REVIEWER IN DRRR

➢ Geological hazards are natural events caused by Earth's internal and surface processes, such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis.
➢ A geological hazard map uses different colors to represent various levels of hazard risk,
helping communities prepare for natural disasters like earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
➢ Earthquake preparedness and mitigation are crucial in areas near active fault lines. The best approach
includes education, structural reinforcement, and emergency planning to reduce risks.
➢ A sinkhole is a hole or depression in the ground that forms when underground rock dissolves,
causing the surface to collapse. This typically occurs in areas with limestone, gypsum, or other
soluble rocks through a process called karst formation.
➢ Cracks in walls and sinking ground are signs of subsidence or ground instability, often caused by
the dissolution of underground rock due to water infiltration (karst processes).
➢ Cracks in the ground and tilting trees on a steep hillside are warning signs of a potential landslide.
Immediate action can save lives and reduce damage.
➢ Geological hazard maps use color codes to indicate risk levels. Red zones usually represent high-
risk areas that are prone to geological hazards like earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions.
➢ Mitigation aims to reduce the long-term impact of hazards by strengthening infrastructure and
preparedness. The most effective strategy is a resistant building design, which ensures structures
can withstand natural hazards.
➢ A typhoon or hurricane is a powerful tropical cyclone. Recognizing early warning signs helps in
disaster preparedness and risk reduction. Warning Signs:
Sudden Drop in Atmospheric Pressure – Indicates a storm is approaching.
Dark, Thick Clouds Forming Rapidly – Signals intensifying weather conditions.
Strong Winds Increasing in Speed – Gusts become more powerful as the storm nears.
Heavy Rainfall – Continuous, intense rain can lead to flooding.
Unusual Ocean Behavior – Rising sea levels, storm surges, or rough waves.
Changes in Animal Behavior – Some animals become restless or seek shelter.
Weather Alerts from Authorities – Official warnings from meteorological agencies.
➢ Hydrometeorological hazards are weather-related disasters such as typhoons, floods, tornadoes,
and droughts. Recognizing early warning signs helps in preparedness and risk reduction. Common
Warning Signs:
1. Typhoons & Hurricanes
4. Drought
Sudden drop in atmospheric pressure
Extended period without rainfall
Rapidly darkening clouds and strong winds
Dry, cracked soil and low water levels
Heavy and continuous rainfall
Wilting crops and vegetation
Rising sea levels and storm surges
5. Thunderstorms
2. Floods
Dark, towering clouds (cumulonimbus)
Prolonged or intense rainfall
Frequent lightning and thunder
Rapid river or water level rise
Sudden strong winds and heavy rain
Saturated soil unable to absorb more water
3. Tornadoes
Dark, rotating clouds (funnel-shaped)
Sudden temperature and wind changes
Loud roaring sound like a train
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➢ Anemometer – Measures wind speed and direction but does not track storms directly.
➢ Barometer – Detects atmospheric pressure changes, which can indicate approaching storms, but
does not track precipitation.
➢ Doppler Radar – Tracks precipitation, wind speed, and storm movements, making it the most
appropriate tool for monitoring typhoons, heavy rainfall, and floods.
➢ Hydrometeorological hazards such as flooding and storm surges are best monitored using tools
that track rainfall, water levels, and atmospheric conditions.
Key Monitoring Tools:
Doppler Radar – Detects precipitation intensity and storm movement.
Satellite Imagery – Provides large-scale weather patterns and storm tracking.
River Gauge Sensors – Measures water levels in rivers and streams to predict flooding.
Rain Gauge – Records precipitation levels, useful for flood monitoring.
➢ The fire triangle consists of three essential elements required for combustion:
1. Fuel – A material that burns (e.g., wood, gasoline).
2. Heat – A source that raises the material’s temperature to its ignition point.
3. Oxygen – Supports the chemical reaction and keeps the fire burning.
➢ Fires can start due to natural causes, human negligence, or mechanical failures. Understanding
the common sources of fire helps in prevention and safety measures.
Human Activities – Unattended candles, cooking mishaps, and discarded cigarette butts can
ignite fires.
Electrical Failures – Short circuits, overloaded outlets, and faulty wiring can spark fires.
Natural Causes – Lightning strikes during thunderstorms can start wildfires.
➢ When a fire breaks out in a building, your priority should be alerting others and ensuring a safe
evacuation.
Key Fire Safety Actions:
✔ Activate the fire alarm and call for help – This notifies emergency responders and alerts
others in the building.
✔ Follow evacuation procedures – Use the nearest exit and avoid using elevators.

✔ Stay low if there is smoke – Crawl to reduce smoke inhalation.

✔ Close doors behind you – This slows the spread of fire.

✔ Do not hide – Always find a safe exit instead of staying in enclosed spaces.
A fire emergency is a sudden fire outbreak that threatens life, property, and the environment,
requiring immediate action to minimize harm.
➢ Key Steps in Fire Emergency Response:
a. Activate the Fire Alarm – This is the first step to alert everyone in the building about the fire.
b. Evacuate the Building – After the alarm is activated, evacuate to a safe location following the
emergency exit plan.
c. Call the Fire Department – Once safe, notify the authorities (911 or local fire department).
d. Use a Fire Extinguisher (if safe) – Only attempt to put out small fires if trained and the fire is
manageable.
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➢ A fire extinguisher is a portable safety device used to suppress small fires before they spread. To
use a fire extinguisher properly, remember the P.A.S.S. acronym:

P – Pull the pin to unlock the extinguisher.

A – Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.

S – Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent.

S – Sweep the nozzle side to side to cover the fire area.

➢ During a fire evacuation, smoke inhalation can be more dangerous than the flames. Smoke rises
because it is hotter and lighter than air, so staying low can help you avoid inhaling toxic fumes.

DO: Crawl low to the ground to stay below the smoke.

DON'T: Run blindly, wait for rescue, or assume a cloth alone will protect you.

➢ Steps in Conducting a Fire Drill in School (Proper Order)

Alarm – Activate the fire alarm to signal the start of the drill.
Response – Students and staff follow emergency procedures (stop activities, prepare to evacuate).
Evacuation – Everyone exits the building using designated routes.
Assembly – Gather at the assigned safe area outside the building.
Head Count – Teachers check attendance to ensure all students are present.
Evaluation – Review the drill’s effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.
➢ Building regulations and codes ensure that structures are designed with proper exits, fire-resistant
materials, emergency lighting, and other safety measures. These features help people evacuate
efficiently and safely during emergencies, minimizing chaos and panic.
➢ Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to minimize the damage caused by natural and human-made
disasters by implementing proactive strategies such as risk assessment, infrastructure improvements,
early warning systems, and community preparedness. While it cannot prevent all disasters, DRR
significantly reduces their impact on lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure.
➢ Mitigation (Prevention & Risk Reduction)
Definition: Actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of disasters.
Examples:
Constructing earthquake-resistant buildings.
Improving drainage systems to prevent flooding.
Enforcing fire safety codes in buildings.
Reforestation to prevent landslides.
➢ Preparedness (Readiness & Response Planning)
Definition: Measures taken to ensure an effective response to a disaster when it occurs.
Examples:
Conducting earthquake or fire drills.
Establishing early warning systems for tsunamis or hurricanes.
Stockpiling emergency supplies (food, water, medicine).
Training first responders and communities in evacuation procedures.
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➢ Republic Act No. 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010, provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-
agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM).
➢ This law strengthens disaster preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery efforts in the
Philippines by institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) and promoting proactive disaster risk management strategies.

➢ DRR key priorities focus on reducing risk factors, strengthening preparedness, and improving
early warning systems to minimize disaster impacts.
➢ Disaster risk is influenced by four key factors:
Disaster Risk = Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability/Capacity
Hazard → The potential disaster event (e.g., earthquakes, floods, typhoons).
Exposure → The people, assets, and infrastructure at risk.
Vulnerability → The weaknesses or lack of preparedness that increase susceptibility to harm.
Capacity → The ability of a community or system to respond and recover from disasters.