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Bangladesh has a rich history marked by periods of cultural prosperity and conflict, transitioning from Muslim rule to British colonialism, and eventually gaining independence in 1971. Geographically located in South Asia, it is bordered by India and Myanmar, with a diverse landscape dominated by fertile plains and a network of rivers. The country is home to the Sundarban, the largest mangrove forest globally, which hosts a variety of wildlife, including the Royal Bengal Tiger.

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B1

Bangladesh has a rich history marked by periods of cultural prosperity and conflict, transitioning from Muslim rule to British colonialism, and eventually gaining independence in 1971. Geographically located in South Asia, it is bordered by India and Myanmar, with a diverse landscape dominated by fertile plains and a network of rivers. The country is home to the Sundarban, the largest mangrove forest globally, which hosts a variety of wildlife, including the Royal Bengal Tiger.

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Bangladesh: An Overview XXI

BANGLADESH: An Overview
Historical The history of Bangladesh is an eventful combination of turmoil and peace, as well as prosperity and
Background destitution. It has thrived under the glow of cultural splendor and suffered under the ravages of war. The
territory now constituting Bangladesh was under the Muslim rule over five and a half centuries from 1201
to 1757 A.D. Then it was ruled by the British, after the defeat of the last sovereign ruler of Bengal, Nawab
Siraj ud-Daulah, at the Battle of Plassey on the fateful day of June 23, 1757. The British ruled over the
entire Indian sub-continent including this territory for nearly 190 years from 1757 to 1947. During that
period Bangladesh was a part of the British Indian provinces of Bengal and Assam. With the termination
of the British rule in August, 1947 the sub-continent was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Bangladesh
then became a part of Pakistan and was named as East Pakistan. It remained so far about 24 years from
August 14, 1947 to March 25, 1971. It appeared on the world map as an independent and sovereign
state named Bangladesh on December 16, 1971 following victory at the War of Liberation (from March
25 to December 16, 1971).

Geographical o o
Bangladesh lies in the north eastern part of South Asia between 20 34' and 26 38' north latitude
o o
and 88 01' and 92 41' east longitude. The country is bounded by India on the west-north and north-
east while Myanmar on the south-east and the Bay of Bengal on the south. The area of the country is
56,977 sq. miles or 1, 47,570 sq. k.m. The limits of territorial water area of Bangladesh are 12 nautical
miles and the area of the high seas extending to 200 nautical miles measured from the base lines
constitutes the economic zone of the country. Bangladesh won in Arbitral Tribunal/PCA more than 1,
18,813 square kilometers of waters comprising territorial sea, exclusive economic zone extending out to
200 NM across sizable area, and also has undeniable sovereign rights in the sea bed extending as far as
354 NM from Chattogram coast in the Bay of Bengal with all the living and non living resources. To
achieve an equitable result, the tribunal awarded Bangladesh 19,467sq km of area out of total disputed
area of 25,602 sq km (approx).

Physiography Except the hilly regions in the north-east, south-east and some areas of high land in the northern
part, the country consists of plain and fertile land. A network of rivers exists in the country of which the
Padma, the Jamuna, the Teesta, the Brahmaputra, the Surma, the Meghna and the Karnaphuli are
prominent. All those rivers have 230 tributaries with a total length of about 24140 kilometers. The alluvial
soil is thus continuously being enriched by heavy silts deposited by rivers during the rainy season.

Flora and Fauna Of the total area of Bangladesh, forest lands account for almost 21.05% of its geographical surface.
The total forest land includes classified and unclassified state lands and homestead forests and
tea/rubber gardens. The Sundarban is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It lies at the southern
part of the Ganges delta and is spread across the coastal areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India.
The section of Sundarban that belongs to Bangladesh has been listed in the UNESCO world heritage.
The Sundarban is known for its wide range of fauna. Sundarban is the home of the world famous 'Royal
Bengal Tiger'. Numerous species of birds, spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes also inhabit there. The
country produces timber, bamboo and cane. Bamboos grow in almost all areas but quality timber grows
mostly in the hilly region of country. Among the timber sal, gamari, chaplish, telsu , jarul, teak, garjan
and sundari are valuably important. Plantation of rubber in the hilly regions of the country was
undertaken and extraction of rubber had already been started.

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