PMC NATIONAL MDCAT 2022

Biology Preparation
B
I Unit # 9
O
L
O Life Processes in Animals
G
Y (Respiratory System)
G
U
Lecture # 34
A By
R
D
I
A
Abid Ali Mughal
N Assistant Professor/Head of Biology Department
Islamabad Model College for Boys H-9, Islamabad
[email protected]
03005672212
 Learning Objectives
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
❑ Parts of respiratory tract and their functions
L
O
❑ Mechanism of Breathing
G
Y
❑ Transport of Gases
G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022

Mechanism of breathing
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y
Inspiration Expiration
G (taking in of air by the lungs) (removal of air out of the lungs)
U
(active phase of breathing) (passive phase of breathing)
A
R
D
I
A
N
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 Inspiration
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B contraction of contraction of the
I the diaphragm external intercostal
O
L diaphragm becomes rib cage to move
O flattened (less dome upward and forward
G shape)
Y
increase of inner space of
G thoracic cavity
U
A
R pressure in the thorax and hence in the
D lungs, is reduced to less than atmospheric
I pressure
A
N
Air therefore enters the lungs and alveoli
become inflated
 Expiration
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34 Relaxation of the Relaxation of the
B diaphragm external
I intercostal
O
L
diaphragm rib cage to move
O
becomes more downward and
G dome shaped backward
Y

G Decrease of inner space of

U thoracic cavity
A
R
pressure in the thorax and hence in the
D lungs, is increased to more than
I atmospheric pressure
A
N
Air therefore is forced to
expelled from the lungs
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology All of the following influence upon rate of breathing except:
Lecture # 34
B
I
O (a) Medulla oblongata.
L
(b) Emotions.
O
G (c) Excess of CO2 in blood
Y
(d) Hunger
G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology Which of the following factors is the most effective in accelerating the
Lecture # 34
B rate of breathing in man.?
I
O
L
O (a) a lack of oxygen in the blood
G (b) a lack of oxygen in the tissues
Y
(c) an excess of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
G
U (d) an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G D relaxes relax contract

U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology When you exhale, the diaphragm
Lecture # 34
B
I
O (a) relaxes and moves upward
L
O (b) relaxes and moves downward
G (c) contracts and moves upward
Y
(d) contracts and moves downward
G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D C P and R
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N

D The ribs move down.

 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y
A 1 and 2
G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N

C Y and Z only
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology Which event is not associated with the activity of expiration?
Lecture # 34
B
I
O (a) Contraction of diaphragm
L
O (b) More dome like shape of diaphragm
G (c) Back ward & downward movement of rib cage
Y
(d) Relaxation of external intercostals muscles
G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022 Which statement is incorrect about functioning of human lungs?
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I (a) They neither pull air nor can they push it out
O
L (b) Passive expansion & contraction occurs during
O
G expiration & inspiration respectively
Y (c) Diaphragm becomes less dome like during
G inspiration
U
A (d) When muscles between ribs are relaxed the ribs are
R settle down
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34 Transport of Oxygen by Blood
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
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 NMDCAT-2022
Biology Which of the following system is more closely associated with
Lecture # 34
B respiratory system in exchanging gases between the cells and the
I
O environment?
L
O
G (a) the skin
Y
(b) the excretory system
G
U (c) the circulatory system
A (d) the muscular system
R
D
I
A
N
 Transport of Oxygen by Blood
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34

B
I ❑ The ability of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen is
O
L called oxygen carrying capacity (OCC) of blood. OR
O
G
the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed by a unit
Y volume of the blood i.e 1ml / 100ml /1000ml
G
U ❑ The Oxygen Carrying Capacity of blood is directly
A
R proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
D
I
A ❑ Maximum oxygen carrying capacity of arterial blood is
N 20 ml/100 ml of blood (100% saturated) which is
achieved at 100 mmHg PO2.
 Transport of Oxygen by Blood
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O ❑ Amount of haemoglobin is 15 gms/100 ml of
L
O blood.
G
Y
❑ 1gm Hb can combine with 1.34 ml of O2,
G
U
A ❑ 1.34 ml x 15 gms = 20.1 ml /100ml
R
D
I ❑ Theoretically, 100 ml blood combines with 20
A
N
ml O2 (100% saturated).
 Transport of Oxygen by Blood
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I ❑ Normally or practically, each 100 ml of arterial
O
L blood contains 19.4 ml O2 (i.e., it is 97%
O saturated; PO2 is 95 mmHg),
G
Y

G
❑ 100 ml of venous blood contains 14.4 ml O2
U (i.e., it is 75% saturated; PO2 is 40 mmHg).
A
R
D ❑ 5 ml of O2 is released to the tissues by each 100
I
A ml blood.
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology If the body weight of a person is 60kg, How much amount of
Lecture # 34
B oxygen can be delivered to the tissues by his total blood when it
I
O performs one complete circulation?
L
O Body weight (kg) Blood Volume (L)
G (a) 5 ml 12 kg 1L
Y (b) 50 ml
Body weight (kg) Blood Volume (L)
G (c) 100 ml 60 kg 5L
U
A (d) 250 ml
𝟓
R (e) 500 ml 𝟓ml / 100ml = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓ml / ml
𝟏𝟎𝟎
D
I
A 5L = 5000ml 0.05ml x 5000ml =
N 250ml

Answer = 250ml
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Transport of Oxygen by Blood
Lecture # 34
B
I ❑ During exercise, the need of oxygen is greatly
O
L increased in the tissues, so more oxygen is
O released by arterial blood to the tissues.
G
Y

G
❑ 100 ml of venous blood contains 4.4 ml O2 (i.e.,
U it is 20% saturated; PO2 is 18 mmHg).
A
R
D ❑ 15 ml of O2 is released to the tissues by each
I
A 100 ml blood.
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology Transport of Oxygen by Blood
Lecture # 34
B
I Oxygen carrying capacity is sensitive to a variety
O
L of environmental conditions like
O
G
Y ❑ Rise in body temperature,
G
U ❑ Drop in pH of blood and
A
R
D ❑ Partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
Transport of Carbon dioxide by Blood
B
I Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in
O
L
three main ways:
O
G
Y
❑ In the form of bicarbonate ions = 70%
G
U ❑ In the form of carbaminohaemoglobin = 23%
A
R
D ❑ Dissolved in plasma = 7%
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
Transport of CO2 As bicarbonate ions
B
I PCO2 is lower in
O PCO2 is higher Blood
L in tissues
O
G
Haemoglobinic acid
Y

G
U
A
R Hamburger’s
D phenomenon
I
A
N
PCO2 is higher
in Blood
PCO2 is lower in
Alveolar air
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
Transport of CO2 As bicarbonate ions
B
I
O
CO2 + H2O Carbonic anhydrase H2CO3
L
O
G
Y
H2CO3 Carbonic anhydrase H+ + HCO3-
G
U Hb4O2 + H+ HHb + 4O2
A
R
D
I Forward
PCO2 is higher in tissues -----------------> PCO2 is lower in Blood
A
N
Reverse
PCO2 is higher in Blood <----------------- PCO2 is lower in Alveolar air
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34 When hydrogen ions associate with oxyhaemoglobin (Hb4O2) to form
B
I haemoglobinic acid (HHb), the…………?
O
L
O (a) O2 is released to the tissues
G
Y (b) CO2 is released in the blood
(c) O2 is released in the lungs
G
U (d) CO2 is released in the lungs
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
Transport of CO2 As Carbaminohaemoglobin
B
I
O ❑ CO2 combines with the globin part of
L
O haemoglobin.
G
Y
❑ The reaction depends upon the PCO2.
G
U
A ❑ When the PCO2 is higher in the tissues than
R
D
blood, formation of carbaminohaemoglobin
I occurs.
A
N
❑ When, the PCO2 is higher in the blood than
tissues as in case of lungs,
carbaminohaemoglobin releases its CO2.
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
The amount of CO2 that 1000 ml of human blood can take up from the
B
tissue is:
I
O
L
O (a) 50 ml.
G
(b) 54 ml.
Y
(c) 40 ml.
G
U (d) 4 ml.
A
R
D
I
A
N
 Respiratory Pigments
NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
 NMDCAT-2022
Biology
Lecture # 34
B
I
O
L
O
G
Y

G
U
A
R
D
I
A
N
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