BDS PAPER 1

TOWARDS BENGALI INDEPENDENCE

Summary of Pakistan's Early Problems (Bullet Points)

1. Political Problems

 Lack of experienced politicians and government officials.

 Assembly members were mainly wealthy landowners with little political
experience.
 Government lacked essential infrastructure and skilled personnel.
 Initial government setup relied on borrowed offices, such as army barracks
and private buildings.
 Geographical separation between East and West Pakistan complicated
governance.

2. Geographical Problems

 Pakistan had no natural borders and was divided into two parts (East Bengal
and West Pakistan) separated by 1,000 miles of Indian territory.
 Significant cultural and social differences between East and West Pakistan.

3. Refugees and Violence

 Massive migrations:
o 5.9 million Muslims migrated to West Pakistan from India.
o 5.3 million Hindus migrated to India from Punjab and Sindh.
o 3.3 million Hindus fled East Bengal, while 1.3 million Muslims
migrated to East Bengal.
 Widespread violence and communal attacks during migration.
 Many refugees arrived destitute, leading to a humanitarian crisis.

4. Economic Problems

 Pakistan was underdeveloped with little industry and weak infrastructure.

 Agriculture dominated the economy but lacked surplus for industrial
development.
 Only 8 towns had populations over 100,000.
  Economic disparity between regions (e.g., Karachi was a modern port, but
much of Pakistan was rural).

5. Division of Financial and Military Assets

 Financial assets split in a 17:5 ratio (India:Pakistan).

o India initially withheld funds due to the Kashmir conflict.
o Gandhi's hunger strike led to a partial payment; 50 million rupees
remained unpaid.
 Military assets divided unevenly:
o Pakistan received fewer armoured divisions, artillery, and infantry.
o Only 2,500 trained Muslim officers available, forcing reliance on
British officers.
o Pakistan had no ordnance factories and received outdated military
supplies from India.

6. Canal Water Dispute

 Rivers and canals were partitioned, with headworks in India.

 India claimed control over water; Pakistan argued its economic dependence
on it.
 A temporary agreement in May 1948 allowed water flow but required
Pakistan to find alternative supplies.

7. Kashmir Conflict

 Jammu and Kashmir: Majority Muslim population but ruled by a Hindu

Maharaja.
 Maharaja acceded to India, leading to Pakistan’s intervention.
 UN-brokered ceasefire divided Kashmir but left Pakistan dissatisfied.
 India promised a referendum to determine Kashmir's future, which has not
been held.

8. Social Problems

 Ethnic Diversity:
o Pakistan consisted of five distinct groups with different cultures and
languages: Pakhtuns, Balochs, Sindhis, Punjabis, and Bengalis.
 Language Issue:
o Bangla, spoken by 56% of Pakistanis, was not made a state language.
o Urdu, spoken by 6%, was imposed as the national language.
 o Bengali Muslims, seeking autonomy, opposed this decision.

9. Poverty and Public Health

 High levels of poverty, especially in East Bengal.

 Legacy of the 1943 Bengal famine, which caused significant landlessness
and agrarian issues.
 In 1948, East Bengal had only 211 doctors and 2,825 hospital beds.

10. Education

 Most educational institutions were located in Kolkata (now part of India).

 East Pakistan had only one university (University of Dhaka) and few
colleges.
 Lack of mass education opportunities hindered skilled manpower
development.

These challenges shaped Pakistan’s early years, requiring major efforts to establish
stability and unity.
Important Dates and Events
1. 14 August 1947
o Pakistan gained independence.
o Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as Governor-General.
o Liaquat Ali Khan appointed Prime Minister.
o Jinnah declared: "Pakistan has come to exist forever."
2. June 1947
o Agreement to divide financial assets between India and Pakistan.
o Pakistan allocated 750 million rupees of the 4 billion rupees in the
Reserve Bank.
3. September 1947
o Over 200,000 Muslims fled Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan due to
communal violence.
4. January 1948
o The Kashmir issue referred to the United Nations (UN).
o Ceasefire arranged, dividing Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
5. May 1948
o Temporary agreement reached on canal water disputes between India
and Pakistan.
6. 1943 (Historical Reference)
o Bengal famine caused the deaths of over 3 million people and left
many peasants landless.
7. 1948 (Public Health and Education)
o East Bengal had only 211 doctors, 2,825 hospital beds, and limited
educational facilities.
Summary of the Language Movement
1. Purpose of the Movement
o To gain recognition of Bangla as one of the national and official
languages of Pakistan.

Key Events and Developments

1947

1. September
o Youth workers in Dhaka held a conference led by Tasadduk Hossain,
calling for Bangla to be the language of offices, courts, and education.
o Tamuddun Majlish, a cultural organization, demanded Bangla be
recognized as a state language in a booklet by Professor Abul
Kashem.
2. October
o Tamuddun Majlish formed the Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad,
with Nurul Haq Bhuyan as convener, to organize the Language
Movement.

1948

3. January
o Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad made demands:
 Bangla as the medium of instruction and the official language
in East Bengal.
 Recognition of Bangla as a state language alongside Urdu.
4. March
o 2 March: Meeting at Fazlul Haq Hall, Dhaka University, formed an
all-party Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad.
o 11 March: Protests against imposing Urdu led to arrests, including
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
o 13–15 March: General strikes across East Pakistan forced Chief
Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin to agree to concessions, including
 investigating police violence and considering Bangla as a state
language.
5. 21 March
o Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared: “Urdu, and only Urdu, shall be the
state language of Pakistan.”
o 24 March: Jinnah repeated this statement at Dhaka University,
sparking protests.

1952

6. January
o Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin declared Urdu the sole national
language, triggering immediate strikes and protests.
7. 20 February
o The government banned processions and meetings to suppress
protests.
8. 21 February
o Dhaka University students defied orders, marched to the Provincial
Assembly, and chanted: "Rashtrabhasha Bangla Chai."
o Police opened fire, killing Jabbar, Rafiq, Barkat, and Salam, with at
least seven students killed in total.
9. 22–23 February
o Protests intensified despite a curfew and military deployment.
o Students built a Shahid Minar (Martyrs’ Memorial) to honor those
killed, which was later demolished by the police.

Results

1. 1956 Constitution
o Bangla was recognized as one of Pakistan’s state languages.
2. 21 February
o Recognized as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO in
1999.
o Observed worldwide since February 2000 to promote linguistic and
cultural unity.
Significance

 The Language Movement highlighted the cultural and linguistic identity of

Bengalis, paving the way for future struggles for autonomy.
 The Central Shahid Minar stands as a tribute to the martyrs in front of Dhaka
Medical College.
Important Dates and Events in the Language Movement

1. September 1947
o Youth workers in Dhaka held a conference, passing a resolution to
make Bangla the language of offices, courts, and education.
2. October 1947
o Tamuddun Majlish formed Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad to
organize the Language Movement.
3. January 1948
o Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad demanded:
1. Bangla as the medium of instruction and official language in
East Bengal.
2. Recognition of Bangla as one of Pakistan's state languages.
4. 2 March 1948
o Meeting at Fazlul Haq Hall, Dhaka University, led to the formation of
an all-party Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad.
5. 11 March 1948
o General meeting in Dhaka protested the imposition of Urdu, resulting
in arrests of protestors, including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
6. 13-15 March 1948
o Strikes and protests spread across districts, forcing Chief Minister
Khwaja Nazimuddin to negotiate.
o He agreed to release arrested students, investigate police violence, and
consider Bangla as a state language.
7. 21 March 1948
o Muhammad Ali Jinnah, addressing a rally in Dhaka, declared: “Urdu,
and only Urdu, shall be the state language of Pakistan.”
8. 24 March 1948
o Jinnah reiterated his stance at Dhaka University Convocation,
sparking protests from students.
9. January 1952
o Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin announced Urdu as the sole
national language, reigniting protests.
10. 20 February 1952
o Government of Nurul Amin banned processions and meetings to
suppress protests.
11. 21 February 1952
o Students of Dhaka University defied orders, marched to the Provincial
Assembly, and were fired upon by police.
 o Several students, including Jabbar, Rafiq, Barkat, and Salam, were
killed.
12. 22 February 1952
o Protests intensified; curfew was enforced with military deployment in
Dhaka.
13. 23 February 1952
o Students built a Shahid Minar (Martyrs’ Memorial) to honor the
victims of the shootings.
14. 1956
o Bangla was officially recognized as one of Pakistan’s state languages.

RESULTS DATE AND INFO:

1956

 Bangla recognized as a state language in the Constitution of Pakistan.

21 February

 Observed as Language Day in honor of the martyrs who died during the
Language Movement.
 Recognized by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day in
November 1999.
 First observed globally as International Mother Language Day in February
2000.
Summary of the Text: Formation of the Awami
Muslim League
1. Formation Reasons
o Established as a result of the Language Movement.
o Formed in protest against the undemocratic and biased attitude of the
Pakistan Government.
2. Key Leaders
o First President: Moulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani.
o General Secretary: Shamsul Haq.
3. Name Change (1955)
o Dropped the word Muslim from its name.
o Renamed as the Awami League.
4. Ideology
o Adopted secularism and non-communalism.
Summary: Formation of United Front and the Provincial
Election of 1954
1. Formation of United Front (Jukto Front)
o Date: 4 December 1953.
o Comprised four opposition parties of East Pakistan:
 Awami League.
 Krishak Praja Party.
 Nezam-e-Islam.
 Ganatantri Dal (Democratic Party).
o Objective: Contest the provincial elections together.
o 21-Point Manifesto:
 Demanded full regional autonomy.
 Central government to control only defense, foreign affairs, and
currency.
2. Provincial Election (March 1954)
o Results:
 United Front won 223 out of 309 Muslim seats.
 Ruling Muslim League won only 9 seats.
o Key leaders of United Front:
 Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq.
 Maulana Bhashani.
 Hossain Shaheed Suhrawardy.
3. Formation of Government
o 3 April 1954: Governor Chowdhury Khaliquzzaman invited A. K.
Fazlul Huq to form the government.
o 15 May 1954: New government with Fazlul Huq as Chief Minister.
4. Dismissal of Government
o 29 May 1954: Central Government dismissed the cabinet, citing law
and order issues from riots in Adamjee Jute Mills and Chandragona
Paper Mills.
o Defence Secretary Iskander Mirza appointed as Governor of East
Pakistan, establishing central rule.
5. Aftermath
o A. K. Fazlul Huq appointed:
 Central Home Minister in 1954.
 Governor of East Pakistan on 5 March 1956.
o Despite the United Front's electoral success, it became politically
insignificant after the dismissal.
List of Important Dates and Events
1. 4 December 1953
o Formation of the United Front (Jukto Front) by four opposition
parties:
 Awami League, Krishak Praja Party, Nezam-e-Islam, and
Ganatantri Dal.
o Objective: Contest provincial elections together.
2. March 1954
o Provincial elections held.
o United Front won 223 out of 309 Muslim seats.
o Ruling Muslim League managed to secure only 9 seats.
3. 3 April 1954
o Governor Chowdhury Khaliquzzaman invited A. K. Fazlul Huq to
form the government.
4. 15 May 1954
o New government was formed with A. K. Fazlul Huq as Chief
Minister.
5. 29 May 1954
o The Central Government dismissed the United Front cabinet, citing
law and order issues.
o Defence Secretary Iskander Mirza was sent to rule as Governor of
East Pakistan, establishing central rule.
6. 5 March 1956
o A. K. Fazlul Huq was appointed Governor of East Pakistan.

Key Takeaways

 United Front's electoral victory led to the formation of the government in

East Pakistan.
 Political instability and central intervention resulted in the cabinet's
dismissal and central rule.
 Despite early success, the United Front's political influence declined after
1954.
Summary of Iskander Mirza’s Term as Governor
General/President (1955-1958)
1. Background of Iskander Mirza
o First President of Pakistan (1956–1958).
o A Bengali general, businessman, and civil servant.
o Dismissed by General Ayub Khan in 1958.
2. One Unit Scheme (1955)
o Mirza introduced the One Unit Scheme, combining all provinces into
one.
o Pakistan was divided into 2 provinces: West Pakistan and East Pakistan.
o Aimed to resolve the constitutional crisis regarding seat allocation
between the two regions.
o Criticized by smaller provinces, fearing dominance by Punjab (largest
and most developed).
3. Constitution of 1956
o The first Constitution of Pakistan was enacted in 1956 under Mirza’s
leadership.
o Declared Pakistan an Islamic state with a Muslim President.
o Satisfied the Ulemas (religious scholars), but minorities felt like
second-class citizens.
o Recognized both Urdu and Bengali as national languages.
4. Development in Communication and Telecommunication
o Mirza oversaw the establishment of Karachi Airport.
o Improved railway and telephone services, modernizing Pakistan’s
communication infrastructure.
5. Political Actions and Dismissals
o Dismissed four Prime Ministers in two years:
 Chundrigar, Suhrawardy, Feroze Khan Noon.
o Appointed General Ayub Khan after fearing East Pakistan politicians'
influence.
o Abrogated his own constitution during his term.

Key Points

 Iskander Mirza’s rule was marked by the introduction of the One Unit
Scheme and the first constitution.
 He modernized infrastructure but faced political instability, resulting in
multiple Prime Minister dismissals.
 His tenure ended with his dismissal by General Ayub Khan in 1958.
Important Dates and Events from Iskander Mirza's Term
1. 1955 – Introduction of the One Unit Scheme.
o Merged all provinces into two: West Pakistan and East Pakistan.
o Aimed to resolve seat distribution issues between the regions.
2. 1956 – Enactment of Pakistan’s first Constitution.
o Declared Pakistan an Islamic state with a Muslim President.
o Recognized both Urdu and Bengali as national languages.
3. 1956–1958 – Iskander Mirza served as President of Pakistan.
o His presidency lasted until his dismissal by General Ayub Khan in
1958.
4. 1956–1958 – Dismissed four Prime Ministers in two years:
o Chundrigar, Suhrawardy, Feroze Khan Noon, and others.
o Appointed General Ayub Khan as army commander due to fears of
East Pakistan politicians' influence.
5. 1958 – Iskander Mirza was dismissed by General Ayub Khan, ending his
term.
Summary of Ayub Khan's Presidency (1958 – 1969)
1. Seizure of Power (1958)
o Ayub Khan became the second President of Pakistan after seizing power
in a coup, removing Iskander Mirza.
o Declared all political parties illegal.
2. Basic Democracy Reform (1959)
o Introduced local administrative reforms creating councils at Union,
Sub-District, District, and Division levels.
o The first Basic Democracy elections were held in January 1960, where
40,000 Basic Democrats were elected.
o Basic Democrats were given the power to elect members of Provincial
and National Assemblies, and the President.
o Referendum (1960): Basic Democrats elected Ayub Khan as the first
elected President of Pakistan.
3. Constitution of 1962
o Introduced the 1962 Constitution, which gave more power to the
President.
o Political parties were allowed to re-emerge and participate in elections.
o Ayub Khan won elections in 1962 and 1965 but failed to address Bengali
demands for autonomy.
4. Reforms in East Pakistan
o Civil service reforms: Bengalis in the civil service increased from 24%
in 1958 to 36% in 1966.
o Development projects in East Pakistan:
 Parliament Building, Dhaka International Airport, Kamalapur
Railway Station, Rampura TV Centre, New High Court Building
(now the Supreme Court of Bangladesh), Ashuganj Power Station,
and more.
5. Green Revolution (1959)
o Land reforms in 1959 aimed at reducing large farms and promoting
smaller, more efficient farms.
o Green Revolution encouraged modern farming methods, leading to
increased output but benefiting mainly the rich, leaving the poor behind.
6. Industrial Development
o Many industries were set up in West Pakistan, but economic power was
controlled by 22 powerful families.
o Oil Refinery in Karachi enabled Pakistan to import crude oil rather than
refined oil.
 o Economic growth: Pakistan's growth rate was 7% (three times that of
India), the best in Asia.
7. Social Development
o Family planning was introduced with American aid but faced opposition
from Ulemas.
o Family Ordinances (1961): Mandated registration of marriages and
divorces; supported women's rights despite opposition.
o Educational reforms: Many schools, colleges, and universities were
established, and curricula were reorganized.
8. Foreign Policy
o Signed the Indus Water Treaty under the UN.
o RCD Highway built through Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey, improving
regional cooperation.
o The Tashkent Accord in 1966 improved relations with Russia.

Important Dates and Events from Ayub Khan's Presidency

1. 1958
o Ayub Khan seizes power in a coup, becoming the second President of
Pakistan.
o Declared all political parties illegal.
2. 1959
o Introduced the Basic Democracy system, creating local councils at
various levels (Union, Sub-District, District, Division).
o Land reforms and Green Revolution introduced to improve
agricultural productivity.
3. 1960
o Basic Democracy elections held, with 40,000 Basic Democrats
elected.
o Referendum held, Ayub Khan elected as the first elected President
of Pakistan.
4. 1962
o 1962 Constitution introduced, concentrating more power in the hands
of the President.
o Political parties allowed to re-emerge after the 1962 elections.
5. 1965
o Ayub Khan won a second election under the new 1962 Constitution.
6. 1961
 o Family Ordinances passed, requiring registration of marriages and
divorces; supported women’s rights.
7. 1966
o Tashkent Accord signed, improving relations with Russia.
o Bengalis in civil service increased to 36%.
8. 1962-1966
o Development projects initiated in East Pakistan, including the
construction of significant infrastructure like the Parliament
Building, Dhaka International Airport, and Kamalapur Railway
Station.
9. 1969
o Ayub Khan resigned and handed power to General Yahya Khan,
following popular demonstrations and labour strikes in East Pakistan.
Summary of The Lahore Conference and the Six-Point
Programme
1. Lahore Conference (February 1966)
o Opposition leaders from West Pakistan, including Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman and other Bengali politicians, held a conference in Lahore.
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman presented the Six-Point Programme.
2. The Six-Point Programme
o Point 1: Pakistan should have a federation with a parliamentary
government controlled by an assembly elected through universal
adult franchise.
o Point 2: The federal government should handle defence and foreign
affairs, while all other policies should be managed by the provinces.
o Point 3: Separate tax and monetary policies for East Pakistan.
o Point 4: Provinces should handle taxation and revenue collection and
have a share in state taxes.
o Point 5: Separate accounts for foreign exchange earnings of East and
West Pakistan, with free trade between the two regions.
o Point 6: East Pakistan should have its own militia or paramilitary
force.
3. Reaction to the Six-Point Programme
o West Pakistani opposition leaders were against it, believing it could
break up Pakistan.
o Ayub Khan viewed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as a traitor.
o The people of East Pakistan widely supported the programme
because:
 It threatened West Pakistan’s political and economic
dominance.
 East Pakistan’s export earnings would no longer be used for
West Pakistan's industrialization.
 Foreign aid would be shared equally, rather than monopolized
by West Pakistan.
 East Pakistan would no longer be a captive market for West
Pakistan's products.
 East Pakistan would not bear the burden of West Pakistan's
military expenses.
 The programme aimed to end West Pakistani bureaucratic
dominance.
4. Agartala Conspiracy (January 1968)
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and accused of involvement in
the Agartala Conspiracy.
o He was detained without trial, increasing support for the Six-Point
Programme.

Important Dates and Events from The Lahore Conference

and the Six-Point Programme
1. February 1966 – Lahore Conference
o Opposition leaders from West Pakistan, including Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, held a conference in Lahore and presented the Six-Point
Programme.
2. Six-Point Programme:
o Point 1: Federation with parliamentary government elected through
universal adult franchise.
o Point 2: Federal government to handle defence and foreign affairs;
provinces to handle other policies.
o Point 3: Separate tax and monetary policies for East Pakistan.
o Point 4: Provinces to manage taxation and revenue collection, with
a share in state taxes.
o Point 5: Separate foreign exchange accounts for East and West
Pakistan, with free trade between them.
o Point 6: East Pakistan to have a separate militia or paramilitary
force.
3. January 1968 – Agartala Conspiracy
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and accused of being
involved in the Agartala conspiracy.
o He was held without trial.
Summary of The Agartala Conspiracy Case (1968)
1. Background:
o Ayub Khan viewed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s demands as a call
for East Pakistan's independence.
o Sheikh Mujib's supporters called for a general strike in Dhaka.
2. January 1968:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other civil and military officials were
arrested.
o They were accused of conspiring in Agartala, India to separate East
Pakistan with Indian help.
3. Special Tribunal:
o A special tribunal was set up to try the accused.
o Before the trial could start, a mass uprising broke out in East
Pakistan against Ayub Khan.
4. Opposition Strength:
o The movement was led by the All Party Student Action Committee.
o Due to the strength of the opposition, the government was forced to
withdraw the case.

Important Dates and Events - The Agartala Conspiracy

Case (1968)
1. January 1968:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other officials were arrested.
o They were accused of conspiring to separate East Pakistan with
India's help.
2. 1968:
o Special tribunal set up to try the accused in the Agartala Conspiracy
Case.
3. 1968:
o Mass uprising in East Pakistan against Ayub Khan.
o The government was forced to withdraw the case.
Summary of Key Events – End of An Era, Fall of Ayub
Khan
1. Early 1960s:
o Ayub Khan took control of the Muslim League in 1963, which had
previously received some support from East Pakistan.
o Huseyn Suhrawardy, a key political figure from East Pakistan, died in
1963. His death allowed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to press for greater
autonomy for East Pakistan.
2. 1965 General Election:
o Ayub Khan's popularity declined following the disappointing results of
the election.
3. 1966:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman launched the Six-Point Programme, pushing
for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, which further deepened the
divide between East and West Pakistan.
4. Lahore Conference (1966):
o The conference highlighted growing opposition to Ayub Khan and
marked a significant turning point in relations between East and West
Pakistan.
5. 1968:
o January: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested, and the Agartala
Conspiracy Case began.
o This led to mass protests in East Pakistan, and Sheikh Mujib gained hero
status.
o February 1969: Sheikh Mujib and other accused were released; he was
publicly honored with the title Bangabandhu (Friend of Bengal).
o November 1968: Demonstrations against Ayub Khan broke out in
both East and West Pakistan.
6. January 1969:
o Protest Days were organized, resulting in clashes between students and
police.
7. March 1970:
o Ayub Khan offered to resign, but when this failed, he officially
resigned on 25th March and handed over power to General Yahya
Khan.
8. Post-Ayub Khan:
o After Ayub’s resignation, tensions between East and West Pakistan re-
emerged.
 o General Yahya Khan decided to hold general elections to resolve the
crisis.
o Election date set for 7th December 1970.

Important Dates and Events

1. 1963:
o Ayub Khan took control of the Muslim League.
o Huseyn Suhrawardy, a key political figure from East Pakistan, died.
2. 1965:
o Disappointing results in the general election for Ayub Khan, leading
to declining popularity.
3. 1966:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman launched the Six-Point Programme,
advocating for greater autonomy for East Pakistan.
4. 1966 (Lahore Conference):
o The Lahore Conference marked a significant breach between East
and West Pakistan.
5. 1968:
o January: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested, and the Agartala
Conspiracy Case began.
o February 1969: Sheikh Mujib and others were released, and he was
honored as Bangabandhu (Friend of Bengal).
o November 1968: Demonstrations against Ayub Khan took place in
both East and West Pakistan.
6. January 1969:
o Protest Days led to clashes between students and police.
7. March 1970:
o Ayub Khan offered to resign. He officially resigned on 25th March,
handing over power to General Yahya Khan.
8. December 1970:
o General Yahya Khan set the date for general elections on 7th
December 1970 to resolve the crisis.
Summary of Key Emerging disparities between the two
wings of Pakistan
1. 1940 Lahore Resolution:
o Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Haq emphasized the need for autonomous
political units for Muslim-majority areas in India based on geographical,
economic, and cultural differences.
2. Post-World War II (1947):
o India divided on religious lines, creating East Pakistan (EP) and West
Pakistan (WP), separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory.
o The merger of two different regions led to growing geographical,
cultural, social, and economic disparities.
3. Economic Disparities:
o Jute, the largest export, was grown in EP, but WP spent most of its
budget on border disputes with India.
o 22 families in WP controlled most of Pakistan’s economic assets;
industrial assets were concentrated in WP.
4. Social and Cultural Differences:
o Cultural differences between EP and WP (clothing, food, traditions) led
to alienation.
o WP considered itself culturally superior, and there was significant
tension over the language issue. WP wanted Urdu as the sole state
language, while EP demanded Bengali.
5. Political and Military Disparities:
o Majority of senior military officers were from WP, despite EP having
a larger population.
o EP politicians, like Iskander Mirza and H.S. Suhrawardy, were
dismissed, causing anger in EP.
o Awami League’s Six-Point Movement led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman was rejected by Ayub Khan in 1966, with Sheikh Mujib
labeled a separatist.
o Agartala Conspiracy Case (1968): Alleged plot by EP leaders to
separate from WP. This worsened tensions and led to an uprising,
weakening Ayub Khan’s government.
6. 1970 Events:
o Bhola Cyclone (1970) and continuous floods in EP were neglected by
WP, leading to further resentment.
 o Awami League won the 1970 elections in EP with a clear majority, but
Yahya Khan postponed the national assembly session, causing
widespread anger in EP.
o Yahya Khan’s fear of a separate Bangladesh led to military action
against EP to suppress opposition.
7. March 25, 1971:
o Yahya Khan ordered Operation Searchlight to suppress EP. Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman was arrested, and thousands of people were killed in
EP.
o EP declared Independence, marking the start of the Bangladesh
Liberation War.
8. December 1971:
o Indian intervention in the war, along with the Mukti Bahini
(Bangladeshi freedom fighters), resulted in the surrender of the
Pakistani army.
o East Pakistan became Bangladesh after gaining independence from
Pakistan.
Important Dates and Events Emerging disparities between
the two wings of Pakistan
1. 1940:
o Lahore Resolution: A.K. Fazlul Haq advocates for autonomous political
units for Muslim-majority areas in India, based on geographical,
economic, and cultural differences.
2. 14 August 1947:
o Pakistan's Creation: India is divided into East Pakistan (EP) and West
Pakistan (WP), separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory.
3. 1947-1960s:
o Economic Disparities:
 EP produces Jute, but WP controls the economic spending,
especially on border disputes with India.
 22 families control most of Pakistan's economic assets, with
industrial assets concentrated in WP.
4. 1963:
o Cultural and Social Alienation:
 Tensions rise between EP and WP due to differences in language,
culture, and traditions.
 WP pushes for Urdu as the state language, while EP wants
Bengali.
5. 1966:
o Six-Point Movement:
 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman presents the Six-Point Program,
demanding autonomy for EP.
 The proposal is rejected by Ayub Khan, and Mujib is labeled a
separatist.
6. 1968:
o Agartala Conspiracy Case:
 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other leaders are accused of
conspiring with India for separation.
 This leads to a major uprising in EP and a decline in Ayub Khan’s
popularity.
7. 1970:
o Bhola Cyclone & Floods:
 EP suffers from a natural disaster and WP is accused of
neglecting relief efforts.
o Awami League Wins 1970 Elections:
  The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, wins a
majority in the general elections, but Yahya Khan postpones the
first assembly session.
8. March 25, 1971:
o Operation Searchlight:
 Yahya Khan orders a military crackdown on EP to suppress
opposition. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is arrested, and thousands
are killed in EP.
 EP declares Independence.
9. December 1971:
o Indian Intervention:
 India intervenes in the war, and the Pakistani army surrenders.
 East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh, gaining independence.
Impact of the 1970 National Assembly Election
1. November 12-13, 1970:
o Cyclone in East Pakistan: The most violent cyclone in Bangladesh's
history killed 500,000 people (possibly more).
o Government's Response: The Pakistan government did little to help
survivors. Yahya Khan arrived in Dhaka two days later but left
quickly.
2. Political Impact of the Cyclone:
o Sheikh Mujib's Reaction: He blamed West Pakistan for not helping
East Pakistan in its time of need. This fueled calls for greater
autonomy.
o Awami League's Election Victory:
 Awami League won 167 of the 313 seats in the National
Assembly, securing an overall majority.
 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
won 88 seats, becoming the second-largest party.
o Sheikh Mujib was now entitled to become Prime Minister of
Pakistan, with his Six-Point Programme as the main goal for East
Pakistan’s autonomy.
3. Yahya Khan’s Reaction to Election Results:
o Yahya Khan initially accepted the results and met with Sheikh Mujib
in January 1971, referring to him as the future Prime Minister.
o However, Yahya delayed calling the National Assembly until March
3, 1971, causing frustration.
4. Political Struggles:
o Yahya Khan’s Political Inexperience: Yahya increasingly relied on
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for advice. Bhutto feared the Assembly would
empower Sheikh Mujib.
o Delay in National Assembly:
 On March 1, 1971, Yahya postponed the National Assembly
meeting, worsening tensions in East Pakistan.
 Sheikh Mujib called for a general strike, and there were
widespread protests. A declaration of independence for
Bangladesh seemed possible.
5. Yahya Khan’s Further Delays:
o Yahya Khan announced that the National Assembly would meet on
March 25.
 o March 15-22, 1971: Yahya Khan and Sheikh Mujib held discussions,
but no agreement was reached.
o The main issue was whether the National Assembly should meet as a
united body or two separate bodies for East and West Pakistan.
6. Yahya’s Decision:
o March 23, 1971: Yahya Khan postponed the National Assembly
meeting again.
o On March 25, 1971, Yahya Khan ordered the Pakistan army to
crush the riots and protests in East Pakistan.
Important Dates and Events of the 1970 National Assembly
Election
1. November 12-13, 1970:
o Cyclone in East Pakistan: Killed 500,000 people, one of the
most violent cyclones in Bangladesh's history.
o Pakistan government response: Minimal help provided;
Yahya Khan arrived in Dhaka two days later but left quickly.
2. December 1970:
o Awami League's Victory in Election:
 Won 167 out of 313 National Assembly seats.
 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto won 88 seats.
3. January 1971:
o Yahya Khan meets Sheikh Mujib in Dhaka, calling him the
future Prime Minister of Pakistan.
o Yahya Khan begins delaying the National Assembly session.
4. March 1, 1971:
o Yahya Khan announces further postponement of the
National Assembly meeting, leading to protests in East
Pakistan.
5. March 3, 1971:
o Yahya Khan delays the National Assembly meeting until
March 25, 1971.
6. March 15-22, 1971:
o Yahya Khan and Sheikh Mujib hold discussions but fail to
reach an agreement on how the National Assembly should
meet (united or separate bodies for East and West Pakistan).
7. March 23, 1971:
o Yahya Khan announces further postponement of the
National Assembly meeting.
8. March 25, 1971:
o Yahya Khan orders the Pakistan army to crush riots and
protests in East Pakistan.
Summary of the War of Liberation (1971)
1. Start and End of the War:
o Start: 26 March 1971.
o End: 16 December 1971, leading to the independence of Bangladesh.
2. Background:
o The war was the result of deteriorating relations between East and
West Pakistan since 1947.
o The Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight on 25 March
1971 to suppress the people of East Pakistan.
o The operation targeted Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, and
religious minorities, and resulted in the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman.
3. Initial Resistance and Organization:
o Following the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971,
uprisings broke out.
o Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army) was formed under M. A. G.
Osmani on 4 April 1971, with regular and irregular forces.
4. Key Forces in Mukti Bahini:
o Z Force led by Major Ziaur Rahman.
o K Force led by Major Khaled Mosharraf.
o S Force led by Major K M Shafiullah.
o Other militias included Mujib Bahini, Kader Bahini, and Hemayet
Bahini.
5. Establishment of Bangladesh Armed Forces:
o Bangladesh Air Force was formed on 28 September 1971 under Air
Commodore A K Khondaker.
o Bangladesh Navy was created with deserters from the Pakistan Navy,
and the first naval fleet, Bangabandhu Naubahar, was inaugurated
on 9 November 1971.
6. Formation of Government in Exile:
o Mujibnagar Government was formed on 17 April 1971, with:
 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as President.
 Syed Nazrul Islam as Vice President.
 Tajuddin Ahmed as Prime Minister.
o India began supplying military aid to Mukti Bahini, but Indira
Gandhi did not recognize the newly declared independent
government of Bangladesh.
7. International Support and Opposition:
o The USA and China viewed the situation as an internal issue of
Pakistan.
o India, the Soviet Union, and several Western countries supported
Bangladesh’s independence.
8. Joint Command Between India and Mukti Bahini:
o In November 1971, a joint command was established between Mukti
Bahini and the Indian Army.
o Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora led the joint forces.
o The Indo-Pak War of 1971 officially began on 3 December 1971
after Pakistan’s Operation Chengiz Khan aerial strikes.
9. Key Events of December 1971:
o 14 December 1971: Indian and Mukti Bahini forces reached Tongi.
o 16 December 1971: Indian and Mukti Bahini forces entered Dhaka.
o Instrument of Surrender: Signed at Ramna Racecourse (now
Suhrawardy Udyan) at 5:01 PM between Lieutenant General AAK
Niazi of Pakistan and Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora of
India.
10. Recognition of Bangladesh:

 India and Bhutan officially recognized Bangladesh as a sovereign country

after the victory.

11. Awards for Bravery:

 Bir Sreshtho (Highest Military Honour) was awarded to seven Mukti

Bahini fighters:
o Ruhul Amin
o Mohiuddin Jahangir
o Mostafa Kamal
o Hamidur Rahman
o Munshi Abdur Rouf
o Nur Mohammad Sheikh
o Matiur Rahman.
 Other military awards: Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom, and Bir Protik.
Important Dates and Events from the War of
Liberation (1971)
1. 26 March 1971:
o War of Liberation begins with the declaration of

independence by East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

2. 25 March 1971:
o Pakistan launches Operation Searchlight against

the people of East Pakistan, targeting civilians,

students, and nationalists.
3. 4 April 1971:
o M. A. G. Osmani forms the Bangladesh Armed

Forces, including the Mukti Bahini (Liberation

Army).
4. 28 September 1971:
o Formation of the Bangladesh Air Force under Air

Commodore A K Khondaker.
5. 9 November 1971:
o Bangabandhu Naubahar, the first naval fleet of

Bangladesh, is inaugurated.
6. 17 April 1971:
o The Mujibnagar Government is formed in exile,

with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as President, Syed

Nazrul Islam as Vice President, and Tajuddin
Ahmed as Prime Minister.
7. November 1971:
o Joint Command is established between Mukti

Bahini and the Indian Army.

 o India begins sending military supplies to Mukti
Bahini.
8. 3 December 1971:
o The Indo-Pak War of 1971 begins after Pakistan’s

Operation Chengiz Khan strikes 11 Indian

airbases.
9. 14 December 1971:
o Indian and Mukti Bahini forces reach Tongi.

10. 16 December 1971:

o Indian and Mukti Bahini forces enter Dhaka.

o Instrument of Surrender signed at Ramna

Racecourse (now Suhrawardy Udyan) at 5:01

PM, marking the official surrender of Pakistan and
the independence of Bangladesh.
11. Post-War Recognition:
o India and Bhutan officially recognize Bangladesh

as a sovereign nation after the victory.

12. Awards for Bravery:
o Bir Sreshtho (highest military honour) awarded to

seven Mukti Bahini fighters.

Immediate Problems Faced by Bangladesh
1. Celebration of Independence:
o Great rejoicing at the surrender of Pakistani forces and the creation of
the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
o Despite the joy, the country faced significant challenges.
2. Impact of the 1970 Cyclone and War:
o The country had not recovered from the November 1970 cyclone
when the War of Liberation started.
o Nine months of war had left the country devastated.
3. Economic and Social Challenges:
o Economy was in ruins.
o Many people were homeless.
o Millions of refugees returned to rebuild their lives.
4. Collapse of Infrastructure:
o Law and order had broken down.
o Transport and communication systems were almost destroyed.
5. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Return:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned from prison in early 1972.
o He received a hero’s welcome.

Important Dates and Events

1. November 1970:
o Cyclone struck Bangladesh, causing widespread destruction.
2. 26 March 1971:
o The War of Liberation began with the launch of Operation
Searchlight by the Pakistani military against East Pakistan.
3. 16 December 1971:
o Surrender of Pakistani forces, leading to the independence of
Bangladesh and the creation of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
4. Early 1972:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned from prison and received a hero’s
welcome.
Summary of Bangladesh Constitution
1. Creation of Bangladesh:
o After the independence in December 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
became the leader.
o The country faced major challenges, including destruction from the
1970 cyclone and the War of Liberation.
2. Constitutional Development:
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s main task was to create a constitution.
o The Bangladesh Constitution came into effect on 16 December
1972.
3. Key Features of the Constitution:
o Political System: Westminster-style system.
 The Prime Minister must be an MP and appointed by the
President (ceremonial role).
 Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the
President.
o Fundamental Principles:
 Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism, and Democracy.
o Legislative Power:
 330-seat Assembly:
 300 elected by universal suffrage every 5 years.
 30 seats reserved for women elected by the Assembly.
o Ministers:
 At least 90% of ministers must be MPs; the rest can be experts.
o Legal System: Based on the British model, with a Supreme Court
as the highest level.
o Local Government:
 Five levels of local government.
 Lower two levels (unions, villages) run by elected officials.
 Upper three levels run by civil servants.
4. Constitutional Amendments:
o As of 2018, the Constitution has been amended 17 times.
Important Dates and Events of Bangladesh Constitution
1. 16 December 1971 – Bangladesh's Independence following the surrender
of Pakistani forces.
2. Early 1972 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned from prison and received
a hero's welcome.
3. 16 December 1972 – Bangladesh Constitution came into effect.
4. 2018 – 17 amendments made to the Bangladesh Constitution.

The 1973 General Election and Key Events

1. March 1973 – First general election under the new constitution held.
o Awami League won with a large majority.
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
2. Post-election – Sheikh Mujib tasked with solving the economic and social
problems caused by the war.
3. Reforms Introduced – Sheikh Mujib implemented reforms to address the
country's issues, but faced major challenges.
4. Challenges:
o Anti-liberation forces, black-marketeers, and smugglers caused
widespread problems.
o Breakdown of law and order.
5. Rakshi Bahini (Paramilitary Force) – Created to restore law and order.
o Tasked with recovering smuggled weapons and dealing with hoarders
and black marketers.
o The force became unpopular due to its aggressive methods.
6. Special Powers Act (1974) – Sheikh Mujib created this act to deal with the
country's internal issues and corruption.
Important Dates and Events for 1973 election:
1. March 1973 – First general election under the new constitution.
o Awami League wins a massive majority.
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman becomes Prime Minister.
2. Post-1973 Election – Sheikh Mujib faces severe economic and social
problems, worsened by anti-liberation forces and black-marketeers.
3. Rakshi Bahini – A paramilitary force created to recover smuggled weapons
and control black marketeers. The force becomes unpopular due to its harsh
tactics.
4. 1974 – Special Powers Act created by Sheikh Mujib to address corruption
and protect the national interest.

Summary of Key Events SECOND REVOLUTION:

1. January 25, 1975 – Fourth Amendment of the Constitution passed.
o Sheikh Mujibur Rahman initiates the Second Revolution.
o He addresses the parliament, criticizing corruption and calling for a
change in the political system.
o Declares that the new system is a democracy for the exploited.
2. March 26, 1975 – Sheikh Mujib outlines the four objectives of the Second
Revolution in a public meeting:
o Weed out corruption
o Control population growth
o Increase agricultural and industrial production
o Foster national unity
3. 1975 – State of Emergency declared.
o Power of the National Assembly and judiciary is limited.
o A one-party system, BAKSAL, is created.
o Some newspapers are shut down or forced to report neutrally.
4. August 15, 1975 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is assassinated.
o He is killed along with many members of his family at his home.
o His assassination marks the darkest day in Bangladesh's history.
Important Dates and Events:
1. January 25, 1975 – Fourth Amendment of the
Constitution passed, marking the start of the Second
Revolution led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
2. March 26, 1975 – Sheikh Mujib outlines the four
objectives of the Second Revolution in a public speech:
o To combat corruption

o To control population growth

o To boost production in agriculture and industry

o To promote national unity

3. 1975 – State of Emergency declared; power of the

National Assembly and judiciary is limited. A one-party
system (BAKSAL) is established.
4. August 15, 1975 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
assassinated, along with many of his family members. His
assassination is considered the darkest day in Bangladesh's
history.