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Project-2024new

The document is an investigatory project by Jigyasa Sharma on the refractive indices of various liquids using a hollow prism, guided by Mr. Kishore Kumar. It includes sections such as the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, observations, conclusions, precautions, and bibliography. The experimental results show the refractive indices for benzaldehyde, water, and dilute sulfuric acid, with comparisons to actual values.

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jiji
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12 views

Project-2024new

The document is an investigatory project by Jigyasa Sharma on the refractive indices of various liquids using a hollow prism, guided by Mr. Kishore Kumar. It includes sections such as the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, observations, conclusions, precautions, and bibliography. The experimental results show the refractive indices for benzaldehyde, water, and dilute sulfuric acid, with comparisons to actual values.

Uploaded by

jiji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Jigyasa Sharma of class XII


B has completed the physics investigatory project.
With the guidance of my teacher Mr. Kishore
Kumar and my motivated peers, I was able to build
a strong understanding on the topic of my project
and connect with physics in an interactive way.
Through the resources provided by my school and
physics lab I was able to collect the following data
and proceed with my project.

Sign. of subject teacher :

Sign. of Examiner :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to


my physics teacher “Mr. Kishore Kumar” for their
guidance and support in completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the
Principal “Mr. Anand” for providing me all the facility
that were required.
INDEX
1.CERTIFICATE
2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3.AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
4.APPARATUS REQUIRED
5.THEORY
6.PROCEDURE
7.OBSERVATIONS
8.CONCLUSIONS
9.PRECAUTIONS
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim of the experiment

To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a


hollow prism

Apparatus Required

• Hollow glass prism


• Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide, benzaldehyde
etc.
• Bell pins
• Drawing board
Theory
A prism is a transparent
optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract
light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is
transparent including glass,
plastic and fluorite. A prism
can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used
to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid


Is given by the formula:
U=sin i/sin r
=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)
Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a= the angle of minimum
deviation d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence r=angle of
refraction
Procedure

• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with help of


drawing pins.

• Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal


PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight
line.

• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the
marked outline ABC.

• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all
the 4 pins appear to be in same line.

• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so
obtained.

• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of


incidence.
Observation

• Benzaldehyde
S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45

U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.504

• Water
S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.306
• Dil. Sulphuric Acid
S.no a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)

1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30

U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.351
Conclusion
Refractive indices at room temperature:

• Benzaldehyde o Actual:
1.546
o Experimental: 1.504 o
• Water o Actual:
1.33
o Experimental: 1.306 o
• Dil . Sulphuric acid
o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351
Precautions

• Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.

• Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same line.

• Distance b/w two points should not be less than 10mm.

• Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.

• Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and


incident ray.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.in
www.cbse.nic.in
www.icbse.com

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