VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”, BELAGAVI – 590 014, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Project Report
ON
“MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

SRINIVAS NAIK N[USN:1IC21EC006]

VINOD KUMAR S [USN: 1IC21EC008]
NIKHIL M [USN: 1IC21EC009]
L. KISHORE KUMAR [USN:1IC22EC408]

Under the guidance of

Ms. Disha BG
Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE

IMPACT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED

SCIENCES
Kodigehalli, Sahakaranagar Post, Bengaluru- 560 092
 IMPACT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
APPLIED SCIENCES
KODIGEHALLI, SAHAKARANAGAR, BENGALURU- 560 092
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled

“MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT”

has been successfully completed by

SRINIVAS NAIK N [USN:1IC21EC006]

VINOD KUMAR S [USN: 1IC21EC008]
NIKHIL M [USN: 1IC21EC009]
L. KISHORE KUMAR [USN:1IC22EC408]

Under our supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in 8th semester B.E. of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2024-25. This technical seminar report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of technical synopsis for the Bachelor
of Engineering Degree in Electronics and Communication.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Disha. B. G Mr. Santhosh K Dr. Jalumedi Babu
Assistant Professor HOD Dept. of ECE Principal, ICEAS
Dept. of ECE

Name of Examiner Signature with date

1.
2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to our chairman Dr. Paul Mathulla for having provided us with
excellent facilities in the college during our courses.

We are indebted to the president Dr. Alice Abraham and to the principal Dr. A. N.
Khaleel Ahmed of I.C.E.A.S for providing us with the resources needed to take up this
project work.

We are grateful to our Head of the Department Mr. Santosh K for his kind support,
guidance and motivation during the course of the seminar work.

We are also deeply indebted to my project guide Ms. Disha BG, Asst. Professor, ECE,
for her guidance and constant encouragement during my course of project synopsis and
for co- operation in successful completion of the report.

Guidance and deadlines play a very important role in the successful completion of the
seminar on time. We convey our regards for having constantly monitored the
development of the seminar and setting up precise deadlines.

Finally, a note to thank the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

both teaching and non–teaching staff for their co-operation extended to us.

SRINIVAS NAIK N
[USN:1IC21EC006]
VINOD KUMAR S
[USN:1IC21EC008]
NIKHIL M
[USN: 1IC21EC009]
L. KISHORE KUMAR
[USN:1IC22EC408]
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………...1

1. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..2

1.1 Introduction And Background of The Project…………………...2

1.2 Motivation For Research……………………………………...3

1.3 Problem Definition……………………………………………3

1.4 Objectives………………………………………………………4

2. Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY…………………………………………..5
2.1 Multipurpose Adaptable Robot………………………………..5

2.2 Intelligent Surveillance Robot…………………………….......6

2.3 Material Handling Using Pick and Place Robot………………7

2.4 Design And Development of a Fire Fighting Mobile

Surveillance Robot with Autonomous Collision Avoidance….8

2.5 Design of Solar-Panel Energy System…………………….......9

3. Chapter 3

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USED…………………………….11

3.1 Existing System……………………………………………….11

I
 3.2 Proposed System……………………………………………...11
3.3 Problem Statement………………………………………........12
3.4 Objectives…………………………………………………….12

4. Chapter 4
IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………….14
4.1 Block Diagram……………………………………………….14
4.2 Hardware Requirements……………………………….......16
4.2.1 Power Supply…………………………………......17
4.2.2 Arduino…………………………………………….18
4.2.3 DC Motors…………………………………………19
4.2.4 ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver……………………..20
4.2.5 L298N/Motor Driver………………………………22
4.2.6 Pump……………………………………………….24
4.2.7 PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module.26
4.2.8 HW201 Infrared (IR) Sensor Module……………...28
4.2.9 MQ2 Gas Sensor………………………………….29
4.2.10 KY036 Metal Touch Sensor……………………...31
4.2.11 Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor)……………..33
4.2.12 Flame Sensor……………………………………..35
4.2.13 Robotic Arm……………………………………...37
4.2.14 Solar Panel………………………………………..39
4.2.15 Buzzer…………………………………………….41
4.2.16 Camera……………………………………………43
4.3 Software Components………………………………………...44
4.3.1 Arduino IDE………………………………………..44
4.3.2 Embedded C………………………………………..47
II
5. Chapter 5………………………………………………………………...49
RESULT ANALYSIS………………………………………….…49
5.1 WORKING OF THE MODEL……………………………49
6. Chapter 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE…………………………..55
6.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………...55
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE……………………………………………56

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………...57

III
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1Block Diagram………………………………………………………....14

4.2Power Supply Circuit…………………………………………………..17

4.3Arduino model……………………………………………...……….…18

4.4Principle of Working of Motor…….…………………………………...19

4.5ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver……………………………….…………20

4.6L298N/Motor Driver……………….…………………………………...22

4.7Pump…………………………………………………………………..24

4.8 PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module………………….26

4.9 HW201 IR Sensor Module………...…………………………………28

4.10 MQ2 Gas Sensor…………………….………………………………...29

4.11 KY036 Metal Touch Sensor……………………...…………………...31

4.12 PIR Sensor……………………………………………..……………..33

4.13 Flame Sensor…………………………………………………………35

4.14 Robotic Arm………………………………………………………….37

4.15 Solar Panel…………………………………………………………...39

4.16 Buzzer………………………………………………………………..41

4.17 Camera…………………………………………………………….....43

4.18 Arduino IDE…………………………………………………………44

4.19 Embedded C…………………………………………………………..47

5.1 Robotic Arm Picking the Object……………………………………..49

5.2 Robotic Arm Placing the Object……………………………………..49

IV
5.3 Capturing the visuals using the installed camera on the robot……….50

5.4 Obstacle Sensor in the Robot Sensing the Obstacle in Front of it ..…52

5.5 Metal Sensor in the Robot Sensing Presence of Bomb ……………...52

5.6 Flame Sensor Detecting Fire ……………….………………………..53

5.7 Gas Sensor in the Robot Sensing for harmful gases present in the

surrounding ………………………………………………………………53

5.8 Some of the Footages Captured by the Camera which are Controlled in

the Application…………………………………………………………...54

V
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. AI-Artificial Intelligence

2. FL-Fuzzy Logic

3. ANN-Artificial Neural Networks

4. GA-Genetic Algorithm

5. FPGA-Field Programmable Gate Arrays

6. FPAA-Field Programmable Analog Arrays

7. A/D-Analog to Digital Converter

8. D/A-Digital to Analog Converter

9. DR-Dimensionally Reduction

10.PCA-Principle Component Analysis

11.LDA-Linear Discriminate Analysis

12.SVM-Support Vector Machines

13.IR-Infra Red

14.PIR-Passive Infra-Red

15.USB-Universal Serial Bus

16.AC-Alternating Current

17.DC-Direct Current

18.IC-Integrated Circuit

19.MOSFETs-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Emitter Transistors

20.TTL-Transistor-Transistor Logic

VI
21.CMOS-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

22.HVAC-Heating, Ventilation, and Conditioning

23.PWM-Pulse Width Modulation

24.EMF-Electromotive Force

25.LEDs-Light Emitting Diodes

26.SDA-Serial Data

27.SCL-Serial Clock

28.OE-Output Enable

29.LDR-Light Dependent Resistor

30.DOF-Degree of Freedom

31.PV-Photo Voltaic

32.DSLR-Digital Single-Lens Reflux

33.IDE-Integrated Development Environment

34.LGPL-Lesser General Public License

35.GPL-General Public License

36.AVR-Automatic Voltage Regulator

37.CLI-Command Line Interface

38.SLAM-Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

39.IOT-Internet of Things

VII
MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

ABSTRACT
This project explores the development of a multipurpose robot equipped with solar panel
recharging capabilities, advanced sensor technology, a robotic arm, and integrated audio
and video features. Designed for versatility and efficiency, the robot autonomously
navigates diverse environments while performing critical tasks such as safety monitoring,
environmental assessment, property maintenance, and material handling.

The solar power system ensures sustainable operation by harnessing renewable energy,
complemented by rechargeable batteries for uninterrupted functionality. The metal sensors
enable the robot to detect metallic objects, enhancing its utility in search and recovery
operations. Fire sensors provide real-time alerts to potential fire hazards, making it an
invaluable asset for safety management. Obstacle sensors facilitate smooth navigation,
allowing the robot to avoid obstacles and traverse complex terrains effectively. The
integrated robotic arm extends the robot’s capabilities, enabling it to manipulate objects,
perform repairs, and assist in various tasks with precision.

Additionally, the robot features audio and video capabilities, allowing for real-time
surveillance and communication. This enables users to monitor environments visually and
audibly, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies. with an integrated user
interface for remote control and monitoring, this solar-powered, sensor-rich robot stands as
a robust solution for both domestic and industrial applications, promoting safety, efficiency,
and environmental sustainability. A mobile app with Bluetooth connectivity allows users
to control the robot remotely, facilitating real-time monitoring and customization of its
functions. This innovative design combines renewable energy, advanced sensing
capabilities, and user-friendly operation, making it a valuable solution for a wide range of
applications while enhancing safety and operational efficiency.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 1

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and Background of the project

Today robotics is no longer limited to laboratory experiments; they have found their way
into our homes. Being a physical entity itself. Several design ideas have been explored and
are presented in an attempt to maximize the user awareness of the robot’s interaction with
the environment. In this system advanced monitoring of the home is done. This is handled
by Bluetooth controller software Apps, and we are using Bluetooth module for the purpose
of the interfacing of android Mobile and system. In this system they use a sensor which is
used to detect gas leakage. We can detect thieves or unwanted people who enter the home
when the owner is not present at home. In this sense it will help to monitor the home and
capture the image of unwanted activities happening in the home when the owner is not
present at home. The advantage of this system is that we can monitor pick-place objects,
alert owner when gas leakage is detected via buzzer, motion is detected by PIR sensor,
camera for the surveillance and IR sensor for obstacle detection.

In this system we are using a microcontroller, i.e. Arduino UNO microcontroller. The main
purpose of Arduino UNO microcontroller is to interface with the sensor so we can monitor
gas leakage, flame and report to the owner through the buzzer, motion is detected by
lighting on the red and green lights provided. This system is basically doing all operations
as well as picking up the material that present at here and there and put it on the proper
place, as well as it keeps eyes on the home as in the security mode, like gas is detected.

This system will operate on Bluetooth that functions in the android mobile, there is
application available in the mobile which will communicate with system and then will
operate the function user wants like forward, reverse, left, right, cleaning, grip, leave and
stop.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 2

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

1.2 Motivation For Research

Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching,

designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically,
commercially, or militarily. Robotics is a key technology in the modern world. Many robots
do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, mines and exploring
shipwrecks. Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and
computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of
robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information
processing. Robotics can be defined as the science or study of technology primarily
associated with the design, fabrication, theory, and application of robots. While other fields
contribute mathematics, techniques, and components, robotics creates the magical product.

1.3 Problem Definition

As technology continues to advance, the demand for automation in various sectors has
never been higher. Industries such as manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and agriculture
are seeking to enhance their operations by leveraging robotic systems that can perform tasks
more efficiently and safely. However, most current robots are designed with a very narrow
focus—each robot is typically built to carry out only one specific task, such as assembling
parts on a production line, cleaning floors, or performing medical procedures. This
specialized design makes it challenging to integrate robots across different areas or
applications, creating inefficiencies and limiting their potential.

One of the key limitations of these traditional robots is their inability to adapt to new
environments or contexts. For example, a robot built for assembling components in a
factory setting is unlikely to be useful in an agricultural setting where tasks vary from
harvesting crops to inspecting soil quality. Similarly, a cleaning robot in a household would
struggle to perform more complex tasks like assisting in elderly care or conducting
maintenance in an industrial facility.

This lack of versatility not only hampers the ability of robots to perform a broad range of
functions but also means industries must invest in multiple, task-specific robots, each

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 3

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

requiring separate maintenance, programming, and integration into their existing systems.
This results in unnecessary complexity, increased costs, and missed opportunities for
broader automation.

1.4 Objectives

• Design and build a robotic system that can perform a variety of tasks across multiple
domains, including household chores, industrial processes, healthcare assistance,
and agricultural operations.
• Equip the multi-purpose robot with the ability to autonomously perceive, interpret,
and react to its environment without human intervention.
• Create a robot with a modular design that allows for easy adaptation and
reconfiguration for different tasks and environments.
• Design the multi-purpose robot to operate safely around humans and other living
beings, particularly in environments where it may collaborate directly with people
(e.g., healthcare, homes, workplaces).
• Optimize the robot’s ability to complete tasks quickly, efficiently, and with a high
degree of accuracy.
• Ensure that the multi-purpose robot can be easily integrated into existing
infrastructures, workflows, and technologies without requiring significant changes
or investment.
• Develop a system that is cost-effective and scalable to meet the needs of different
industries, from small-scale households to large-scale industrial applications.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 4

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
Multi-purpose robot technology is becoming increasingly prominent in various industries,
offering the potential to streamline operations and reduce the need for extensive human
labor. These robots are designed to perform a wide range of tasks, from basic automation
to complex problem-solving, by integrating advanced technologies like artificial
intelligence (AI), machine learning, robotics, and data mining. The applications of multi-
purpose robots are diverse, spanning sectors such as e-commerce, analytics, customer
support, education, entertainment, finance, healthcare, human resources, marketing, news,
personal productivity, shopping, travel, and utilities.

The literature review or background of a multi-purpose robot project often involves

studying previous research and case studies. These studies can be categorized based on the
technologies and methodologies used, such as the software platforms, algorithms, and
datasets applied. Comparative surveys that assess existing multi-purpose robots offer
valuable insights into their capabilities, limitations, and potential for future development.

2.1 Multipurpose Adaptable Robot

In recent years, the surge in popularity of single-chip microcomputers and dramatic

decrease in the size and cost of integrated circuits have witnessed many new intelligent
systems. On the other hand, building a robot needs more than just programming knowledge.
Robots are becoming increasingly useful for tasks that require no human participation, or
that can be completed without error. Users can train the bot to excel at a single or a set of
activities despite its ability to do a wide variety of routine tasks. Users may reprogram
robots to behave differently by their very nature, yet technology limits some. Many types
of robots may be required for certain activities, which results in higher expenses. As a result,
creating a versatile

robot that can perform multiple functions would be a better solution. This type of
multifunctional robot can execute numerous tasks without any modification of the hardware

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 5

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

or technology built upon. Autonomous robot vehicles can move and operate intelligently
without any assistance. As their potential uses rise, the recent surge in interest in this area
will grow even more. So, the objective of this paper is to build a robot that can perform
manually operated tasks as well as autonomously.[1]

2.2 Intelligent Surveillance Robot

With robotic technologies developing in every passing day, robotic systems have been
widely used in many applications such as factory automation, dangerous environments,
hospitals, surgery, etc... One of the most important issues in the design and development of
intelligent mobile systems is the navigation problem. This consists of the ability of a mobile
robot to plan and execute free collision movements within its environment. To achieve that,
the mobile robot must be capable of sensing its environment, interpreting the sensed
information to refine the knowledge of its position and the environment's structure,
planning a route from an initial to a goal position with obstacle avoidance, and controlling
the mobile robot's turning angle and linear velocity to reach the target. Some artificial
intelligence techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic (FL), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs),
Genetic Algorithm (GA), and/or a combination of a few of them, are used to implement
intelligent robots. ANNs modeling in software has proven to be effective in many cases e.g.
functions approximation, pattern recognition, image processing, etc.

However, since these software models run on a sequential machine, they lose touch with
the parallel nature of biological neural networks. In general, software instructions executed
sequentially cannot take advantage of the inherent parallelism of ANNs architectures.
Hardware implementations of neural networks promise higher speed operation since they
can exploit this massive parallelism. Different hardware implements of neural networks
have been reported. The best choices for neural network implementations that achieve both
high speed and rapid prototyping appear to be programmable hardware approaches

like field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and field programmable analog arrays
(FPAAs). Compared to digital hardware, FPAAs have the advantage of interacting directly
with the real world because they receive, process, and transmit signals totally in the analog

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 6

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

domain (without the need to do A/D, D/A conversions) and are suitable for real time
applications. Mobile Robot equipped with visual capabilities may give a great challenge
for the main robotic systems since it requires skills for the solution of complex image in
order to understand the situation. One of the visual capabilities that can be added to the
robot is Person identification; it is a very important function for robots which work with
people in the real world. Face recognition is one of the most common methods of
identification since it is a non-contact method and the person under examination can thus
be unconscious that recognition is being carried out. In face recognition, the captured face
image data often lies in a high-dimensional space. In practice, these image spaces often lead
to low recognition accuracy and expensive computational cost. Dimensionality reduction
(DR) provides a means to solve this problem by projecting the face images into a lower
dimensional feature space in which the semantic structure of the image space becomes
clear.

There are several techniques available but Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear
Discriminate Analysis (LDA) are the most well-known techniques in dimensionality
reduction and features extraction field. PCA is a linear transformation which is used for
feature extraction. It is a powerful technique for extracting global structures from high-
dimensional data sets and has been widely employed to reduce dimensionality and extract
abstract features of faces for face recognition. LDA is like PCA, a linear transformation but
it is a supervised method. It is usually applied to get the feature or reduce the dimension of
the image before classification stage. After subspace features are computed, many methods
are used to classify the face images. Recently, more complicated classifiers, such as support
vector machines (SVMs), have been applied to further enhance the classification
performance of the PCA and LDA subspace features.[2]

2.3 Material Handling Using Pick and Place Robot

In today's contemporary world, technology has a huge advantage that reduces the labor and
cost of the work. Robotization plays a massive role in technology. It changes people's day-
to-day lives by helping them do better and great things in an easy manner. To minimize the
Workload and time consumption and increase production and efficiency, robots are used.
Here, the pick and place robot used to pick the materials and place them in the

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 7

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

correct position and order. For industrial purposes, where the most complicated work or
task is to handle the material or product, this pick and place robot makes it easier and more
efficient. The arm is designed to reach different positions and locations to reach the object
and also perform the different tasks. Through a combination of vision technology and
sensors, the object is identified and performs the task. Where the sensor is attached to the
robot for detecting the object. The movement of a robotic arm is controlled by forward and
backward, right and left motions. The remote controller is used at the transmitting end.
Here, the four motors are used to run the robot. Pick and place or robotic arms are more
commonly used in manufacturing assembly, packaging, bin- picking, and inspection, but
they can also be used for a variety of other jobs and applications. Robotic pick and place
systems can be programmed to function at a faster speed than manual processes allow.
According to the production requirements, many pick and place robots can be programmed
to reach the maximum output of the product.[3]

2.4 Design and Development of a Fire Fighting Mobile Surveillance

Robot with Autonomous Collision Avoidance

The world of Robotics is one of the most energizing zones that has experienced steady
advancement and development. Advanced mechanics are interdisciplinary and have
become increasingly more an aspect of our lives. It is noticeable that robotics is all over the
place, and over the long haul, they will be present and increasing. Most importantly, mobile
robots are helping people to fight disasters and accidents like fire. As of late, there has been
a great deal of danger on the workers in firefighting. Firefighting robots can be utilized to
secure a firefighting workforce from the threat of ignition and inward breath of poisonous
gases and hazardous materials, and these robots are prompting the upkeep of the life of
workers in the field of firefighting. Robot designing is an electromechanical tool utilized in
science or industry to supplant a human work or do the capacities relegated to him.
Technologies are changing in our life in every possible way. People are trying to invent
more and more new things every day. Even when it comes to the fact of surveillance, then
also it makes our life easier. We can use robots as a substitute for humans. When it Also
comes about the fact of security, the surveillance robot plays a vital role here. This robot
can reach all those places where humans can’t reach. From national security to household
security, we find surveillance robots. Here we are fighting fire surveillance robots with
collision avoidance which can help people at the time of spreading fire and can help to save

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 8

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

lives and can help face any financial losses. Mobile Robot is a system fit for moving their
bodies from one spot to another in its condition. Mobile robots come in two ways: fastened
and self-ruling. Surveillance means monitoring any situation, behavior, or activity. These
days, most of the system utilizes mobile robots with a camera for surveillance. The camera
mounted on the robot can move to various areas. These sorts of robots are more adaptable
than fixed cameras. In it is given that generally utilized surveillance robots are wheel robots.
These days, fire accidents are probable, and now and then, it turns out to be extremely
difficult for a firefighter to ensure individuals' lives.

It is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to choose an individual to consistently

watch coincidental fire has begun where a robot can do that. The robot will detect fire
distantly. In this paper, a firefighting robot with the necessary temperature checking
sensors, obstacle avoidance is presented. And Arduino Uno as a microcontroller and
Bluetooth module to connect with the robot and DC motors for wheels are used. This
proposed robot is intended to have the option to take a shot on its own or be controlled
remotely. By operating such robots, fire detecting and rescue exercises can be performed
with higher security without putting firefighters at high hazard and hazardous conditions.
Robots can decrease the requirement for firefighters to get into dangerous circumstances.
Also, having a reduced size and programmed control permits the robot to be utilized when
a fire happens in any little or tinny spaces with risky conditions, such as burrows or atomic
power plants. This research aims to detect fire with the help of a temperature sensor and go
after avoiding obstacles with the help of an ultrasonic sensor and send us accurate
information from the location with the image processing using a camera sensor.
Furthermore, the primary purpose of this paper is to help people at the time of the fire
incident.[4]

2.5 Design of Solar-Panel Energy System

Sun offered sunlight and hit (with chemical effects) to earth continuously over millions of
years and will offer millions of years onwards. The tremendous energy offered from sun is
Thousands of times higher than the total energy consumption used by the world in the
present time. The solar panel is the equipment to convert transferring the sun sunlight and
hit into electrical energy, it is a renewable energy resource. Unfortunately, the solar panel
energy is uncertain and unstable. How to use the energy source is an engineering topic. This

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 9

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Paper introduces a method to obtain stable energy from solar panel energy system. The
sunlight changes from time to time. For example, we bought a solar panel. It is open from
8 o’clock in the morning till 8 o’clock in the evening. The rated voltage from the panel is
186 V (plus the current is about 13 A), but it varies from 186 -20 % to 186 + 20 %, i.e. from
148.8 V to 223.2 V. In order to convert this energy into a grid: 400 V/50 Hz/ 3), we have
to design our power electronic circuits to deal with it.[5]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 10

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 3

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USED

3.1. Existing System

The multi-purpose robot system integrates various sensors and actuators to perform a wide
range of tasks. At its core, the system uses an Arduino microcontroller for processing and
control. The robotic arm, powered by servo motors and a 16-channel servo motor driver,
allows for precise movement and manipulation of objects. The system is equipped with a
flame sensor for detecting fire, an infrared (IR) sensor for obstacle detection and distance
measurement, and a metal touch sensor to identify metal objects. A PIR sensor is included
for motion detection, enabling the robot to respond to human presence. Gas detection is
handled by a gas sensor, which ensures safety by detecting harmful gases in the
environment. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors, driven by a motor driver,
allowing for smooth navigation. A buzzer alerts users to specific events or conditions, and
Bluetooth connectivity allows for wireless control via a Bluetooth controller, enabling
remote operation. The integration of these components creates a versatile robot capable
of performing various tasks in dynamic environments.

3.2. Proposed System

The proposed system is an advanced, multi-functional robot designed to operate
autonomously and interact with its environment through a range of integrated sensors and
actuators. The core of the system is an Arduino microcontroller, which processes inputs
from various sensors and controls the robot's movements and actions. A robotic arm,
powered by servo motors controlled via a 16-channel servo motor driver, enables the robot
to handle objects with high precision. The system incorporates a flame sensor for fire
detection, an infrared (IR) sensor for collision avoidance and distance measurement, and a
metal touch sensor to identify and interact with metallic objects. Additionally, a Passive
Infrared (PIR) sensor allows the robot to detect human presence or movement, triggering
specific responses. To ensure safety in environments with potential hazards, a gas sensor is
included to detect harmful gases such as carbon monoxide. The robot’s mobility is provided
by DC motors, controlled by a motor driver for smooth and efficient movement. A buzzer

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 11

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

serves as an alert mechanism, notifying users of critical events such as gas detection or fire.
Bluetooth connectivity is integrated into the system for remote control, allowing users to
operate the robot wirelessly via a Bluetooth controller. This proposed system is designed
to provide a highly adaptable and efficient solution for tasks such as fire detection, gas leak
monitoring, object manipulation, and environmental interaction, making it suitable for both
industrial and home applications.

3.3 Problem Statement

The problem addressed by this system is the lack of an integrated, multi-functional robot
capable of autonomously performing various tasks in dynamic environments while
ensuring safety and user interaction. In many industrial, commercial, and home settings,
there is a growing need for robots that can detect environmental hazards (such as gas leaks
or fire), interact with physical objects, and navigate without human intervention. Existing
robots are often limited to specific tasks or lack the necessary sensor integration to handle
multiple functions effectively. Furthermore, current solutions require manual control or
complex setups, limiting their versatility and ease of use. The proposed system aims to
overcome these limitations by integrating multiple sensors (flame, IR, metal touch, PIR,
gas sensor) and actuators (servo motors, DC motors) into a single platform, with wireless
control via Bluetooth. This will enable the robot to autonomously detect and respond to
various environmental conditions, perform tasks such as object manipulation, and ensure
safety in hazardous environments, offering a versatile, user-friendly solution.

3.4 Objectives

The objectives of the proposed multi-purpose robot system are as follows:

1. Autonomous Environmental Detection: To design and implement a robot capable
of detecting and responding to environmental hazards, including fire (using a flame
sensor), gas leaks (using a gas sensor), and motion (via a PIR sensor), to ensure
safety in real-time.
2. Precise Object Manipulation: To integrate a robotic arm, powered by servo
motors and a 16-channel servo motor driver, for precise manipulation of objects in
various environments, enabling the robot to perform tasks such as object handling
or sorting.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 12

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

3. Multi-sensor Integration: To combine a variety of sensors, including IR, metal

touch, and PIR, to enable the robot to interact with its surroundings intelligently,
avoiding obstacles, detecting human presence, and recognizing metal objects for
further actions.
4. Wireless Control and Interaction: To implement Bluetooth connectivity,
allowing remote control of the robot via a Bluetooth controller, enabling users to
operate the robot from a distance for increased flexibility and ease of use.
5. Efficient Mobility and Navigation: To incorporate DC motors, controlled by a
motor driver, for smooth and efficient movement, enabling the robot to navigate
autonomously or under remote control in various environments.
6. Alert Mechanism for Critical Events: To integrate a buzzer system that will
provide audible alerts to users when critical events occur, such as the detection of
gas or fire, enhancing the safety and responsiveness of the system.
7. Versatile Application Across Environments: To create a robot that can be used
in diverse settings, such as industrial, commercial, or home environments, for tasks
including safety monitoring, object manipulation, and environmental interaction.

These objectives aim to deliver a highly functional, adaptable, and safe robotic system that
can autonomously perform various tasks while providing remote control capabilities for
greater flexibility.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 13

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 4

IMPLEMENTATION

4.1. Block Diagram

Fig 4.1: Block Diagram

This project explores the development of a multipurpose robot equipped with solar panel
recharging capabilities, advanced sensor technology, a robotic arm, and integrated audio
and video features. Designed for versatility and efficiency, the robot autonomously
navigates diverse environments while performing critical tasks such as safety monitoring,
environmental assessment, property maintenance, and material handling. The solar power
system ensures sustainable operation by harnessing renewable energy, complemented by
rechargeable batteries for uninterrupted functionality. The metal sensors enable the robot

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 14

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

to detect metallic objects, enhancing its utility in search and recovery operations. Fire
sensors provide real-time alerts to potential fire hazards, making it an invaluable asset for
safety management. Obstacle sensors facilitate smooth navigation, allowing the robot to
avoid obstacles and traverse complex terrains effectively. The integrated robotic arm
extends the robot’s capabilities, enabling it to manipulate objects, perform repairs, and
assist in various tasks with precision.

Additionally, the robot features audio and video capabilities, allowing for real-time
surveillance and communication. This enables users to monitor environments visually and
audibly, enhancing situational awareness and response strategies. with an integrated user
interface for remote control and monitoring, this solar-powered, sensor-rich robot stands as
a robust solution for both domestic and industrial applications, promoting safety, efficiency,
and environmental sustainability. A mobile app with Bluetooth connectivity allows users
to control the robot remotely, facilitating real-time monitoring and customization of its
functions. This innovative design combines renewable energy, advanced sensing
capabilities, and user-friendly operation, making it a valuable solution for a wide range of
applications while enhancing safety and operational efficiency.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 15

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2. Hardware Requirements

• Power Supply.

• Arduino.

• Dc Motor Driver.

• Iln2003an/IC-Pump Driver.

• L298n/Motor Driver

• Pump.

• Pca9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module

• Hw201 Infrared (IR) Senor Module

• Mq2 Gas Sensor

• Ky036 Metal Touch Sensor

• Passive Infrared Sensor (Pir Sensor)

• Flame Sensor

• Robotic Arm

• Solar Panel

• Buzzer

• Camera

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 16

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.1. Power Supply

Fig 4.2: Power Supply Circuit

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the
form of electric current from a source, and one or more power output connections that
deliver current to the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid, such
as an electrical outlet, energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells.

The power supply which we are using consists of transformers which reduces alternating
current to required voltage coming with the flow of power supply after reduction of
voltage then we use a full wave bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC and then the DC
current obtained is fed to the filters and then to the required voltage regulator and the to
a load, the output of this power supply is obtained from the load and given to the
components and the microcontroller. The function of a linear voltage regulator is to
convert a varying DC voltage to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition,
they often provide a current limiting function to protect the power supply and load from
overcurrent (excessive, potentially destructive current).

A constant output voltage is required in many power supply applications, but the voltage
provided by many energy sources will vary with changes in load impedance. Furthermore,
when an unregulated DC power supply is the energy source, its output voltage will also

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 17

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

vary with changing input voltage. To circumvent this, some power supplies use a linear
voltage regulator to maintain the output voltage at a steady value, independent of
fluctuations in input voltage and load impedance. Linear regulators can also reduce the
magnitude of ripple and noise on the output voltage.[6]

4.2.2. Arduino
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM
output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable
or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

It is like Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of
Arduino Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it
and version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have
now evolved to newer releases.[7]

Fig 4.3: Arduino Model

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 18

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.3. Dc Motor

Let us start by looking at the plan of a simple two-pole DC electric motor. Electric
motors are everywhere almost every mechanical movement that can be seen around is
caused by an AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current) electric motor.

An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create
motion If that have ever played with magnets about the fundamental law of all magnets:
Opposite pole attracts and like pole repels. So have two bar magnets with their ends
marked "north" and "south" then the north end of one magnet will attract the south end
of the other.

Fig 4.4: Principle of Working of Motor

On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end of the other (and
similarly, south will repel south). Inside an electric motor, these attracting and repelling
forces create rotational motion). To understand how an electric motor works, the key is
to understand how the electromagnet works. In the Fig 4.2.3.1 shows two magnets in
the motor, the armature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet is a
permanent magnet.[8]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 19

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.4. ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver

Fig 4.5: ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver

The ILN2003AN is a specific type of IC (Integrated Circuit) designed to control and drive
pumps, motors, or other inductive loads. This component belongs to the broader category
of motor driver ICs and is typically used in applications involving stepper motors, DC
motors, and similar devices, particularly when the load requires precise control over current
and voltage.

The ILN2003AN is a low-side driver IC typically used to drive inductive loads like pumps,
motors, or solenoids. It is designed to handle moderate power and can control switching
signals sent to inductive devices. This IC is often used in automation, robotics, or other
systems that require precise control of an inductive load.

4.2.4.1 Key Features:

• Low-Side Switch: The ILN2003AN is a low-side driver, meaning it is typically
placed between the load (e.g., motor, pump) and the ground or negative terminal of
the power supply.
• Integrated Power MOSFETs: The IC features integrated N-channel MOSFETs,
which can switch the load on or off by controlling the gate voltage.
• Inductive Load Driver: It is designed specifically for driving inductive loads (e.g.,
DC motors, stepper motors, pumps) that require careful current control.
• Thermal Overload Protection: Built-in thermal protection to prevent overheating of
the IC, ensuring the device operates safely and reliably.
• Overcurrent Protection: The IC has built-in overcurrent protection to protect both
the driver and the load in case of excessive current conditions.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 20

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.4.2 Electrical Characteristics:

The key electrical specifications of the ILN2003AN include:
• Operating Voltage Range: Typically operates with a supply voltage in the range of
6V to 36V.
• Output Current Rating: Capable of driving output currents up to around 5A
(depending
on thermal conditions).
• Input Logic Level: The input control signals are typically TTL or CMOS
compatible, meaning it can interface with most microcontrollers or logic circuits.
• Output Power Dissipation: Power dissipation in the IC is minimized due to low
Rds.(on), helping reduce heat and increase efficiency.
• Switching Speed: The IC typically has fast switching characteristics, which are
important for controlling motors or pumps in high-speed applications.

4.2.4.3 Pin Configuration and Functionality:

The pinout of the ILN2003AN typically includes:
• Pin 1 (IN1): Logic input for the first control signal, which turns the driver on or off.
• Pin 2 (IN2): Logic input for the second control signal (if applicable), for more
complex driving configurations.
• Pin 3 (GND): Ground pin, which is used to reference the logic inputs and the output.
• Pin 4 (OUT): Output pin, which connects to the load (e.g., pump or motor).
• Pin 5 (VCC): Supply voltage pin, providing power to the internal circuits of the IC.
• Pin 6 (SENSE): Often used for current sensing (in some configurations), which
helps with overcurrent protection.

4.2.4.4 Applications:
The ILN2003AN is used in various applications that require driving inductive loads, such
as:
• Pump Drivers: Ideal for controlling water, air, or liquid pumps in various systems,
including HVAC, medical devices, and industrial automation.
• Motor Drivers: Common in applications where DC motors or stepper motors need
to be driven in a controlled manner.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 21

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

• Valve Actuators: Used to control the opening/closing of solenoid valves or actuators

in fluid control systems.
• Automated Systems: Robotics, home automation, and other systems requiring
accurate
• control of motors or other inductive loads.[9]

4.2.5 L298N/Motor Driver

Fig 4.6: L298N/Motor Driver

The L298N is a widely used dual H-Bridge motor driver IC that allows users
to control the direction and speed of motors in various applications. It is
primarily designed for driving DC motors, stepper motors, and other inductive
loads in robotic, automation, and other embedded systems.
Here is a comprehensive breakdown of the L298N motor driver, its features,
functionality, applications, and technical specifications.

4.2.5.1 Overview of the L298N Motor Driver IC:

The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver IC from STMicroelectronics,
capable of controlling the direction and speed of two DC motors or a stepper
motor. The "H-Bridge" design allows for full control over the polarity of the
voltage applied to the motor, enabling forward, reverse, and braking
operations. The L298N is commonly used in robotics, automation, control
systems, and other devices requiring the control of motors.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 22

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.5.2 Key Features:

• Dual H-Bridge Output: The L298N contains two H-bridge circuits,
which allow it to control two motors independently.
• Motor Control: Provides control for both direction and speed of DC
motors. Speed can be adjusted via Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
• Voltage Range: It operates with motor voltages from 4.5V to 46V,
making it suitable for a wide range of motor types.
• Current Rating: Each channel can handle up to 2A continuous current
and 3A peak current for short periods.
• Logic Voltage: It requires a 5V logic voltage (for the control pins), but
the motors can be powered by a separate higher voltage supply.
• Thermal Shutdown Protection: The L298N includes thermal overload
protection to safeguard against overheating.
• Overcurrent Protection: Built-in circuitry protects against excessive
current.
• Internal Diodes: Diodes are integrated across the output transistors,
providing protection against back EMF (Electromotive Force) from
inductive loads like motors.
• Easy to Use: Compatible with common microcontrollers such as
Arduino, Raspberry Pi, STM32, etc.

4.2.5.3 Pin Configuration:

The L298N typically comes in a 15-pin package with the following pin configuration
➢ Out1 - Output for Motor 1 (Low-side)
➢ Out2 - Output for Motor 1 (High-side).
➢ Ground - Ground pin.
➢ VCC - Supply voltage for logic circuits (5V).

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 23

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25
➢ In1 - Input signal for Motor 1 (direction).
➢ In2 - Input signal for Motor 1 (direction).
➢ In3 - Input signal for Motor 2 (direction).
➢ In4 - Input signal for Motor 2 (direction).
➢ Out3 - Output for Motor 2 (Low-side).
➢ Out4 - Output for Motor 2 (High-side).
➢ Sense - Current sense (for overcurrent protection).
➢ VCC-motor - Motor voltage supply (4.5V to 46V).
➢ Ground - Ground pin.
➢ PWM (enable) - Enable motor driver (for PWM control).
➢ Sense - Current sensing pin (used for current limiting).[10]

4.2.6 Pump

Fig 4.7: Pump

Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini
water circulation System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump
Motor which can be operated from a 3 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 liters
per hour with very low current consumption of 220mA. Just connect tube pipe to the
motor outlet, submerge it in water and power it. Make sure that the water level is always
higher than the motor. Dry run may damage the motor due to heating and it will also
produce noise.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 24

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.6.1 Specifications

• Operating Voltage: 3 ~ 6V

• Operating Current: 130 ~ 220mA

• Flow Rate: 80 ~ 120 L/H

• Maximum Lift: 40 ~ 110 mm

• Continuous Working Life: 500 hours

• Driving Mode: DC, Magnetic Driving

• Material: Engineering Plastic

• Outlet Outside Diameter: 7.5 mm

• Outlet Inside Diameter: 5 mm [11]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 25

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.7 PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module

Fig 4.8: PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module

The PCA9685 is a popular PWM driver IC from NXP Semiconductors. It is designed to

control up to 16 servos or PWM devices via I2C communication, simplifying projects
where you need to control multiple devices from a microcontroller or embedded system
(such as an Arduino or Raspberry Pi). This module is particularly useful in robotic arms,
automated systems, animatronics, or even large-scale lighting projects where you need to
control many servos or motors simultaneously.

4.2.7.1 Key Features of the PCA9685 Module:

• 16-Channel PWM Output:
o It can control up to 16 independent PWM devices (usually servo motors)
simultaneously.
o Each channel has its own PWM frequency and duty cycle settings, allowing
for fine control over the servo movements.
• I2C Communication:
o The module communicates with a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry
Pi) over the I2C interface. Only two pins (SDA for data and SCL for clock)
are required, making it easy to expand without needing extra GPIO pins.
• 12-Bit PWM Resolution:
o Each channel has a 12-bit resolution, which allows for 4096 distinct pulse
widths, providing smooth and precise control over servo position or other
PWM devices.
• Built-in Clock:
o The PCA9685 comes with a built-in oscillator, which allows it to operate
independently of the microcontroller's clock, making it power-efficient and

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 26

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

reducing strain on the microcontroller.

• Adjustable PWM Frequency:
o The PWM frequency can be adjusted from 24 Hz to 1526 Hz, which is ideal
for controlling standard servos (typically around 50 Hz) and other PWM-
driven devices like LEDs or motors.
• Power Supply:
o The module typically operates with a 5V power supply (for logic) and can
supply power to the servos from the same source or a separate 6V to 12V
power supply for better current handling.
• Current Limiting and Protection:
o The board typically includes protection against overcurrent and short circuit,
making it more reliable and safer for projects involving numerous servos.

4.2.7.2 Pin Configuration:

The PCA9685 module typically has the following pins:
1. VCC (5V or 3.3V): Power supply for the module (usually 5V).
2. GND: Ground pin for the module.
3. SDA (Serial Data): I2C data pin used for communication with the microcontroller.
4. SCL (Serial Clock): I2C clock pin used for communication with the
microcontroller.
5. OE (Output Enable): Allows you to disable the PWM output. Usually tied to ground
to keep the output enabled.
6. V+ (Servo Power Supply): Supplies power to the servos, usually 6V to 12V
(depending on the servo specifications).
7. PWM Channels (0 to 15): 16 channels (pins) for connecting the PWM-controlled
devices (e.g., servo motors, LEDs). [12]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 27

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.8 HW201 Infrared (IR) Sensor Module:

Fig 4.9: HW201 Infrared (IR) Sensor Module

The HW201 Infrared (IR) Sensor Module is a simple and commonly used module designed
to detect infrared signals, typically used for proximity detection or obstacle avoidance in
various embedded system applications like robots, automated systems, and security
devices. The module detects the presence of infrared light, making it an essential
component for systems that require basic IR sensing functionality.

This module is often used for applications such as line-following robots, obstacle detection
systems, and basic IR remote control systems.

4.2.8.1 Overview of the HW201 IR Sensor Module:

The HW201 IR Sensor is a basic infrared light sensor module that typically includes both
an IR emitter (LED) and an IR receiver (photodiode or phototransistor). The emitter sends
out infrared light, which is then reflected by objects in the environment. The receiver
detects the reflected infrared light, and based on the amount of reflected light, the module
outputs a signal that can be used for detection or triggering actions.

This module is designed for short-range detection, making it ideal for basic proximity
sensors, line-following robots, and systems that need to detect objects or surfaces.

4.2.8.2 Key Features:

• Proximity Detection:
o The HW201 IR sensor can detect objects or surfaces based on the reflection
of infrared light. It is typically used for obstacle detection, object avoidance,
or line-following applications.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 28

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

• Low Power Consumption:

o It operates at low power, making it ideal for battery-powered devices and
energy-efficient applications.
• Analog or Digital Output:
o The sensor typically provides a digital output (high or low) based on the
detected infrared light. Some variants may offer an analog output that varies
depending on the intensity of the infrared reflection.
• Adjustable Sensitivity:
o Many versions of the HW201 sensor allow you to adjust the sensitivity,
enabling detection of objects at different distances.
• Simple Interface:
o It uses a simple interface with only a few pins, usually VCC, GND, and
Output (digital or analog), making it easy to integrate with microcontrollers
like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or other embedded systems.
• Compact and Low-Cost:
o The HW201 IR sensor module is compact and inexpensive, making it a
popular choice for beginner projects, hobbyists, and cost-sensitive
applications. [13]

4.2.9 MQ2 Gas Sensor

Fig 4.10: MQ2 Gas Sensor

The MQ-2 is a popular gas sensor module used to detect various gases such as methane
(CH4), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), smoke, and other combustible gases. It is
commonly used in gas leakage detection systems, air quality monitoring, and fire alarm
systems. The sensor is based on a semiconductor that changes resistance when exposed to
different gases, making it ideal for applications requiring the detection of toxic or
flammable gases in the air.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 29

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.9.1 Overview of the MQ-2 Gas Sensor Module:

The MQ-2 gas sensor module is designed to sense a wide range of gases, with smoke
detection and combustible gas detection as its primary uses. It is widely used in home safety
systems (for detecting gas leaks) and environmental monitoring (to measure air quality or
detect pollutants).
• The sensor consists of a tin dioxide (SnO2) semiconductor that is highly sensitive
to combustible gases. When the gas interacts with the semiconductor, it causes a
change in the sensor's resistance, which is measured to detect the presence and
concentration of the gas.
• The MQ-2 module has a built-in heating element and a sensor layer (often with a
film-type gas-sensing material) that detects the gas molecules. The change in
resistance due to the interaction of gases with the sensor material can be measured
and used to estimate gas concentration.

4.2.9.2 Key Features:

• Gas Detection:
o The MQ-2 is sensitive to several gases, including methane (CH4), propane
(C3H8), butane (C4H10), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke.
• Analog Output:
o The module provides an analog output that varies based on the gas
concentration detected. The higher the gas concentration, the higher the
analog output signal.
• Digital Output (Threshold Detection):
o Some versions of the MQ-2 also include a digital output that can trigger a
high signal when the gas concentration exceeds a set threshold, often used
for triggering alarms or actions in automated systems.
• Heater and Sensor Layer:
o The module consists of a heating element and a sensor layer that interact
with the gas molecules, making it possible to measure their concentration.
• Sensitivity Adjustment:
o The sensor has a potentiometer (variable resistor) that allows you to adjust
the sensitivity for detecting different gas concentrations.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 30

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

• Low Power Consumption:

o The MQ-2 module typically consumes very little power, making it suitable
for battery-operated or low-power applications. [14]

4.2.10 KY036 Metal Touch Sensor

Fig 4.11: KY036 Metal Touch Sensor

The KY-036 Metal Touch Sensor is a capacitive touch sensor module commonly used
in various embedded systems, automation projects, and interactive designs. The
module is primarily used to detect the presence or touch of a human or an object on a
metal surface. It

uses the principle of capacitive sensing, where the sensor can detect changes in
capacitance when a person touches the metal plate.This module is suitable for
applications where you need to create touch-sensitive switches, touchless interaction
systems, or as part of safety systems to detect touch or human presence.

4.2.10.1 Overview of the KY-036 Metal Touch Sensor Module:

The KY-036 touch sensor module contains a metal plate and associated electronics
that detect the presence of a nearby finger or hand. When a person touches the metal
surface, the system detects the change in capacitance caused by the human body’s
conductivity and generates a digital or analog signal to trigger actions in
microcontroller-based systems.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 31

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

The module is commonly used with Arduino or similar platforms, and it can be used
in a variety of projects that require a touch-sensitive or proximity sensor, such as
touch-sensitive switches, human presence detection, and interactive devices.

4.2.10.2 Key Features:

• Capacitive Sensing:
o The KY-036 works on the principle of capacitive touch sensing. When a
finger or hand touches the metal plate, it changes the capacitance of the
plate, which is detected by the sensor.
• Digital and Analog Outputs:
o The sensor provides both digital output (high or low) and analog output,
allowing you to interface with both digital and analog input pins of
microcontrollers like Arduino.
• Sensitivity Adjustment:
o The module typically comes with a potentiometer (variable resistor) to
adjust the sensitivity of the touch detection. You can increase or decrease
the sensitivity depending on the application and the distance you need to
detect.
• Low Power Consumption:
o The KY-036 sensor operates with low power, making it suitable for battery-
powered applications and portable devices.
• Quick Response Time:
o The sensor is able to detect a touch almost instantly (within a few
milliseconds), allowing it to be used for real-time interactions.
• Compact Design:
o The module is small, which allows it to be easily integrated into projects
without taking up too much space. [15]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 32

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.11 Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor)

Fig 4.12: PIR Sensor

The PIR sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor) is a type of motion sensor that detects infrared
radiation (heat) emitted by warm objects such as human bodies. PIR sensors are widely
used in motion detection applications such as security systems, lighting control, and
automation. They are also an essential component in devices like automatic doors, alarm
systems, and energy-saving systems.

The PIR sensor can detect movement in an environment by sensing the infrared radiation
emitted by warm bodies. Once movement is detected, the sensor outputs a signal that can
trigger various actions such as turning on lights or triggering alarms.

4.2.11.1 Overview of the PIR Sensor Module:

The PIR sensor operates by detecting changes in infrared radiation in its surroundings.
Living beings, especially humans, emit heat in the form of infrared radiation, which the PIR
sensor detects. When a person moves within the sensor's detection range, the sensor
registers the change in infrared levels and activates an output signal.
There are two main components in a typical PIR sensor module:
• Pyroelectric Sensor (PIR): Detects infrared radiation and converts it into an
electrical signal.
• Sensor Circuitry: Processes the signal and provides output, often a digital or analog
signal, based on the presence or absence of infrared radiation changes.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 33

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.11.2 Key Features of PIR Sensors:

• Motion Detection:
o PIR sensors are sensitive to infrared radiation from human body heat
(around 8–14 micrometers wavelength).
o The sensor detects movement based on the change in infrared radiation
levels caused by a person or animal entering or moving through its field of
view.
• Digital Output:
o The PIR sensor typically outputs a digital signal: HIGH when motion is
detected, and LOW when no motion is detected.
• Low Power Consumption:
o PIR sensors are designed to consume very little power, making them ideal
for battery-powered applications. They are commonly used in standby mode
and only activate when movement is detected.
• Detection Range:
o The detection range of a PIR sensor can vary depending on the model.
Common ranges for basic PIR sensors are between 3 to 7 meters and can
vary based on the sensor's field of view and the size of the object being
detected.
• Adjustable Sensitivity:
o Many PIR sensor modules feature an adjustable sensitivity setting that
allows you to configure the detection range and response.
• Output Trigger:
o The sensor typically outputs a digital HIGH signal when motion is detected
and a LOW signal when there is no motion.
• Wide Angle Detection:
o Most PIR sensors have a wide field of view (typically 110° to 120°). Some
advanced PIR sensors come with multiple detection zones for better motion
sensing.
• Wide Application:
o PIR sensors are used in security systems, automatic lighting, robotics,
automated doors, and home automation systems. [16]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 34

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.12 Flame Sensor

Fig 4.13: Flame Sensor

A Flame Sensor is a device designed to detect the presence of a flame, fire, or heat sources
in its proximity. It is widely used in fire detection systems, safety alarms, and various other
applications requiring detection of flame-related events. The Flame Sensor Module for
Arduino typically uses an infrared (IR) sensor or a photoresistor to detect specific
wavelengths of light emitted by flames, usually in the infrared or visible light spectrum.

The Flame Sensor module provides an easy way to detect fire, making it suitable for
applications like fire safety systems, fire alarms, and robotic fire detection.

4.2.12.1 Overview of Flame Sensor Module:

The Flame Sensor Module typically uses a photoresistor (LDR) and an infrared sensor to
detect the presence of a flame or fire. The sensor works by detecting the specific wavelength
of light emitted by a flame or fire, typically in the infrared spectrum or the visible light
range of wavelengths.

Once the sensor detects a flame, it sends a signal to the connected microcontroller (like an
Arduino) through its output pin, which can be used to trigger an event, such as sounding an
alarm or turning on a cooling system.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 35

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.12.2 Key Features of Flame Sensor Module:

• Fire and Flame Detection:
o The flame sensor detects the specific wavelengths of infrared radiation
emitted by flames or fires.
• Sensitive to Flame and Fire:
o The sensor is specifically designed to detect flames from candles, matches,
and other fire sources that emit infrared radiation.
• Analog and Digital Outputs:
o The flame sensor module usually provides digital and/or analog outputs:
▪ Digital Output: HIGH (1) when a flame is detected and LOW (0)
when no flame is detected.
▪ Analog Output: The voltage level varies depending on the intensity
of the flame.
• Sensitivity Adjustment:
o The sensor includes a potentiometer to adjust its sensitivity, allowing you to
fine-tune the response for detecting flames at different distances or
intensities.
• Small Size:
o The flame sensor is compact and easy to integrate into various systems,
making it ideal for both hobbyist and industrial applications.
• Low Power Consumption:
o The flame sensor operates on a low current, making it suitable for battery-
powered systems like portable fire detection devices[17]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 36

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.13 Robotic Arm

Fig 4.14:Robotic Arm

A robotic arm is an advanced mechanical system designed to replicate the functionality of
human arm but with far greater precision, repeatability, and the ability to handle a variety
of tasks. Robotic arms are widely used in various industries, including manufacturing,

healthcare, research, and even for educational purposes. They are often equipped with
motors, actuators, sensors, and controllers to perform tasks such as lifting, moving,
assembling, or interacting with objects in a controlled environment.

In this guide, we will cover the components, working principles, and applications of robotic
arms, focusing on the Arduino-based robotic arm, which is a popular choice for both
hobbyists and professionals working on automation and robotics projects.

4.2.13.1 Overview of Robotic Arm:

A robotic arm consists of several joints (rotational or linear), a base, and an end effector
(the part that interacts with the environment, such as a gripper or a tool). The arm is
designed to mimic the motions of a human arm and is usually controlled by servo motors
or stepper motors. Depending on the design, robotic arms may have a range of movements,
including pitch, yaw, and roll.

4.2.13.2 Components of a Robotic Arm:

The key components of a typical robotic arm are as follows:
a. Actuators (Motors):

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 37

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

• Servo Motors: The most commonly used actuators in robotic arms, as they provide
precise control of the arm's movements. Each joint in the arm is typically driven by
a separate servo motor.
• Stepper Motors: Used in some robotic arms for more accurate control of rotation
and positioning.
• DC Motors: In some designs, DC motors are used for less precise but more robust
movements, especially for applications requiring more power.
b. Joints:
• The arm's movement is divided into multiple joints (typically 3 to 6), each providing
a specific degree of freedom (DOF). These joints can move in different ways:
o Rotational Joints: Allow the arm to rotate around a fixed axis.
o Linear Joints: Allow linear motion (like a slide or extension).
o Combination of Both: Some joints allow both rotational and linear
movement.
c. End Effector:
• The end effector is the "tool" or "hand" of the robotic arm. This could be a gripper,
vacuum, or specialized tool (e.g., a welding torch, soldering iron, or 3D printer
nozzle).
• The type of end effector used depends on the task the robotic arm is designed to
perform.
d. Sensors:
• Position Sensors: Feedback from the arm's joints to know the exact position of each
servo motor.
• Force Sensors: Measure the force applied by the arm on objects (important for
delicate tasks like assembly or picking).
• Infrared (IR) Sensors or Ultrasonic Sensors: Used for collision avoidance and object
detection.
• Cameras: In some advanced robotic arms, cameras or vision systems are used to
guide movements and recognize objects for manipulation.
e. Microcontroller/Controller:
• A microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP32) is used to control the
movements of the robotic arm. It receives signals from input devices (e.g., joystick,
keyboard, or sensors) and sends control signals to the motors.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 38

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

• Common controllers include Arduino boards for simple projects or Raspberry Pi for
more advanced processing and vision-based tasks.
f. Power Supply:
• A stable DC power supply is required to power the motors and microcontroller. The
power needs will vary depending on the size and complexity of the robotic arm,
with larger arms requiring more powerful supplies.
g. Communication Modules:
• Wireless Communication: Robotic arms can be controlled remotely using wireless
communication technologies like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or RF modules.
• Wired Communication: For more precision and reliability, robotic arms can also be
controlled via USB or serial communication. [18]

4.2.14 Solar Panel

Fig 4.15: Solar Panel

A solar panel (also known as a photovoltaic (PV) panel) is a device that converts sunlight
into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels are an essential component of
solar power systems, used to harness renewable energy from the sun. They have wide
applications, ranging from residential and commercial power generation to powering small
electronic devices.

In this guide, we will cover the components, working principles, and applications of
solar panels, focusing on how they work, how to integrate them with systems like Arduino
for energy monitoring or control, and how to set up a simple solar power system.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 39

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.14.1 Overview of Solar Panels:

A solar panel consists of several solar cells that are connected in series or parallel to form
a larger module capable of generating significant amounts of electricity. Solar cells are
primarily made from semiconducting materials, most commonly silicon, which absorb
sunlight and convert it into electrical energy.

The electrical output from a solar panel can be used directly or stored in batteries for later
use. Solar panels are often integrated into larger systems, which can include solar charge
controllers, batteries, and inverters to make the energy usable for devices or to feed it into
the grid.

4.2.14.2 Components of a Solar Panel:

a. Solar Cells:
• Solar panels consist of multiple solar cells made of semiconductor materials,
typically silicon. There are different types of solar cells:
o Monocrystalline Silicon Cells: Known for high efficiency and long lifespan.
These are made from a single continuous crystal structure.
o Polycrystalline Silicon Cells: Slightly less efficient than monocrystalline but
cheaper to manufacture, these are made from silicon crystals melted and cast
into molds.
o Thin-Film Solar Cells: Made from layers of semiconductor materials. These
are lightweight and flexible but typically less efficient than silicon-based
cells.
o Perovskite Solar Cells: An emerging technology with promising efficiency
and lower production costs.
b. Glass Covering:
• The solar cells are covered with a layer of tempered glass to protect them from
environmental factors like wind, rain, and debris while still allowing sunlight to
pass through.
c. Frame:
• The frame, usually made from aluminum, provides structural support for the panel.
It also allows for easy mounting onto roofs or other structures.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 40

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

d. Back Sheet:
• The back sheet, typically made of a durable, insulating material, helps protect the
solar cells from moisture, dust, and other contaminants. It also prevents electrical
short circuits by isolating the cells.
e. Junction Box:
• A junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and houses the electrical
components (diodes and wiring) that connect the panel to external devices, like a
charge controller or battery.
f. Diodes:
• Bypass diodes are used to prevent power loss in case one of the solar cells in the
panel becomes shaded or malfunctioning. They allow current to bypass the affected
cell and maintain the flow of electricity. [19]

4.2.15 Buzzer

Fig 4.16: Buzzer

A buzzer is an electrical device that produces a sound (usually a beeping or buzzing noise)
in response to an electrical signal. It is commonly used in electronic circuits and devices to
alert, warn, or indicate a specific event or action, such as an alarm, notification, or error
signal.

Buzzers are simple components that are widely used in projects with Arduino, Raspberry
Pi, or other microcontrollers. They come in two main types: active buzzers and passive
buzzers. Each type has its own characteristics and use cases.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 41

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.15.1 Types of Buzzers:

a. Active Buzzer:
• Active buzzers have an internal oscillator that generates a fixed tone when power is
supplied. You don’t need to send complex signals to produce sound; just turning the
buzzer on or off will produce sound.
• Pros: Simpler to use (only needs power to generate sound).
• Cons: Limited to a fixed tone (usually a single frequency).
• Typical Use: Simple notifications, alarms, or status indicators.
b. Passive Buzzer:
• Passive buzzers require an external signal to generate sound. The tone produced by
a passive buzzer can be controlled by varying the frequency of the signal sent to it.
This gives greater flexibility, allowing the buzzer to produce different pitches or
melodies.
• Pros: More versatile, capable of producing different tones or music.
• Cons: Requires a square wave signal (PWM or similar) to create sound.
• Typical Use: More complex sound patterns, melodies, and alarms.

4.2.15.2 Working Principle:

• Active Buzzer:
o The active buzzer generates sound through an oscillator circuit built into the
device. When DC power is supplied, the internal oscillator generates a tone
at a fixed frequency, causing the buzzer to emit sound.
• Passive Buzzer:
o The passive buzzer is similar to a small loudspeaker. It works by creating
sound from piezoelectric vibrations. When an AC signal (or square wave) is
applied, it vibrates the piezoelectric material inside the buzzer, producing
sound. The frequency and pattern of the sound depend on the signal fed into
the buzzer. [20]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 42

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.2.16 Camera

Fig 4.17:Camera
A camera is a device that captures light and records images, either as still photographs or
moving images (videos). It does this through a combination of optics (lenses), sensors, and
electronics that work together to convert light into a digital or physical image.

4.2.16.1 Types of Cameras:

There are many types of cameras, each with its own specific function and use. Some
of the most common include:
• DSLR Cameras (Digital Single-Lens Reflex): Known for their versatility and high-
quality image capture. They use mirrors and optical viewfinders to show the image
in real-time.
• Mirrorless Cameras: Similar to DSLRs in terms of quality but lack the mirror
mechanism, making them more compact.
• Point-and-Shoot Cameras: Simple, automatic cameras designed for everyday users.
They're usually compact and easy to use.
• Smartphone Cameras: Cameras built into smartphones that have improved greatly
over the years, offering impressive features and image quality.
• Film Cameras: Traditional cameras that use photographic film instead of digital
sensors to capture images. [21]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 43

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

4.3 Software Requirement

1. ARDUINO IDE
2. EMBEDDED C
3. PROGRAM

4.3.1. Arduino IDE

Fig 4.18: Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-
party cores, other vendor development boards. The source code for the IDE is released
under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch
and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 44

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the
IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the executable
code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a
loader program in the board's firmware. By default, argued is used as the uploading tool
to flash the user code onto official Arduino boards with the rising popularity of Arduino
as a software platform, other vendors started to implement custom open-source compilers
and tools (cores) that can build and upload sketches to other microcontrollers that are not
supported by Arduino's official line of microcontrollers.

In October 2019 the Arduino organization began providing early access to a new Arduino
Pro IDE with debugging and other advanced features. Arduino is an open-source hardware
and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-
board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. It’s hardware
products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone.
Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through
authorized distributors. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and
controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins
that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for
prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading
programs from personal computers.

The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages,
using a standard API which is also known as the "Arduino language". In addition to using
traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE), and a command line tool (Arduino-cli) developed in Go. The Arduino
project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea,
Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples
of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and
motion detectors.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 45

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the
project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of
the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014. A program for Arduino hardware
may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary machine
code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit
AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel
Studio (newer).

4.3.1.1 IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It
originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor
with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click
mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy
of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using
special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the
Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written
code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop,
that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The
Arduino IDE employs the program AVR-dude to convert the executable code into a text
file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in
the board's firmware.

4.3.1.2 Pro IDE

On October 18, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha preview) was released. The system still uses
Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional
development environment, autocompletion support, and Git integration. The application
frontend is based on the Eclipse This is a Open Source IDE. The main features available in

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 46

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

the alpha release is -

• Modern, fully featured development environment
• Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro
Mode (File System view)
• New Board Manager
• New Library Manager
• Board List
• Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only)
• Git Integration
• Serial Monitor
• Dark Mode

4.3.1.3 Sketch

A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-
1.0 saved sketches with the extension.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:

• setup (): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset.
It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries
needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function-main ().
• loop (): After setup () function exits (ends), the loop () function is executed
repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered
off or is reset. It is analogous to the function while (1). [22]

4.3.2. Embedded c

Fig 4.19: Embedded C

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 47

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C

Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Embedded C programming typically requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support enhanced microprocessor features such as
fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008,
the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address such capabilities by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number
of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address
spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and
semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function, variable definition, datatype declaration,
conditional statements (if, switch case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings,
structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.

Embedded software is computer software, written to control machines or devices that

are not typically thought of as computers, commonly known as embedded systems. It is
typically specialized for the particular hardware that it runs on and has time and memory
constraints. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with firmware.

A precise and stable characteristic feature is that or not all functions of embedded
software are initiated/controlled via a human interface, but through machine-interfaces
instead. Manufacturers build embedded software into the electronics of cars, telephones,
modems, robots, appliances, toys, security systems, pacemakers, televisions and set-top
boxes, and digital watches, for example. This software can be very simple, such as

lighting controls running on an 8-bit microcontroller with a few kilobytes of memory with
the suitable level of processing complexity determined with a Probably Approximately
Correct Computation framework (a methodology based on randomized algorithms) or can
become very sophisticated in applications such as airplanes, missiles, and process control
systems.[23]

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 48

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 5
RESULT ANALYSIS

5.1 Working of The Model

Fig 5.1: Robotic Arm Picking the Object

Fig 5.2: Robotic Arm Placing the Object

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 49

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Fig 5.3: Capturing the visuals using the installed camera on the robot

Fig 5.4: Obstacle Sensor in the Robot Sensing the Obstacle in Front of it

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 50

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Fig 5.5: Metal Sensor in the Robot Sensing Presence of Bomb

Fig 5.6: Flame Sensor Detecting Fire

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 51

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Fig 5.7: Gas Sensor in the Robot Sensing for harmful gases present in the
surrounding

Fig 5.8: Some of the Footages Captured by the Camera which are
Controlled in the Application

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 52

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, the multi-purpose robot, equipped with IR sensors, motion detection, a

robotic arm, flame sensor, Bluetooth, PIR sensor, Arduino Uno, 16-channel servo motor
driver, motor driver, and camera, offers a highly versatile platform with vast potential for
future applications. The integration of a camera enhances the robot's ability to visually
perceive its environment, enabling advanced capabilities like object recognition, facial
recognition, and even environmental mapping. This addition significantly extends the
robot's interaction potential, allowing it to perform more complex tasks and provide visual
feedback to the user.

With these advancements, the robot is well-positioned to evolve into a highly autonomous
system capable of navigating its environment, performing remote operations via Bluetooth,
and even functioning in security and surveillance roles by capturing real-time video feed.
The camera also opens possibilities for incorporating machine learning algorithms for
image processing, improving object detection, and enabling the robot to adapt its behavior
based on visual input.

The future scope of this robot is rich with possibilities, including enhanced sensing, AI-
driven decision-making, advanced robotic manipulation, and seamless integration into
smart environments. By leveraging additional sensors, cloud connectivity, and machine
learning, the robot can evolve into a more intelligent and autonomous assistant, capable of
performing tasks ranging from household assistance to industrial automation and healthcare
support.

Ultimately, this multi-purpose robot provides a solid foundation for future innovations,
offering great potential to adapt to a wide variety of real-world applications while providing
a scalable and flexible platform for further research and development in robotics.

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 53

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

6.2 Future Scope

The multi-purpose robot, equipped with advanced sensors like IR, PIR, flame, and a
camera, as well as a robotic arm and various control components, has significant potential
for further development. As technology continues to advance, there are numerous
opportunities to enhance the robot’s capabilities, enabling it to perform more complex tasks
autonomously, interact more intuitively with humans, and be applied across various
industries. Below are the key areas where this robot could evolve:

1. Enhanced Autonomous Navigation and Mapping (SLAM integration)

2. Advanced Object Recognition and AI Integration (Machine learning, computer

vision)

3. Improved Human-Robot Interaction (Voice recognition, gesture control)

4. Collaborative Robotics (Multiple robots working together)

5. Healthcare and Assistive Roles (Elderly assistance, rehabilitation support)

6. Security and Surveillance (Video capture, anomaly detection)

7. Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Integration (Remote control, data analysis)

8. Energy Efficiency and Battery Management (Longer operational time, wireless

charging)

9. Educational and Research Applications (Teaching tool, research platform)

10. Environmental Monitoring (Air quality, temperature, gas sensors)

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 54

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

REFERENCES

[1] Design of Solar-Panel Energy System: Fang Lin Luo, Senior Member IEEE Nanyang
Technological University Singapore [email protected].

[2] Multipurpose Adaptable Robot: P Jeevan Narayana Raju School of Electronics

Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
[email protected] Vikranth Pandala Neni School of Electronics Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
[email protected] Venkata Gaurav Pampana School of Electronics
Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
[email protected] G Gugapriya School of Electronics Engineering Vellore
Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India [email protected] Chanthini
Baskar School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Tamil
Nadu, India [email protected].

[3] Intelligent Surveillance Robot Dr. Thair Ali Salh Department of Computer Technology
Engineering Technical Collage-Mosul Mosul, Iraq [email protected] Mustafa Zuhaer
Nayef Department of Computer Technology Engineering Technical Collage-Mosul Mosul,
Iraq [email protected].

[4] MATERIAL HANDLING USING PICK AND PLACE ROBOT: Mr.C. Mohan Raj,
Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar
College of Engineering Coimbatore, India [email protected], Ramya M UG Students
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India [email protected], Dr.W. Rajanbabu, Professor Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Coimbatore,
India [email protected], Manjuladevi. UG Students Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Coimbatore, India
[email protected], Tanuja M UG Students Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Coimbatore, India
[email protected], Hari Dharshini S UG Students Department of Electrical

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 55

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

and Electronics Engineering. Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Coimbatore, India

[email protected]

[5] Design And Development Of A Fire Fighting Mobile Surveillance Robot With
Autonomous Collision Avoidance Mehedi Hasan Dept. of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering American International University - Bangladesh Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
[email protected] Ritu Parna Das Dept. of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering American International University - Bangladesh Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
[email protected] Rafiul Islam Sonet Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
American International University - Bangladesh Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
[email protected] Joel Ahmed Dept. of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering American International University - Bangladesh Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
[email protected].

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)

[7] https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3/

[8] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dc-motor/

[9] https://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/datasheet/966/ILN2003AN.php

[10] https://components101.com/modules/l293n-motor-driver-module

[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump

[12] https://learn.adafruit.com/16-channel-pwm-servo-driver/overview

[13] https://www.circuits-diy.com/hw201-infrared-ir-sensor-module/

[14] https://www.elprocus.com/an-introduction-to-mq2-gas-sensor/

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 56

MULTI PURPOSE ROBOT 2024-25

[15]https://www.electroniclinic.com/ky-036-metal-touch-sensor-module-arduino-circuit-diagram-
code/

[16] https://www.electronicwings.com/arduino/pir-sensor-interfacing-with-arduino-uno

[17] https://www.elprocus.com/flame-sensor-working-and-its-applications/

[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_arm

[19] Solar panel - Wikipedia

[20] https://www.elprocus.com/buzzer-working-applications/

[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera

[22] https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

[23] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/embedded-c/

DEPT OF ECE, ICEAS 57