failure
Concrete splitting failure during installation (e.g. when applying the installation torque on a channel bolt) is
avoided by complying with minimum values for edge distances cmin, spacing smin, member thickness hmin and
requirements for reinforcement as given in the relevant ETA.
Splitting failure due to loading shall be accounted for as follows:
a) The characteristic edge distance in the case of splitting under load, ccr,sp is given in the relevant ETA.
The characteristic spacing is defined as scr,sp = 2 ccr,sp.
b) No verification is required if at least one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
1) The edge distance in all directions is c ≥ 1,2 ccr,sp, and the member depth is h ≥ hmin, with hmin
corresponding to ccr,sp.

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 25 of 37

2) The characteristic resistance for concrete cone failure and pull-out failure are calculated for cracked
concrete and reinforcement resists the splitting forces and limits the crack width to wk  0,3 mm.
Note: In absence of better information the cross-section As,re to resist the splitting forces can be
determined as follows:
a


NEd
As ,re  0 ,5  (7.13)
f yk /  Ms ,re

with
a
NEd = design tensile force of the most loaded anchor under the design value of the actions

fyk = nominal yield strength of the reinforcing steel  600 N/mm2

It is recommended to place the reinforcement symmetrically and close to each anchor of the channel.
c) If the conditions b) 1) and b) 2) are not fulfilled, the characteristic resistance of an anchor channel in
case of splitting failure shall be calculated according to Equation (7.14).

NRk ,sp  NRk

0
 ch,s ,N  ch,c ,N  ch,e,N  re ,N  h,sp (7.14)

with
0
NRk 
 min NRk , p ; NRk
0
,c 
,c , ch,s,N, ch,c,N, ch,e,N and re,N according to section 7.2.5.
0
NRk,p according to section 7.2.4, NRk
The values ccr,N and scr,N shall be replaced by ccr,sp and scr,sp, respectively, which correspond to the
minimum member thickness hmin.

 h 
23   h  c 
2 3

 h ,sp     max  1;  ef cr ,N
  2 (7.15)
 hmin    hmin  

d) If in the relevant ETA ccr,sp is given for more than one minimum member thickness hmin, the minimum
member thickness corresponding to ccr,sp used in Equation (7.14) shall be inserted in Equation (7.15).
7.2.7 Concrete blow-out failure
Verification of blow-out failure is not required for anchors where the edge distance exceeds c = 0,5 hef. If
verification is required, the characteristic resistance of one anchor in case of blow-out is:

NRk ,cb  NRk ,cb   ch,s ,Nb   ch,c ,Nb  ch,h ,Nb
0
(7.16)

The different factors in Equation (7.16) are given in the following.

Note: For anchor channels located perpendicular to the edge, verification is only required for the
anchor closest to the edge.
0
The characteristic resistance of a single anchor NRk ,cb is calculated according to Equation (7.17).

,cb  k5  c1  Ah  fck
0
NRk (7.17)

where
k5 = 8,7 for cracked concrete;
= 12,2 for uncracked concrete.
Ah as defined in Equation (7.4) or given in the relevant ETA.
The influence of neighbouring anchors on the blow-out resistance is taken into account by the factor ch,s,Nb,
which may be calculated analogous to Equation (7.7) using scr,Nb = 4 c1 instead of scr,N.
The influence of a corner of the concrete member on the characteristic resistance is taken into account by
the factor ch,c,Nb, which is calculated according to Equation (7.18):
0 ,5
 c 
 ch,c ,Nb  2  1 (7.18)
c 
 cr ,Nb 

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 26 of 37

with
c2 = corner distance of the anchor, for which the resistance is calculated (Figure 7.5)
ccr, Nb = 0,5 scr, Nb

If an anchor is influenced by two corners (example see Figure 7.5 c)), the factor ch,c,Nb shall be calculated
for the values of c2,1 and c2,2 and the product of the factors shall be inserted in Equation (7.16).
The influence of the thickness of the concrete member for f ≤ 2 c1 (see Figure 7.6) is taken into account by
the factor ch,h,Nb according to Equation (7.19).
hef  f 2c1  f
 ch,h,Nb   1 (7.19)
4c1 4c1

with
f = distance between the anchor head and the lower surface of the concrete member (Figure 7.6).

Figure 7.6 Anchor channel at the edge of a thin concrete member

7.2.8 Failure of supplementary reinforcement

7.2.8.1 STEEL FAILURE
The characteristic yield resistance of the supplementary reinforcement NRk,re is given by:

n re
NRk ,re  A
i 1
s ,re ,i  fyk ,re (7.20)

with
fyk,re  600 N/mm2
nre = number of bars of supplementary reinforcement effective for one anchor
7.2.8.2 ANCHORAGE FAILURE
The design resistance NRd,a of the supplementary reinforcement provided for one anchor associated with
anchorage failure in the concrete cone is:
nre
N Rd ,a  N
i 1
0
Rd ,a ,i (7.21)

with
l1      fbd 1
,a   As ,re  fyk ,re 
0
NRd (7.22)
1   2  Ms ,re
l1 = anchorage length in the break out body (see Figure 7.1); l1 has to be larger than the
minimum anchorage length in section 7.2.2 d);
fbd = design bond strength according to EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010, 8.4.2
α1, α2 = influencing factors according to EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010, 8.4.4

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7.3 Shear load VEd acting transverse to the longitudinal axis of the channel
7.3.1 Required verifications
The verifications of Table 7.2 apply.
For the design approach using supplementary reinforcement, the verification of concrete edge failure
according to Table 7.2, line 7 is replaced by the verification of the supplementary reinforcement according to
Table 7.2, line 8 and 9 to resist the total load.
7.3.2 Detailing of supplementary reinforcement
The supplementary reinforcement shall be in the form of a surface reinforcement (Figure 7.7).
The supplementary reinforcement shall be anchored outside the assumed failure body with an anchorage
length lbd according to EN 1992-1-1. In reinforced concrete members the tension in the anchored rebar shall
be transferred to the reinforcement in the member by adequate lapping. Otherwise the load transfer from the
supplementary reinforcement to the structural member shall be verified by an appropriate model, e.g. strut
and tie model.
If the shear force is taken up by a surface reinforcement according to Figure 7.7, the bars shall only be
assumed to be effective if the following requirements are fulfilled:
a) Supplementary reinforcement determined for the most loaded anchor, shall be placed around each
anchor considered effective for concrete edge failure.
b) The supplementary reinforcement consists of ribbed bars with fyk ≤ 600 N/mm2 and the diameter  is
not larger than 16 mm. The mandrel diameter, m, complies with EN 1992-1-1.
c) Bars are within a distance of 0,75·c1 from the anchor.
d) The anchorage length l1 in the concrete breakout body is at least
min l1 = 10 , straight bars with or without welded transverse bars
= 4 bars with a hook, bend or loop
e) The breakout body assumed should be the same as that for calculating the resistance for concrete
edge failure (see section 7.3.5).
f) Reinforcement along the edge of the member is provided and designed for the forces according to
an appropriate strut and tie model. As a simplification an angle of the compression struts of 45° may
be assumed.

Figure 7.7 Surface reinforcement to take up shear forces with simplified strut and tie model to
design edge reinforcement

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 28 of 37

Table 7.2 Verifications for anchor channels under shear load VEd acting transverse to the
longitudinal channel axis

most unfavourable
failure mode channel anchor
or channel bolt
1
VRk ,s
channel bolt a
cb
VEd  VRd ,s 
 Ms

2
VRk ,s ,a
anchor
a
VEd  VRd ,s ,a 
 Ms
shear force
without
3
Steel lever arm
connection VRk ,s ,c
failure a
VEd  VRd ,s ,c 
between anchor
 Ms ,ca
and channel

4
local flexure of VRk ,s ,l
cb
VEd  VRd ,s ,l 
channel lip a  Ms ,l

5 shear force VRk ,s ,M

with channel bolt
cb
VEd  VRd ,s ,M 
lever arm  Ms

VRk ,cp
6 Pry-out failure b
a
VEd  VRd ,cp 
 Mc

VRk ,c
7 Concrete edge failure b
a
VEd  VRd ,c 
 Mc

Steel failure of supplementary N Rk ,re

,re  N Rd ,re 
a
8 N Ed
reinforcement c  Ms ,re

Anchorage failure of
,re  NRd ,a
a
9 c NEd
supplementary reinforcement

a Verification for most loaded channel bolt.

b The load on the anchor in conjunction with the edge distance and spacing shall be considered in determining the
most unfavourable anchor.
c The tension force acting on the reinforcement shall be calculated from VEd according to Equation (6.6) for the
most loaded anchor.

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 29 of 37

7.3.3 Steel failure

7.3.3.1 SHEAR FORCE WITHOUT LEVER ARM
The characteristic resistances VRk,s (failure of channel bolt), VRk,s,a (failure of anchor), VRk,s,c (failure of
0
connection anchor/channel) and VRk ,s .l (basic value for failure due to local flexure of channel lips) are given
in the relevant ETA. The characteristic resistance VRk,s,l for lip failure is

VRk ,s ,l  VRk ,s ,l  l ,V
0
(7.23)

with

 scbo 
 l ,V  0 ,5  1  1 (7.24)
 sl ,V 

where
scbo = spacing of channel bolts.
sl,V = characteristic spacing for channel lip failure under shear, taken from the ETA.
Note: As indicative value sl,V = 2 bch may be used.

7.3.3.2 SHEAR FORCE WITH LEVER ARM

The characteristic resistance of a channel bolt in case of steel failure, VRk,s,M, shall calculated according to
Equation (7.25).
 M  MRk ,s
VRk ,s ,M  (7.25)
la

with
M as defined in section 6.3

MRk ,s  MRk ,s  1  NEd NRd ,s 

0 cb
(7.26)

NRd ,s  NRk ,s  Ms (7.27)

0
MRk ,s = characteristic bending resistance of the channel bolt, given in the relevant ETA

Note: The influence of the shear load with lever arm on lip failure is covered by the prequalification of
the anchor channel
7.3.4 Concrete pry-out failure
The characteristic resistance of the most unfavourable anchor for concrete pry-out failure shall be calculated
as follows:
a) Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement
VRk ,cp  k 8  NRk ,c (7.28)

with
k8 = factor to be taken from the relevant ETA
NRk,c according to section 7.2.5, determined for the anchors loaded in shear.

b) Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement

VRk ,cp  0 ,75  k 8  NRk ,c (7.29)

7.3.5 Concrete edge failure

The characteristic resistance of one anchor loaded perpendicular to the edge corresponds to

VRk ,c = VRk0 ,c × ch,s,V × ch,c ,V × ch,h,V × ch,90° ,V × re,V (7.30)

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The various factors of Equation (7.30) are given in the following. The basic characteristic resistance of an
anchor channel with one anchor loaded perpendicular to the edge not influenced by neighbouring anchors,
member thickness or corner effects is:

,c  k12  fck  c1
0 43
VRk (7.31)

with
k12 = kcr,v for cracked concrete
= kucr,v for uncracked concrete
kcr,v and kucr,v are given in the relevant ETA.
The influence of neighbouring anchors on the concrete edge resistance is taken into account by the factor
ch,s,Vaccording to Equation (7.32):
1
 ch,s ,V   1,0
nch,V  1,5
 
 1  si V (7.32)
1   i
i 1
 scr ,V 
 V0 
 
with (see Figure 7.8):
si = distance between the anchor under consideration and the neighbouring anchors
≤ scr,V
scr,V = 4 c1 + 2 bch , where the conditions hch/hef ≤ 0,4 and bch/hef ≤ 0,7 are fulfilled (7.33)

scr,V = to be taken from the relevant ETA if hch/hef > 0,4 and/or bch/hef > 0,7. scr,V used in design
shall not be smaller than the value according to Equation (7.33)
Vi = shear force of an influencing anchor
V0 = shear force of the anchor under consideration
nch,V = number of anchors within a distance scr,V to both sides of the anchor under consideration
It should be noted that in Equation (7.32) it is assumed that all shear forces on the anchors are acting
towards the edge. Shear forces on anchors acting away from the edge may be neglected.

Key
1 anchor under consideration

Figure 7.8 Anchor channel with different anchor shear forces - example
The influence of a corner on the characteristic edge resistance is taken into account by the factor ch,c,V.

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EOTA TR 047 Calculation Method for the Performance of Anchor Channels 31 of 37

0 ,5
 c 
 ch,c ,V   2  1 (7.34)
c
 cr ,V 
with
ccr, V = 0,5 scr, V (7.35)

If an anchor is influenced by two corners (Figure 7.9 b)), the factor ch,c,V according Equation (7.34) shall be
calculated for each corner and the product shall be inserted in Equation (7.30).

Figure 7.9 Anchor channel with anchors influenced by one (a)) or two (b)) corners, anchor 2 is
under consideration - example
The factor ch,h,V accounts for the influence of a member thickness h < hcr,V.
0 ,5
 h  
 ch,h ,V   
1 (7.36)
h
 cr ,V 
with
hcr,V = 2 c1 + 2 hch (see Figure 7.10); if hch/hef ≤ 0,4 and bch/hef ≤ 0,7 are fulfilled (7.37)
hcr,V = to be taken from the relevant ETA if hch/hef > 0,4 and/or bch/hef > 0,7. The value of hcr,V used
in design shall not be smaller than the value according to Equation (7.37).

Figure 7.10 Anchor channel influenced by the member thickness – example

The factor re,V takes into account the effect of the reinforcement located on the edge.
 re,V = 1,0 anchor channels in cracked concrete without edge reinforcement or stirrups as
well as in uncracked concrete
 re,V = 1, 4 anchor channels in cracked concrete without edge reinforcement and closely
spaced stirrups or wire mesh with a spacing a ≤ 100 mm and a ≤ 2c1
In case of presence of edge reinforcement for applications in cracked concrete a factor re,V > 1 shall only be
used, if the height of the channel is hch ≤ 40 mm.

The factor ch,90°,V takes into account the influence of shear loads acting parallel to the edge (Figure 7.11).

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 ch,90,V  2 ,5 (7.38)

Figure 7.11 Anchor channel loaded parallel to the edge

For an anchor channel in a narrow thin member (see Figure 7.12) with c2,max  ccr,V (ccr,V according to
Equation (7.35)) and h < hcr,V (hcr,V according to Equation (7.37)), the calculation according to Equation (7.30)
leads to conservative results. More precise results are achieved if the edge distance c1 is limited to c1' :

c  bch h  2 hch 
c1'  max  2 ,max ;  (7.39)
 2 2 
with
c2,max = max {c2,1; c2,2}, largest of the two edge distances parallel to the direction of load
The value c1' is inserted in Equations (7.31), (7.33) and (7.37).

Figure 7.12 Illustration of an anchor channel influenced by two corners and member thickness
(in this example c2,2 is decisive for the determination of c1' )

7.3.6 Supplementary reinforcement

7.3.6.1 STEEL FAILURE
In case of steel failure of the supplementary reinforcement the relevant provision of section 7.2.8.1 applies.

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7.3.6.2 ANCHORAGE FAILURE

In case of anchorage failure of the supplementary reinforcement in the concrete cone the relevant provision
of section 7.2.8.2 applies.

7.4 Combined tension and shear loads

7.4.1 Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement
The required verifications in the following sections shall be carried out separately for each steel failure mode
and in addition for all concrete failure modes. All verifications shall be fulfilled.
7.4.1.1 STEEL FAILURE OF CHANNEL BOLTS
The following verification shall be fulfilled:
2 2
 N Ed
cb   cb 
    VEd   1 (7.40)
N  V 
 Rd ,s   Rd ,s 
The characteristic steel resistances NRd,s and VRd,s of the channel bolt shall be taken from the relevant ETA.
This verification is not required in case of shear load with lever arm as Equation (7.26) accounts for the
interaction.
7.4.1.2 STEEL FAILURE OF CHANNEL LIPS AND FLEXURAL FAILURE OF CHANNEL
The following verification shall be fulfilled.
k13 k13
 N cb ch
M Ed   V cb 
max  Ed ;    Ed  1 (7.41)
N  V 
 Rd ,s ,l M Rd ,s ,flex   Rd ,s ,l 
with
k13 = 2,0 if VRd,s,l ≤ NRd,s,l
= to be taken from the relevant ETA if VRd,s,l > NRd,s,l,
= 1,0 as a conservative assumption
The design resistances NRd,s,l, MRd,s,flex and VRd,s,l shall be determined from the corresponding characteristic
values given in the relevant ETA.
7.4.1.3 STEEL FAILURE OF ANCHOR AND CONNECTION BETWEEN ANCHOR AND CHANNEL
The following verification shall be fulfilled
k14 k14
 NEd
a a
NEd   Va Va 
max  ;   max  Ed ; Ed  1 (7.42)
N  V 
 Rd ,s ,a NRd ,s ,c   Rd ,s ,a VRd ,s ,c 
with
k14 = 2,0 if max (VRd,s,a;VRd,s,c) ≤ min (NRd,s,a, NRd,s,c)
= to be taken from the relevant ETA if max (VRd,s,a;VRd,s,c) > min (NRd,s,a, NRd,s,c)
= 1,0 as a conservative assumption
The design resistances NRd,s,a, NRd,s,c, VRd,s,a and VRd,s,c shall be determined from the corresponding
characteristic values given in the relevant ETA.
7.4.1.4 CONCRETE FAILURE MODES
The following interaction equation shall be fulfilled:
1,5 1,5
 NEd
a  V a 
    Ed  1 (7.43)
N  V 
 Rd   Rd 
Alternatively, Equation (7.44) may be used.
 NEd
a   a 
    VEd   1,2 (7.44)
 N  V 
 Rd   Rd 

The largest value N a

Ed 
NRd ,i  1 for the tension failure modes (concrete cone, pull-out, splitting and blow-
out failure) and a

VEd VRd ,i  1 for the failure modes under shear loading (concrete edge failure, pry-out
failure) shall be inserted for  N a
Ed NRd and V a
Ed 
VRd in Equation (7.43) and Equation (7.44), respectively.

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7.4.2 Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement

The verifications for each failure mode shall be carried out separately and all verifications shall be fulfilled.
The verifications for steel failure of the channel bolt and the anchor channel shall be done according to
sections 7.4.1.1 to 7.4.1.3. The verification for concrete failure is given in the following.
7.4.2.1 SUPPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT TO TAKE UP TENSION LOADS AND SHEAR LOADS
For anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement to take up both tension and shear, the verification
according to section 7.4.1.4 shall be carried out replacing both, NEd/NRd,i for concrete cone failure mode
(tension) and VEd/VRd,i for concrete edge failure mode (shear) by the corresponding values for failure of
supplementary reinforcement.
7.4.2.2 SUPPLEMENTARY REINFORCEMENT TO TAKE UP TENSION LOADS OR SHEAR LOADS
For anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement to take up tension or shear loads the interaction
Equation (7.45) replaces Equations (7.43) and (7.44) in the verification according to section 7.4.1.4.
 NEd
a   VEd
a 
   1 (7.45)
N  V 
 Rd , i   Rd , i 
In case of fastenings with supplementary reinforcement to take up tension loads only, NRd,i and VRd,I
represent the design resistances NRd,p, NRd,sp, NRd,cb, NRd,re, NRd,a, and VRd,c, VRd,cp, respectively. If
supplementary reinforcement is used to take up shear loads only, NRd,i and VRd,i represent the design
resistances NRd,p, NRd,c, NRd,sp, NRd,cb and VRd,cp, NRd,re, NRd,a, respectively.

8 Verification of fire resistance

The verification of anchor channels under fire exposure shall include all failure modes of the cold state (see
section 7). The relevant requirements of EN 1992-1-2 [7], e.g. partial factors and load combinations, shall be
observed. A design method for anchor channels complementing EN 1992-1-2 is given in the following.
Anchor channels under fire exposure shall have an ETA for use in cracked concrete. The characteristic
resistances under fire exposure should be taken from the relevant ETA. In absence of such data
conservative values for concrete and pull-out failure modes are given in section 8.3. The verification for steel
failure shall be based on the values given in the relevant ETA.
The fire resistance is classified according to EN 13501-2 [9] using the Standard ISO time-temperature curve
(STC).
The design method covers anchor channels with a fire exposure from one side only. For fire exposure from
more than one side, the design method may be used only, if the edge distance of the anchor channel is both,
c ≥ 300 mm and c ≥ 2hef. In general, the design under fire exposure is carried out according to the design
method for ambient temperature. However, partial factors and characteristic resistances under fire exposure
are used instead of the corresponding values under ambient temperature. Spalling of concrete due to fire
exposure has to be prevented by appropriate measures or taken into account in the design.

8.1 Partial factors

Partial factors for materials M,fi may be found in a Country's National Regulation.
Note: The recommended value is M,fi = 1,0.

8.2 Actions
Actions on fastenings under fire exposure should be determined using the load combinations for accidental
loads given in EN 1990.

8.3 Resistance
8.3.1 Tension load
8.3.1.1 PULL-OUT FAILURE
The characteristic resistance of anchor channels installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may be
obtained from Equations (8.1) and (8.2).
NRk,p,fi(90) = 0,25  NRk,p for fire exposure up to 90 minutes (8.1)
NRk,p,fi(120) = 0,20  NRk,p for fire exposure between 90 and 120 minutes (8.2)

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where
NRk,p = characteristic resistance given in the relevant ETA in cracked concrete C20/25 under
ambient temperature
8.3.1.2 CONCRETE CONE FAILURE
The characteristic resistance for concrete cone failure should be determined according to section 7.2.5 with
0
the following modifications. The characteristic resistance of an anchor of anchor channels NRk ,c ,fi not
influenced by neighbouring anchors or edges of the concrete member installed in concrete classes C20/25 to
C50/60 may be obtained using Equations (8.3) and (8.4).
hef
,c ,fi ( 90 )   NRk ,c  N Rk ,c for fire exposure up to 90 minutes
0 0 0
NRk (8.3)
200
hef
,c ,fi (120 )  0 ,8   NRk ,c  N Rk ,c for fire exposure between 90 and 120 minutes
0 0 0
NRk (8.4)
200
where
hef = effective embedment depth
0
NRk ,c = characteristic resistance of a single anchor in cracked concrete C20/25 under ambient
temperature according to Equation (7.6).
The characteristic spacing and edge distance for anchor channels under fire exposure shall be taken as
scr,N,fi = 2 ccr,N,fi according to Equation (7.8) but not smaller than 4 hef.

8.3.1.3 SPLITTING FAILURE

The assessment of splitting failure due to loading under fire exposure is not required because the splitting
forces are assumed to be taken up by the reinforcement.
8.3.1.4 BLOW-OUT FAILURE
The assessment of blow-out failure is not required because of the required edge distance.
8.3.2 Shear load
8.3.2.1 CONCRETE PRY-OUT FAILURE
The characteristic resistance in case of anchor channels installed in concrete classes C20/25 to C50/60 may
be obtained using Equations (8.5) and (8.6).

VRk,cp,fi(90) = k8  NRk,c,fi(90) for fire exposure up to 90 min (8.5)

VRk,cp,fi(120) = k8  NRk,c,fi(120) for fire exposure between 90 min and 120 min (8.6)
with
k8 = factor to be taken from the relevant ETA (ambient temperature)
NRk,c,fi(90), NRk,c,fi(120) = calculated according to section 8.3.1.2.

8.3.2.2 CONCRETE EDGE FAILURE

The characteristic resistance of an anchor of an anchor channel installed in concrete classes C20/25 to
C50/60 should be calculated according to section 7.3.5 with the following modification as expressed in
Equations (8.7) and (8.8).

,c ,fi ( 90 )  0 ,25  VRk ,c

0 0
VRk for fire exposure up to 90 min (8.7)

,c ,fi (120 )  0 ,20  VRk ,c

0 0
VRk for fire exposure between 90 min and 120 min (8.8)

where
0
VRk ,c = initial value of the characteristic resistance of a single anchor in cracked concrete C20/25
under ambient temperature according to section 7.3.5.
8.3.3 Combined tension and shear load
The verifications according to section 7.4 for anchor channels may be used. However, the design actions
and design resistances used in these verifications shall correspond to fire exposure.

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9 Verification of serviceability limit state

The required verifications are stated in section 4.2. The admissible displacement Cd shall be evaluated by
the designer taking into account the type of application at hand (e.g. the structural element to be fastened).
The displacements Cd may be assumed to be a linear function of the applied load. In the case of combined
tension and shear load, the displacements for the shear and tension components of the resultant load shall
be added vectorially.
The characteristic displacement of the anchor channel located in cracked or uncracked concrete under given
tension and shear loads shall be taken from the relevant ETA. Loading on anchor channels with
supplementary reinforcement may induce cracks locally at SLS and hence shall be taken into account.
However, the crack widths are generally acceptable as they are implicitly accounted for in the detailing
requirements of the supplementary reinforcement.
10 Additional rules for verification of concrete elements due to loads applied by anchor
channels
10.1 General
Compliance with the design methods given in this document will result in satisfactory transmission of the
loads on the fixture to the concrete member. Safe transmission of the loads applied to the anchor channel to
the supports of the concrete member shall be demonstrated for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability
limit state according to EN 1992-1-1. The provisions in section 10.2 clarify the methods of complying with
EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.1 (9).

10.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member

In the following it is assumed that the loads on the anchor channel are applied to the tension face of a
concrete element.
No additional verification for local transmission of loads is required, if one of the following conditions is met:
a) The shear force VEd at the support caused by the design actions including the loads acting on the
anchor channel is
VEd  0,8 VRd,c for a member without shear reinforcement (10.1)
VEd  0,8·min(VRd,s, VRd,max) for a member with shear reinforcement (10.2)
with
VRd,c, VRd,s VRd,max = shear resistance according to EN 1992-1-1

b) Under the characteristic combination of actions on the fixture, the resultant tension force NEk of the
tensioned anchor channel is NEk < 30 kN and the spacing a between the outermost anchors of
adjacent anchor channels satisfies Equation (10.3).

a > 200 NEk (10.3)

with NEk inserted in [kN]

c) The loads acting on the anchor channel are taken up by additional hanger reinforcement, which
encloses the tension reinforcement and is anchored at the opposite side of the concrete member.
Its distance from an anchor shall be smaller than hef. Hanger reinforcement already present in the
structure and underutilized may be used for this purpose.
d) The embedment depth of the anchor channel is hef  0,8 h.
If none of the above conditions a) to d) are fulfilled, the shear forces VEd,a caused by anchor channel loads
shall fulfil the following condition
VEd,a  0,4 VRd,c for a member without shear reinforcement (10.4)
VEd,a ≤ 0,4·min (VRd,s , VRd,max) for a member with shear reinforcement (10.5)
When calculating VEd,a the loads acting on the anchor channel shall be assumed as point loads with a width
of load application t1 = a1 + 2 hef, with a1 equal to the spacing between the outer anchors of an anchor
channel in the longitudinal direction 1 . The active width over which the shear force is transmitted shall be
calculated according to the theory of elasticity.
If under the characteristic combination of actions on the fixture the resultant tension force NEk is NEk > 60 kN,
the conditions in c) or d) shall be complied with.

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11 References
[1] CEN/TS 1992-4 series, Design of fastenings for use in concrete, European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2009.
[2] EAD 330008-01-0601: Anchor channels.
[3] EN 206:2013 Concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity, European Committee
for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
[4] EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design, European Committee for Standardization (CEN),
Brussels, Belgium.
[5] EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels,
Belgium.
[6] EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2004.
[7] EN 1992-1-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire
design, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
[8] FprEN 1992-4:2015, Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete, European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium (in CEN Formal Vote process, not yet published).
[9] EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 2: Classification
using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services, European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium.
[10] fib bulletin 58, Design of anchorages in concrete, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib),
Lausanne, Switzerland, 2011.

©EOTA 2015 September 2015