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UNIT 1 RAG

The document outlines various frameworks and theories related to context and identity in communication, focusing on modes, fields, functions, and audiences. It discusses the influences of spoken and written language, including social factors like gender and regional dialects, as well as theories of language and identity. Additionally, it covers key concepts in pragmatics, discourse, graphology, phonetics, morphology, lexis, semantics, and syntax.

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11 views2 pages

UNIT 1 RAG

The document outlines various frameworks and theories related to context and identity in communication, focusing on modes, fields, functions, and audiences. It discusses the influences of spoken and written language, including social factors like gender and regional dialects, as well as theories of language and identity. Additionally, it covers key concepts in pragmatics, discourse, graphology, phonetics, morphology, lexis, semantics, and syntax.

Uploaded by

REEM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 1 RAG

TOPIC/ FRAMEWORKS/ THEORIES R A


G
Context and Identity
Mode
 mode: the method of communication (spoken, written, multimodal) – levels
of formality
 field: the subject matter
 function: the purpose
 audience: the relationship between writers/speakers and readers/listeners
 geographical factors
 social factors: such as gender, age, ethnicity and other social identities.
Spoken Mode
 Synchronous vs. asynchronous communication.
 paralinguistic features
 Turn taking and adjacency pairs
 Influences on spoken language: speaker identity and context
 Convergence and divergence
 deixis (verbal pointing)
 non-fluency features.
Field, Function and audience
 different functions of speech and written language: phatic, interactional,
transactional, referential, expressive, informative, persuasive, instructional,
interactional and entertainment
 that field is the lexical/semantic features indicating topic, themes and
target audience
 the rhetorical devices featured within persuasive texts
 language frameworks that are prevalent in texts with specific functions
 the concept of audience and the addresser and addressee relationship -
direct address/third person address, synthetic personalisation, inclusivity
with personal pronouns, distancing strategies with demonstrative pronouns.
Identity: geographical - Dialect and attitudes towards regional variation
 lexical and grammatical variations in regional and national dialects
 accommodation theory (Howard Giles): downward and upwards
convergence.
Identity: social Idiolect - sociolect/age/occupation
 definitions of idiolect and sociolect
 language variations within social groups
 specialist lexis and jargon associated with occupation
 how language of social groups can link to power: inclusion/exclusion of
others
 Bernstein’s restricted and elaborated code, and Trudgill and Lakoff’s
findings on Language and social class.
Identity: social - Gender
 the deficit model (Lakoff)
 the dominance model (Spender; Zimmerman & West)
 the difference model (Tannen)
 the discursive model (Cameron)
 how language is used to construct gender identities within a variety of
written/spoken texts
 gender bias: lexis/semantics and grammar
Identity: Theories of Language
 pragmatics: presupposition
 language and power: speech act theory (Austin; Searle)
 conversational maxims (Grice)
 politeness principles (Brown & Levinson; Lakoff)
 face needs (Goffman)
 accommodation theory (Howard Giles): downward and upwards
convergence.
Frameworks:
 Pragmatics: variation in meaning, depending on context
 Discourse: extended texts (written or spoken) in their context - Discourse
markers, Disjuncts, Narrative structures, Anaphoric reference, Cataphoric
reference, Intertextuality:
 Graphology: the writing system and the presentation of language
 Phonetics, phonology and prosody: speech sounds, sound effects and
intonation
 Morphology: the structure of words
 Lexis: the vocabulary of a language - word class, colloquialisms,
informal/formal, pre-modification, phatic expressions and deictic
expressions audience:
 Semantics: vocabulary meanings
 Syntax: the relationships between words in sentences – sentence types
(simple, compound, complex, Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative,
exclamative, modals, adverbials, sentence moods, pronouns, ellipsis)
Creation of Voice (section B – Q2)

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