POPULATION CHAPTER 1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY PAGE 198

Population distribution
 Study of the size, distribution, composition, migration and growth of the world population

Demography
 Study of population statistics like the size, development and structure of these populations

Population density
 Number of people that live in an area of land

How will we express population density

 People per km2

How do we calculate population density

 Total population / area in which they live = people per km2

The higher the population density the more CROWDED an area is

LOOK AT MAP EXAMPLE PAGE 198

What percentage of the world’s population lives inAsia
 60%

Half of the world’s population lives on only 5% OF THE EARTH’S LAND

Country with the largest population

 China – 1.3 billion people

Is the worlds population evenly distributed? * No it is unevenly distributed

DO ACT 2 PAGE 199 – DID NOT SUMMARISE

Give reasons why according to population distribution of the world most people liv in the Northern and
Eastern hemisphere
 Asia is the biggest continent so it is likely to have the biggest population – 60% of the world’s
population is here
 Europe is in the Northern Part of the eastern hemisphere with 12% of the population
 Northern part of Africa is in the North Eastern hemisphere and has 9% of the world’s population
 Many people in these regions have a culture which has large families so the birth rates are high

PAGE 200
UNIT 2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION

How much of Earth is really suitable for human settlement

 10%

Ecumene
 Parts of Earth that are suitable for people to live in

Nonecumene
 Parts of Earth that are not suitable for people to live in

Factors that effect population distribution and density

DO ACT 3 PAGE 200 DID NOT SUMMARISE know why some places are densely or sparsely populated
CHAPTER 2 POPULATION STRUCTURE PAGE 201
Population indicators
 Different measurements that give us information about a country’s population characteristics
 Statistics used to show how a country’s population is changing

Name the population indicators we look at to find out about the country’s population
 Birth rate (br): number of babies born per 1000 of the population per year
 Death rate (DR): number of deaths per year per 1000of the population. Also called mortality rate
 Life expectancy (LE): The average number of years a person can expect to live
 Infant mortality rate (IMR): the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. The number of babies
per 1000 born alive and die within 12 months after birth
 Natural increase (NI): rate at which a country’s population is growing excluding migration into or
out of the country
 Fertility rate(FR): average number of children an average woman will have if she lived to the end of
her child bearing years
 Literacy rate (LR): percentage of the total population who can read an write
 GDP per Capita: gross domestic product per person.
 Percentage of population urbanised: percentage of the population living in towns or cities
 Doubling time: the time in years it would take for a country’s population to double. Doubling time
depends on a population’s growth rate

Calculate birth rate

 Br = (number of live births/total population) x 1000

Calculate death rate

 Dr = (number of deaths / total population) x 1000

Calculate natural increase

 Nr = BR – DR (answer will be the amount per 1000 people
 CONVERT ANSWER TO A PERCENTAGE

Calculate GDP per capita

 GDP per capita = Income of country / population of the country

Doubling time
Read and understand the following

DO ACT 4 PAGE 202 DID NOT SUMMARISE

PAGE 203 UNIT 4 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POPULATION INDICATORS
DO ACT 5 PAGE 204 DID NOT SUMMARISE
EXTRA SUMMARY YOU MIGHT FIND THIS ONE EASIER
PAGE 205 UNIT 5 POPULATION STRUCTURE

Population structure
 How a country’s population is made up or divided up between males and females of different age
groups

Population pyramid
 Type of graph showing a country’s population according to age group and gender

What do population pyramids show us

 How many young people, middle aged people and older people there are in a country
 Is the population expanding or shrinking
 How a war or natural disaster affect a population
 Has there been mass immigration or emigration
‘
PAGE 206
Why is the above information important for governments
 To make decisions like:
o Do they need to build more schools
o Will they need more care facilities for old people
o Is the market for goods expanding or shrinking
o Should they encourage people to have more children or not

Rapid growth/ expanding

population
PAGE 206
What does the shape of a population pyramid indicate
 Level of economic development of a country

What shape would a developing country’s population pyramid usually be

 Classic triangle or pyramid

What shape would a developed country’s population pyramid usually be

 Usually has a narrow or oblong shape

What would a population pyramid with a broad base indicate

 A country with a youthful population and high birth rate

Population pyramid with a narrow base and a bulge in the middle

  Country with a good birth control, fewer younger people and more older people

Does the shape of a country’s population pyramid stay the same?

 No it changes over time

Dependency ratio
 Population indicator that shows how many people in the country need to be supported because
they are not economically active (working)

How does a population pyramid indicate the structure of the workforce

 Shows age groups 15 – 64 who are usually economically active.
 People younger than 15 and older than 64 are normally not working and dependend on the
economically active population for survival

Formula to calculate dependency ratio

 Dependency ratio = (number of children 0 to 14 +adults 65 and up
--------------------------------------------------------- x 100
Number of adults aged 15 to 64

What would a dependency ratio of 56 tell us

 That for every 100 people working there are 56 people dependent on them

LOOK AT PAGE 206-207 DIFFERENT POPULATION PYRAMIDS AND WHAT THEY MEAN I DID NOT SUPPARISE
THIS

Zero population growth (ZPG)

 When a population stays stable – does not expand or shrink
 Births + immigration = deaths + emigration

DO ACT 6 PAGE 208 DID NOT SUMMARISE

PAGE 209 CHAPTER 3 POPULATION GROWTH

Exponential growth
 Rapid growth over a short period of time

Explain why it is not possible to know exactly what the total population of a country or the world is
 Population changes with every birth and every death.
 Not every birth and death is recorded
 People move around within countries and the world
 It would be impossible to determine the exact population of a country or the world

DO ACT 7 PAGE 209 – DID NOT SUMMARISE

PAGE 210 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Demographic transition model

 A model explaining how a country’s population changes over time
 Allows us to compare the demographics of different countries and regions

Demography
 The study of the number of births, deaths and other demographic data in a country over time
Transition
 Process of change

What is another name for a demographic transition model

 Population cycle model

Four stages of the demographic transition model

What are the different stages called

 Stage 1 – high stationary phase
  Stage 2 – early expanding phase
 Stage 3 – late expanding phase
 Stage 4 – low stationary phase

Why do geographers suggest that the demographic transition model should provide for a 5 th stage
 Because in some highly economically developed countries, birth rates have begun to fall below
death rates leading to declining populations

Do case study page 211 DID NOT SUMMARISE

DO ACT 8 PAGE 212 I DID NOT SUMMARISE THIS

PAGE 213 UNIT 8 OVERPOPULATION

Overpopulation
 When there are too many people for the environment to support

Do case study page 214 did not summarise

Do act 9 page 214 did not summarise

Carrying capacity
 The number of people an area can support on a sustainable basis

Sustainable development
 The idea that a community can develop and keep going if they use the resources available in a way
that will ensure the survival of the community

PAGE 215

Problems of the world’s increasing population

 Global population – poorer parts of the world support more people with fever resources
 Water – more water is needed with population growth and developing technology. 1 third of the
world lives in areas with water shortages
 Cropland as population increases, available cropland decreases. People have to increase food
supply on the land that is available and this can be expensive
 Forest cover – forests are destroyed with the population growth. Forests are needed for
ecosystems, climate, cultures and economies
 Food – food is available for the growing population the problem is the distribution and access
people have to the food
 Urbanisation – this can lead to overcrowding and informal settlements that do not have proper
infrastructure. This leads to a decline in people’s standard of living

READ PAGE 215 – ARE THERE LIMITS TO POPULATION GROWTH – DID NOT SUMMARISE
PAGE 216

MALTHUSIAN THEORY ON POPULATION GROWTH

 Published 1798 by Thomas Malthus
 Argued in a growing population the population numbers and resources must reach an equilibrium
 He suggested: Quantity of available resources limits the population
 Populations usually increases when available resources increase unless there are
powerfull control to prevent this
 Factors that control the growth of populations and keep it in balance are either
private like birth control or destructive like war, poverty, disease or famine

DO PAGE 216 CASE STUDY DID NOT SUMMARISE

Read the following and make sure you can answer basic questions on it
MANAGING POPULATION IN INDIA
Contraception
 Birth control

Sterilisation
 Permanent form of contraception

DO ACT 11 PAGE 218 DID NOT SUMMARISE

Why were few people willing to celebrate india’s billionth baby that was born (Astha)
 Because many people would prefer it if India’s population did not grow at such a quick rate. The
country is suffering from poverty, illiteracy and have limited natural resources, lack of healthcare
and education

Explain why India’s resources are diminishing

 the population is increasing and this increases the demand for resources

what is the relationship between poverty, illiteracy and high birth rates
 generally poor people are denied access to quality healthcare, education and jobs.
 They have no access to birth control and so they have large families. There is a strong link between
poverty and high birth rates

Why was the minister for women and child welfare in India doubtful that baby Astha (the billionth baby
born in India) would be able to have the resources and opportunities necessary for her future
 Because the minister knows baby Astha will probably grow up poor and illiterate and be denied
resources and opportunities because of India’s increasing population

Explain how the education of women, better healthcare and the raising of women’s social status will
contribute towards lowering birth rates in India
 If women are educated they will have better job opportunities and will marry later and have fewer
children
 If there is better healthcare, birth control will be available and birth rates will be reduced
 If womens social status is raised they will be able to have carreers, have an education and be more
independent. This will also lower birth rates

MANAGING POPULATION GROWTH IN CHINA PAGE 218

What is the most populated nation in the world
 China
 First country to have 1 billion people

Explain what China’s 1 child policy is

 It is a government plan that allows couples to have 1 child only. This was done to reduce the high
birth rate and slow down the growth of the population. Recently some provinces in China are
allowing people to have more than 1 child

Why did the 1 child policy in China cause heartache for some people
 Some people wanted to have more children.
 Parents might have wanted a son instead of a daughter or the other way around but because of the
policy they cannot try again
 Couples might want their child to have siblings but it is not allowed

Read so you can answer short questions

Managing population growth in Japan

What is significant about Japan’s population

 They have the highest proportion of elderly people in the world

What caused Japan’s aging population

 Decrease in birth rates and death rates, Longer life expectancy low natural increase and low fertility
rate.

What caused the low fertility rate in Japan

 High standard of education and healthcare
 Use of contraception and abortions
 Women playing an important role in the workforce
 Women marrying later in life
 High cost of living (Japan is one of the most expensive places in the world)

Why are geographers concerned with Japan’s aging population

 More elderly people will need to be cared for and more pensions paid. This will put strain on the
state, hospitals and old age homes
 There will be fewer people in the workforce which means less income from taxes and an increase in
the dependency ratio – will lead to a decline in the economy

What is a positive that Japan has regarding their aging population

 Government will need to spend less on schools and healthcare for children

DO ACT 13 PAGE 220 DID NOT SUMMARISE

EXTRA INFO
PAGE 221Chapter 4
Migration
 The movement of people so that they change their place of residence

Kinds of migration
 International migration
o Movement of people across a country’s border
 Emigration
o Movement of people out of their home country to another country
 Immigration
o Movement of people into a new country of residence
 Regional migration
o Movement of people within a region like in Southern Africa
 Rural-urban migration
o Movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities
 Urbanisation
o The result of rural-urban migration where more people live in urban places
 Urban-rural migration
o Movement of people from towns and cities to rural areas

Permanent migration
  Change their place of residence forever

Semi permanent migration

 Only change place of residence for a certain period of time

Time periods for semi migration

 For a year or 2 – example to teach in another country
 Seasonal – eg in summer to work on farms
 Daily – for example traveling for work

Volantary migration
 A person chooses to migrate

Forced migration
 Person is forced to migrate often because of religious or political factors

Genocide
 The intentional killing of people from a certain ethnic group or nation

EXTRA INFO

DO CASE STUDY ACT 14 PAGE 222 AND 223 DID NOT SUMMARISE
Page 223
Globalisation
 Integration and connection of countries
 Boundaries become less important
 This favors migration

Global workforce
 Consist of people who move around the world to work for multi national corporations or for
themselves
EXTRA INFO

PAGE 224
Causes and effect of why people migrate (population movement)
  Economic reasons
o People migrate to look for work or to get a job that pays more money
 Political reasons
o Some people want to get away from political oppression
 Religious reasons
o Some migrate to escape religious conflict or prosecution
 Social reasons
o People migrate to be closer to family or friends
 Health reasons
o Some people want to live in a cleaner, safer and healthier environment or better climate or
where there is healthcare available
 Quality of life
o People migrate to where they will have a better quality of life (for example housing,
schooling)
 Security reasons
o Some people want to move to a safer area
What can we use to represent why people migrate from rural to urban areas
 Push-pull model

DO ACT 15 PAGE 225

PAGE 226
Depopulation
 Decline in the total number of people living in an area

Effects of rural-urban migration

 Leads to depopulation of rural areas often children and older people stay behind

Solution to rural depopulation

 Uplift and develop rural areas
Why would people migrate from urban to rural areas (push factors)
 High cost of city living
  Stress
 Pollution
 Congestion

Do act 16 page 227 did not summarise

Page 228
Brain drain
 Movement of highly skilled qualified people out of the country

Emigration
 Movement of people out of a country

Affirmative action
 Giving jobs to people that were excluded in the past so there is equal representation of al people in
the workforce
DO ACT 17 PAGE 228 CASE STUDY

Migrant worker
 A person who migrates specifically to find work

Economic migrant
 A migrant worker

Remittance payment
 A sum of money sent to another place

DO CASE STUDY PAGE 229

In 1996 why did the South African government grant permanent residence to migrant mine workers
 If a person has worked in the mines for 10 years or more they would get permanent residence

Political migrant
 A person who migrates for political reasons

Refugee
 Political migrant who is forced to migrate to another country

Why do people become political migrants

 Environmental stress like earthquakes, cyclones, famine or floods
 Human change like dams, deforestation, soil erosion, salinization or desertification or climate
change that change the environment
 Deterioration in quality of life – people move in within their country looking for water, better soil or
grazing land

Human triggers for political migration

 Political pressure, religious persecution, racial discrimination, war or conflict, land invasion, cultural
practices like female genital mutilation

DO CASE STUDY PAGE 231 AND ACT 18 PAGE 232

EXTRA INFO
Repatriation
 To be sent back to your home country

Deportation
 When a country sends a non-citizen out of the country

PAGE 233 ATTITUTES TO MIGRANTS

Xenophobia
 A strong and unreasonable dislike or fear of people from other countries

Indaba
 A meeting on an important issue

DO ACT 19 PG 233

Reasons why someone might become an illegal immigrant

 To expensive to immigrate legally
 They might not be able to get a passport in their own country or fear their government will
victimize them
 Your work visa might be rejected in a country you want to work in

Visa
 Official document or stamp usually in a passport giving a person permission to enter, leave or stay
in another country.
 Special visas are needed to work or study in another country

What happens to illegal immigrants if they are caught in South Africa

 If employed the owner can get up to R40000 fine
 Home affairs will send them back to their own country (Repatriation)

Problems that immigrants face

 Have to adopt to a new culture
 Have to learn new languages
 Have to learn new skills because their qualifications might not be recognised
 They might have to deal with discrimination from people that accuse them of taking their jobs or
homes

PAGE 235
Difficulties for refugees in a new country
 Poor housing
 Homelessness
 Lack of basic services like water, electricity, healthcare and sanitation
 Food shortages
 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Emotional trauma and stress
 Break up of families
 Discrimination and prejudice
 Violence

DO CASE STUDY PAGE 235 AND ACT 20

Xenophobic attacks
 Violent attacks against foreigners

Migrants
 People that have moved from one place to another

Displaced people
 People who have been forced to leave their country and live somewhere else

Refugees
 People who have been forced to leave their home country because of war or due to their religious
or political beliefs

Undocumented migrants
 People who have moved to a place without any official papers or forms

Suggest solutions other than temporary camps to the problem of displaced people or refugees
 Build proper low cost housing for refugees
 Locate refugees into existing settlements
 Ask for help from neighboring countries to help house the refugees

DO ACT 20 PAGE 2335

PAGE 236
HIV
 Human immunodeficiency virus

What does HIV do

 Weakens the body’s immune system
 The body cannot defend itself from diseases

AIDS
 Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome

Symptoms of AIDS
 Ill health when a person has a weakened immune system because of HIV and gets an opportunistic
disease like tuberculosis or pneumonia
Worst affected HIV/AIDS region in the world
 Southern Africa (Sub Saharan Africa)
  It has 2% of the world population but has 30% of the HIV/AIDS cases

DO ACT 21 PAGE 237

List problems that AIDS orphans have to deal with
 Poverty
 Homelessness
 Hunger
 No education
 no security
 no guardians

PAGE 238
Impact of HIV AIDS on healthcare
 puts strain on clinics and hospitals
 hospitals can become overcrowded
 there won’t be enough staff to care for patients
 extra expenses for treatment
 strain on medical aid funds
 medical cover cost will increase
 increase in health issues like tuberculosis

Impact of HIV/AIDS on economy

 economy will suffer and this will reduce GDP (economic growth)
 productivity and work performance will decrease
 reduction in exports will reduce foreign income
 less agricultural production on farms leading to food shortages
 fewer goods will be sold and manufactured resulting in fewer jobs and less money
 decreasing customer base leading to less spending, saving and tax
 reduction of company profits
 reduction of skilled work force
 absenteeism from work will increase
 families will lose breadwinners
 cost of life insurance increase
 retirement fund savings will decrease
 unemployment and poverty will increase

Impact of HIV/AIDS on education

 AIDS orphans might not be able to attend school because of poverty, no supervision or having to
work
 Teachers with AIDS might be absent more often because of illness
 Can lead to a loss of teachers as they can be too sick to work or die

Impact of HIV/Aids on human suffering

 Will be untold human suffering and pain
 Patients and families will suffer emotional trauma
 There will be more AIDS orphans
 Depression and stress will affect society and people’s behaviour
 Loss of parents will lead to increase in child headed households
Impact of HIV/AIDS on the population
 Population numbers will decrease
 Life expectancy will decrease
 Death rate will increase
Impact of HIV/AIDS on society
 Increase in number of AIDS orphans
 Increase in number of children that have to leave schools to care for sick parents
 Not enough care givers for the ill
 People generally have no energy, little hope and are depressed

Possible essay question

Write an essay of 250 to 300 words on how HIV/AIDS will affect southern African society and the economy.
You should provide evidence to support your arguments Start with: my argument is that HIV/AIDS will
have a devastating impact on southern African society

My argument is that HIV/AIDS will have a devastating impact on southern African society and the
economy. This region has some of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS in the world, especially in countries like
South Africa, Botswana, and Eswatini. The effects of this disease are far-reaching and affect many parts of
life.

First, the social impact is huge. HIV/AIDS mostly affects people in their most productive years, causing a
significant loss of workers. This disrupts families, as parents get sick and often die, leaving behind orphaned
children. According to UNICEF, there are many orphans in sub-Saharan Africa due to AIDS. These children
often struggle to get an education and meet their basic needs, continuing the cycle of poverty.

Economically, the impact is just as serious. The loss of workers hurts productivity and economic growth.
People might be too sick to work, increasing unemployment and decreasing productivity. Healthcare costs
also rise sharply as governments and families spend more money to treat and manage the disease. This takes
funds away from other important areas like education, infrastructure, and development projects.

Additionally, the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS makes things worse. Fear of discrimination stops people
from getting tested and treated, which allows the virus to spread more. This stigma also affects employment,
as people with HIV may face job discrimination, further reducing household incomes and economic
stability.

In conclusion, HIV/AIDS poses a big threat to the social structure and economic stability of southern
African societies. To address this epidemic, strategies like education, access to healthcare, and social support
systems are needed to reduce its devastating impacts.

PAGE 240 HIV affect on population structure (see structure on page 240)
 Death rate will increase
 Birth rate will increase at first but will decrease in long term as there will be fewer births and fewer
people to give birth
 Life expectancy will decrease as people die at a younger age because of AIDS
 Natural increase will decrease because there will be fewer births compared to deaths and
population will shrink
 Increase number of AIDS orphans
 Will not be enough people to care for elderly
 Gender structure of population can change as more women get infected with AIDS
 Dependency ratio will increase as economic active adults decrease and number of children and
elderly and those too ill to work increase
DO ACT23 PAGE 241 DID NOT SUMMARISE NB NB NB – HOW TO EXPLAIN HIV STATS

PAGE 242
What are some of the biggest reasons why HIV is spreading or why people do not get help
  Fear
 Denial
 Ignorance (unawareness)

What can we do about HIV and AIDS

 Educate people about the disease
 Awareness makes people take steps to not be infected
 Supply condoms free to people
 Free HIV testing will help people know their status and they can then take more care
 Advertising through media will increase awareness
 Empowering people by overcoming discrimination and removing stigma about HIV/AIDS will help
create awareness
 Caring for HIV positive people - eg give easy access to arv’s
 Continue research as it could help find a cure, vaccine or new ways of treatment

NB NB NB DO EXAM PRAC PAGE 245

TEACHER NOTES

Areas with a high population density are said to be densely populated and are called
ecumene areas. Regions with a low population density are sparsely populated and
are called non-ecumene areas.

FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION (natural)

 CLIMATE.
o Humans tend to avoid places which are too cold; hot; wet and dry or a combination of
thereof.
 TOPOGRAPHY:
o People are going to locate in areas where the land is accessible and not too steep. Flat land
allows people to spread out evenly in all directions.
 ACCESS TO FRESH WATER:
o Water is vital for survival and if it is freely available people can spread out, if it is in short
supply, people will cluster closer to the source.
 SOIL FERTILITY:
o Where the land is fertile people will settle and thrive being able to generate an income from
the land.
 MINERAL CONCENTRATION:
o Where there is a concentration of valuable minerals, people will settle to exploit the
resources so as to earn an income.
(Man made)
 FREEDOM
 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
 SAFETY & SECURITY
o Violence and high crime rates and or war can lead to people migrating away from certain
areas.

Population structure
 refers to any measurable detail of the population.This includes the age, sex, language, religion and
occupation of the population.
Population indicators
 Birth Rate: The number of births per 1000 people in a country in a year.
 Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 population in a year.
 Infant Mortality Rate: The total number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
 Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live, calculated at birth
 Fertility Rate: The average number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age (15-49)
 Natural Increase: This is the difference between the birth rate and death rate of a country. E.g. BR =
27 (per 1000); DR = 15 (per 1000) NI = 27 – 15 = 12 per 1000 or 1.2%
 Literacy Rate: The percentage of the population which can read and write.
 Dependency Ratio: The number of people in that country who depend on the economically active
sector of the population (workers >15 &<65).

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POPULATION

INDICATORS
Demographic indicators for different countries will show marked variations.
Two trends have been observed after much analysis, typically:
 MORE ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES where urbanisation is the norm, one would find
lower BR & DR therefore lower NI, as well as lower infant mortality rates (studied last year) and
higher literacy and life expectancy.
 LESS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES where there is typically less urban living and a
dependence on subsistence lifestyles, one would find higher BR & DR and therefore higher NI but
lower LE and Literacy.
Population pyramid
 A population pyramid is a type of bar-graph which indicates the age and gender structures of a
country’s population.
 It is divided in half – the left side is for males & the right side for females.
 The vertical axis is usually structured in either 5 or 10 year age groups and the horizontal axis shows
the number of people in each age group.

Why are population pyramids important

 tell us about development levels; how many dependents a country has; which gender has a higher
life expectancy; whether the population is expanding or shrinking and whether war or natural
disasters have impacted the country and more.
 They are also important for governments as they can provide information about whether more
schools or old-age facilities need to be built; and for investment information.

SEE GRAPHS ON TEACHERS NOTES WITH EXPLANATIONS

Population pyramids
The changing relationship between birth and death rates
over time is best illustrated on a graph called the
Demographic Transition Model.

SEE MODELS AND HOW TO DRAW ON TEACHERS NOTES

Managing population growth

 Many governments and organisations are trying to find ways to manage population growth. In
LEDCs these programs focus more on slowing fertility rates and reducing population growth
whereas some MEDCs are becoming underpopulated and need to focus on increasing their
population.

READ TEACHERS NOTES ON DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AAND HOW THEY CONTROLLED POPULATION
GROWTH

MIGRATION
 is the movement of people from one place to another.

International migration
 Emigration: the movement of people out of their home country to another country.
 Immigration: the movement into a host country from another country.

Voluntary and forced migration

 Most voluntary migration is motivated by a better standard of living andcomes about through
free choice. In forced migrations, people are made to move against their will.

Temporary and permanent movements

 Not all movements are permanent. Sometimes voluntary migrants plan to spend a certain period
of time out of a country and then return home.

Migrant labour –
 people who move from the area where they live to another area in order to work there.

Economic migrants –
 People move as they are transferred by the company for which they work. This may be a
temporary or permanent movement.

Political migrants –
 movement of people that comes about through political problems in a country.

Refugees –
 political migrants who are forced to flee from their homes as a result of war or religious
intolerance.

Internal migration
 People often move from one area of their country to another.
Consequences of rural depopulation
 Young people leave the rural areas leaving behind the old people who cannot work the land as
efficiently which reduces the productivity of the land.
 A decrease in productivity of the primary sector has a knock on effect for the secondary and
tertiary sectors.
 Shops and services may close down.
 Schools may close down

Consequences of urbanisation
 shortage of housing and facilities
 development of informal settlements
 shortage of jobs
 increase in crime
 increase in social problems

READ TEACHERS NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN MEXICO AND USA