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Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer Programming and
Interfacing 1st Edition Steven F. Barrett Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Steven F. Barrett, Daniel Pack, Mitchell Thornton
ISBN(s): 9781598295412, 1598295411
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 10.20 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
1 of 188

Atmel AVR Microcontroller

Primer: Programming and
Interfacing
2 of 188

Copyright © 2008 by Morgan & Claypool

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means---electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations
in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing

Steven F. Barrett and Daniel J. Pack
www.morganclaypool.com

ISBN: 1598295411 paperback

ISBN: 9781598295412 paperback

ISBN: 159829542X ebook

ISBN: 9781598295429 ebook

DOI: 10.2200/S00100ED1V01Y200712DCS015
A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS # 15

Lecture #15
Series Editor: Mitchell A. Thornton, Southern Methodist University

Series ISSN

ISSN 1932-3166 print

ISSN 1932-3174 electronic
3 of 188

Atmel AVR Microcontroller

Primer: Programming and
Interfacing
Steven F. Barrett
University of Wyoming

Daniel J. Pack
United States Air Force Academy

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS #15

M
&C Mor gan &Cl aypool Publishers
4 of 188
iv

ABSTRACT
This textbook provides practicing scientists and engineers a primer on the Atmel AVR microcon-
troller. Our approach is to provide the fundamental skills to quickly get up and operating with this
internationally popular microcontroller. The Atmel ATmega16 is used as a representative sample
of the AVR line. The knowledge you gain on the ATmega16 can be easily translated to every
other microcontroller in the AVR line. We cover the main subsystems aboard the ATmega16,
providing a short theory section followed by a description of the related microcontroller subsystem
with accompanying hardware and software to exercise the subsytem. In all examples, we use the
C programming language. We conclude with a detailed chapter describing how to interface the
microcontroller to a wide variety of input and output devices.

KEYWORDS
Atmel microcontroller, microcontroller, ATmega16, Atmel AVR, microcontroller interfacing
5 of 188
v

Preface
In 2006, Morgan & Claypool Publishers (M&C) released our textbook Microcontrollers Fundamen-
tals for Engineers and Scientists. The purpose of this textbook was to provide practicing scientists
and engineers a tutorial on the fundamental concepts and the use of microcontrollers. The text-
book presented the fundamental concepts common to all microcontrollers. Our goals for writing
this follow-on book are to present details on a specific microcontroller family---the Atmel AVR
Microcontroller.
Why Atmel? There are many excellent international companies that produce microcontrollers.
As Atmel states, ‘‘Atmel Corporation is an industry leader in the design and manufacture
of advanced semiconductors, with focus on microcontrollers, nonvolatile memory, logic, radio
frequency components and sensors.’’ Some of the highlights of the Atmel AVR line include

• high performance coupled with low power consumption,

• outstanding flash memory technology,
• reduced instruction set computer Harvard Architecture,
• single-cycle instruction execution,
• wide variety of operating voltages (1.8--5.5 VDC),
• architecture designed for the C language,
• one set of development tools for the entire AVR line, and
• in-system programming, debugging, and verification capability.

Although all of these features are extremely important, we have chosen to focus on the Atmel
AVR line of microcontrollers for this primer for a number of other related reasons:

• The learning curve for Atmel microcontrollers is gentle. If this is your first exposure to
microcontrollers, you will quickly come up to speed on microcontroller programming and
interfacing. If you already know another line of processors, you can quickly apply your
knowledge to this powerful line of 8-bit processors.
• It is relatively inexpensive to get started with the Atmel AVR microcontroller line.
The microcontrollers themselves are inexpensive, and the compilers and programming
hardware and software are relatively inexpensive.
6 of 188
vi ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
• The AVR line provides a full range of processing power, from small 8-pin processors to
complex 100-pin processors. The same compiler and programming hardware may be used
with a wide variety of microcontrollers.
• Many of the AVR microcontrollers are available in dual inline package, which makes them
readily useable on a printed circuit board prototype (e.g., senior design projects).
• Many of the microcontrollers in the AVR line are pin-for-pin compatible with one another.
This allows you to easily move up and down the AVR line as your project becomes better
defined.
• Atmel has documentation available for every microcontroller at your fingertips. Simply
visit www.atmel.com. Furthermore, Atmel customer support is good and responsive.
• There is worldwide interest in the AVR microcontroller line. We would be remiss to not
mention AVR Freaks. This is a dedicated, international group of AVR experts who share
their expertise online with other high-power users and novices alike.

Approach of the book

If this is your first exposure to microcontrollers, we highly recommend that you read first our other
M&C textbook, Microcontrollers Fundamentals for Engineers and Scientists. It will provide you the
background information necessary to fully appreciate the contents of this textbook. This textbook
picks up where the first one left off. We have received permission from M&C to include some of the
background material from the first textbook in this text to allow for a complete stand-alone product.
Our approach in this textbook is to provide you the fundamental skills to quickly get up
and operating with an Atmel microcontroller. We have chosen to use the AVR ATmega16 as a
representative sample of the AVR line (more on this processor later). The knowledge you gain on
the ATmega16 can be easily translated to every other microcontroller in the AVR line.
We will use an ongoing testbench example throughout the textbook. We will start by having
you get a simple microcontroller circuit operating with a simple menu program that interacts with
external devices. As we move through various microcontroller subsystems, we will continue to add
features to the testbench. By the end of the textbook, you will have a complete hardware/software
system that demonstrates the features of the ATmega16. You can then use this testbench to adapt
to other applications.
The M&C textbooks are designed to be short tutorials on a given topic. Therefore, our
treatment of each topic will provide a short theory section followed by a description of the related
microcontroller subsystem with accompanying hardware and software to exercise the subsystem.
In all examples, we will use the C programming language. There are many excellent C compilers
available for the Atmel AVR line. We have chosen the ImageCraft ICC AVR compiler for its short
learning curve and ease of use.
7 of 188
vii

Acknowledgments
Space does not permit us to thank everyone who has provided encouragement along the way. We
thank Joel Claypool and John Enderle for inviting us to participate in their efforts to develop a
series of short tutorial textbooks on select engineering topics. We also thank Atmel and ImageCraft
for their permission to use their copyrighted material and screenshots throughout the text. We
especially thank Helen Perlegos of Atmel for her assistance is securing appropriate permission to
use Atmel material within the text.
Most of all, we thank our families. We acknowledge our parents. Thank you, Moms
(Eleanore and Jackie), and thank you, Dad (Frank), for always believing in me (S.B.). Thank you,
Moms (Young Shin and Rana), and thank you, Dads (Sung Bock and Chong Kon), for your
encouragement and unfailing support (D.P.). Finally, our work could not have come to fruition
without the sacrifices of our family members: Cindy, Heidi, Heather, Jon R., Christine, Jon B.,
Andrew, and Graham. As always, without you none of this would matter. We love you!

Laramie and Colorado Springs, November 2007

Steve Barrett and Daniel Pack

8 of 188
ix

Contents

1. Atmel AVR Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 ATmega16 Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Reduced Instruction Set Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Assembly Language Instruction Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1.1.3 ATmega16 Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Nonvolatile and Data Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 In-System Programmable Flash EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Byte-Addressable EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Static Random Access Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Programmable Lock Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Port System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Peripheral Features---Internal Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Time Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Timing Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.4 Serial Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.4.4.1 Serial USART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.4.2 Serial Peripheral Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.4.3 Two-Wire Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.5 Analog-to-Digital Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.6 Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Physical and Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.1 Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.5.2 Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.3 Speed Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Application: ATmega16 Testbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.1 Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.2 Software Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9 of 188
x ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
1.7 Programming the ATmega16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.1 Programming Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.8 Software Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.10 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.11 Chapter Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Serial Communication Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Serial Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Serial Communication Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 Asynchronous versus Synchronous Serial Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 Baud Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 Full Duplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Nonreturn to Zero Coding Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.5 The RS-232 Communication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.6 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.7 American Standard Code for Information Interchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Serial USART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 System Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1.1 USART Clock Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1.2 USART Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.1.3 USART Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.1.4 USART Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.2 System Operation and Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.3 Serial Peripheral Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.3.1 SPI Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.3.2 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.3.3 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Two-Wire Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.7 Chapter Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Background Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Analog versus Digital Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1.2 Sampling, Quantization, and Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.3 Resolution and Data Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10 of 188
CONTENTS xi
3.2 Analog-To-Digital Conversion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 ADC Conversion Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.1 Successive Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.2 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.3 Counter-Based Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.4 Parallel Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4 The Atmel ATmega16 ADC System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.2 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.2.1 ADC Multiplexer Selection Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.2.2 ADC Control and Status Register A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.2.3 ADC Data Registers (ADCH and ADCL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.3 Programming the ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4.4 Digital-to-Analog Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7 Chapter Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4. Interrupt Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Interrupt Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 ATmega16 Interrupt System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 Programming An Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.1 External Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.2 Internal Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.6 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.7 Chapter Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5. Timing Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.2 Timing-Related Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.1 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.2 Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.3 Duty Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Timing System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4.1 Input Capture---Measuring External Timing Event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
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xii ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
5.4.2 Counting Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.3 Output Compare---Generating Timing Signals to
Interface External Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.4 Industrial Implementation Case Study (PWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.5 Overview of the Atmel Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.6 Timer 0 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.6.1 Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.6.1.1 Normal Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.1.2 Clear Timer on Compare Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.1.3 Phase Correct PWM Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.1.4 Fast PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.2 Timer 0 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.2.1 Timer/Counter Control Register 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.6.2.2 Timer/Counter Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.6.2.3 Output Compare Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.6.2.4 Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6.2.5 Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7 Timer 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7.1 Timer 1 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7.1.1 TCCR1A and TCCR1B Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7.1.2 Timer/Counter Register 1 (TCNT1H/TCNT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7.1.3 Output Compare Register 1 Channel A (OCR1AH/
OCR1AL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7.1.4 Output Compare Register 1 Channel B (OCR1BH/
OCR1BL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7.1.5 Input Capture Register 1 (ICR1H/ICR1L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7.1.6 Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK) . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7.1.7 Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.8 Timer 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.8.1 Timer/Counter Control Register 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.8.2 Timer/Counter Register (TCNT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.8.3 Output Compare Register (OCR2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.8.4 Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.8.5 Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.9 Programming the Timer System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.9.1 Precision Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
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CONTENTS xiii
5.9.2 Pulse Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.9.3 Input Capture Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.11 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.12 Chapter Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6. Atmel AVR Operating Parameters and Interfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1 Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.2 Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.2.1 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.2.2 Switch Debouncing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2.3 Keypads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.2.4 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.2.4.1 Digital Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.2.4.2 Analog Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.1 Light-Emitting Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.3.2 Seven-Segment LED Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.3 Tristate LED Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.4 Dot Matrix Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.3.5 Liquid Crystal Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.3.6 High-Power DC Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.4 DC Motor Speed and Direction Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.4.1 DC Motor Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.4.2 AC Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.5 Application: Flight Simulator Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.7 References and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.8 Chapter Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
A. ATmega16 Register Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
B. ATmega16 Header File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Author Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
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1

CHAPTER 1

Atmel AVR Architecture Overview

Objectives: After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to

• provide an overview of the RISC architecture of the ATmega16,

• describe the different ATmega16 memory components and their applications,
• explain the ATmega16 internal subsystems and their applications,
• highlight the operating parameters of the ATmega16, and
• summarize the special ATmega16 features.

1.1 ATmega16 ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

In this section, we describe the overall architecture of the Atmel AVR ATmega16. We begin with
an introduction to the concept of the reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and briefly describe
the Atmel Assembly Language Instruction Set. A brief introduction is warranted because we will
be programming mainly in C throughout the course of the book. We then provide a detailed
description of the ATmega16 hardware architecture.

1.1.1 Reduced Instruction Set Computer

In our first Morgan & Claypool (M&C) [1] textbook, we described a microcontroller as an
entire computer system contained within a single integrated circuit or chip. Microcontroller
operation is controlled by a user-written program interacting with the fixed hardware architecture
resident within the microcontroller. A specific microcontroller architecture can be categorized as
accumulator-based, register-based, stack-based, or a pipeline architecture.
The Atmel ATmega16 is a register-based architecture. In this type of architecture, both
operands of an operation are stored in registers collocated with the central processing unit (CPU).
This means that before an operation is performed, the computer loads all necessary data for the
operation to its CPU. The result of the operation is also stored in a register. During program
execution, the CPU interacts with the register set and minimizes slower memory accesses. Memory
accesses are typically handled as background operations.
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Coupled with the register-based architecture is an instruction set based on the RISC concept.
A RISC processor is equipped with a complement of very simple and efficient basic operations.
More complex instructions are built up from these very basic operations. This allows for efficient
program operation. The Atmel ATmega16 is equipped with 131 RISC-type instructions. Most
can be executed in a single clock cycle. The ATmega16 is also equipped with additional hardware
to allow for the multiplication operation in two clock cycles. In many other microcontroller
architectures, multiplication typically requires many more clock cycles. For additional information
on the RISC architecture, the interested reader is referred to Hennessy and Patterson [3].
The Atmel ATmega16 [2] is equipped with 32 general purpose 8-bit registers that are
tightly coupled to the processor’s arithmetic logic unit within the CPU. Also, the processor is
designed following the Harvard Architecture format. That is, it is equipped with separate, dedicated
memories and buses for program and data information. The register-based Harvard Architecture
coupled with the RISC-based instruction set allows for fast and efficient program execution and
allows the processor to complete an assembly language instruction every clock cycle. Atmel indicates
the ATmega16 can execute 16 million instructions per second when operating at a clock speed of
16 MHz.

1.1.2 Assembly Language Instruction Set

An instruction set is a group of instructions a machine ‘‘understands’’ to execute. A large number
of instructions provide flexibility but require more complex hardware. Thus, an instruction set is
unique for a given hardware and cannot be used with another hardware configuration. Atmel has
equipped the ATmega16 with 131 different instructions.
For the most efficient and fast execution of a given microcontroller, assembly language
should be used. Assembly language is written to efficiently interact with a specific microcontroller’s
resident hardware. To effectively use the assembly language, the programmer must be thoroughly
familiar with the low-level architecture details of the controller. Furthermore, the learning curve
for a given assembly language is quite steep and lessons learned do not always transfer to another
microcontroller.
We will program the Atmel ATmega16 using the C language throughout the text. The C
programming language allows for direct control of microcontroller hardware at the register level
while being portable to other microcontrollers in the AVR line. When a C program is compiled
during the software development process, the program is first converted to assembly language and
then to the machine code for the specific microcontroller.
We must emphasize that programming in C is not better than assembly language or vice
versa. Both approaches have their inherent advantages and disadvantages. We have chosen to use
C in this textbook for the reasons previously discussed.
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ATMEL AVR ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 3

1.1.3 ATmega16 Architecture Overview

We have chosen the ATmega16 as a representative of the Atmel AVR line of microcontrollers.
Lessons learned with the ATmega16 may be easily adapted to all other processors in the AVR line.
A block diagram of the Atmel ATmega16’s architecture is provided in Figure 1.1.
As can be seen from the figure, the ATmega16 has external connections for power supplies
(VCC, GND, AVCC, and AREF), an external time base (XTAL1 and XTAL2) input pins to
drive its clocks, processor reset (active low RESET), and four 8-bit ports (PA0-PA7, PC0-PC7,
PB0-PB7, and PD0-PD7), which are used to interact with the external world. As we shall soon
see, these ports may be used as general purpose digital input/output (I/O) ports or they may be used
for the alternate functions. The ports are interconnected with the ATmega16’s CPU and internal
subsystems via an internal bus. The ATmega16 also contains a timer subsystem, an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC), an interrupt subsystem, memory components, and a communication subsystem.
In the next several subsections, we briefly describe each of these internal subsystems shown
in the figure. Detailed descriptions of selected subsystem operation and programming are provided
later in this book. We cannot cover all features of the microcontroller because of limited space.
Instead, we focus on the primary functional components of the ATmega16 to fulfill the purpose of
this book as a basic primer to the ATmega16.

1.2 NONVOLATILE AND DATA MEMORIES

The ATmega16 is equipped with three main memory sections: flash electrically erasable pro-
grammable read-only memory (EEPROM), static random access memory (SRAM), and byte-
addressable EEPROM for data storage. We discuss each memory component in turn.

1.2.1 In-System Programmable Flash EEPROM

Bulk programmable flash EEPROM is used to store programs. It can be erased and programmed as
a single unit. Also, should a program require a large table of constants, it may be included as a global
variable within a program and programmed into flash EEPROM with the rest of the program. Flash
EEPROM is nonvolatile, meaning memory contents are retained when microcontroller power is
lost. The ATmega16 is equipped with 16K bytes of onboard reprogrammable flash memory. This
memory component is organized into 8K locations, with 16 bits at each location.
The flash EEPROM is in-system programmable. In-system programmability means the
microcontroller can be programmed while resident within a circuit. It does not have to be removed
from the circuit for programming. Instead, a host personal computer (PC) connected via a cable to
a microcontroller downloads the program to the microcontroller. Alternately, the microcontroller
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FIGURE 1.1: Atmel AVR ATmega16 block diagram. Figure used with permission of Atmel.
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ATMEL AVR ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 5
can be programmed outside its resident circuit using a flash programmer board. We will use this
technique throughout the book. Specifically, we will use the Atmel STK500 AVR Flash MCU
Starter Kit for programming the ATmega16. This inexpensive development board (less than $100)
is readily available from a number of suppliers.

1.2.2 Byte-Addressable EEPROM

Byte-addressable memory is used to permanently store and recall variables during program execution.
It too is nonvolatile. It is especially useful for logging system malfunctions and fault data during
program execution. It is also useful for storing data that must be retained during a power failure but
might need to be changed periodically. Examples where this type of memory is used are found in
applications to store system parameters, electronic lock combinations, and automatic garage door
electronic unlock sequences. The ATmega16 is equipped with 512 bytes of EEPROM.

1.2.3 Static Random Access Memory

SRAM is volatile. That is, if the microcontroller loses power, the contents of SRAM memory are
lost. It can be written to and read from during program execution. The ATmega16 is equipped
with 1000 bytes (actually 1120) of SRAM. A small portion (96 locations) of the SRAM is set aside
for the general-purpose registers used by the CPU and also for the I/O and peripheral subsystems
aboard the microcontroller. A complete ATmega16 register listing and accompanying header file
is provided in Appendices A and B, respectively. During program execution, RAM is used to store
global variables, support dynamic memory allocation of variables, and provide a location for the
stack (to be discussed later).

1.2.4 Programmable Lock Bits

To provide for memory security from tampering, the ATmega16 is equipped with six memory lock
bits. These lock bits are programmed using the Atmel STK500 programming board. The lock bits
may be configured for the following options:
• No memory lock features enabled.
• No further programming of memory is allowed using parallel or serial programming
techniques.
• No further programming or verification of memory is allowed using parallel or serial
programming techniques.
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6 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

1.3 PORT SYSTEM

The Atmel ATmega16 is equipped with four 8-bit general-purpose, digital I/O ports designated
PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, and PORTD. All of these ports also have alternate functions, which
will be described later. In this section, we concentrate on the basic digital I/O port features.
As shown in Figure 1.2, each port has three registers associated with it:

• Data Register (PORTx)---used to write output data to the port,

a)
Port x Data Register - PORTx

7 0
Port x Data Direction Register - DDRx

7 0
Port x Input Pins Address - PINx

7 0

b)

DDxn PORTxn I/O Comment

0 0 input Tri-state (Hi-Z)

0 1 input source current if externally pulled low

1 0 output Output Low (Sink)

1 1 output Output High (Source)

x: port designator (A, B, C, D)
n: pin designator (0 - 7)

FIGURE 1.2: ATmega16 port configuration registers: (a) port-associated registers and (b) port pin
configuration.
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ATMEL AVR ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 7
• Data Direction Register (DDRx)---used to set a specific port pin to either output (1) or
input (0), and
• Input Pin Address (PINx)---used to read input data from the port.

Figure 1.2(b) describes the settings required to configure a specific port pin to either input
or output. If selected for input, the pin may be selected for either an input pin or to operate in the
high-impedance (Hi-Z) mode. In Hi-Z mode, the input appears as high impedance to a particular
pin. If selected for output, the pin may be further configured for either logic low or logic high.
Port pins are usually configured at the beginning of a program for either input or output, and
their initial values are then set. Usually, all eight pins for a given port are configured simultaneously.
A code example is provided below to show how ports are configured. Note that because we are
using the C programming language with a compiler include file, the register contents are simply
referred to by name. Note that the data direction register (DDRx) is first used to set the pins as
either input or output, and then the data register (PORTx) is used to set the initial value of the
output port pins.

//***************************************************************
//initialize_ports: provides initial configuration for I/O ports
//***************************************************************

void initialize_ports(void)
{
DDRA=0xfc; //set PORTA[7:2] as output, PORTA[1:0]
//as input (1111_1100)
PORTA=0x03; //initialize PORTA[7:2] low, PORTA[1:0]
//current source
DDRB=0xa0; //PORTB[7:4] as output, set PORTB[3:0] as input
PORTB=0x00; //disable PORTB pull-up resistors

DDRC=0xff; //set PORTC as output

PORTC=0x00; //initialize low
DDRD=0xff; //set PORTD as output
PORTD=0x00; //initialize low
}
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8 ATMEL AVR MICROCONTROLLER PRIMER: PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING
To read the value from a port pin configured as input, the following code could be used.
Note the variable used to read the value from the input pins is declared as an unsigned char because
both the port and this variable type are 8 bits wide.

unsigned char new_PORTB; //new values of PORTB

:
:
:

new_PORTB = PINB; //read PORTB

1.4 PERIPHERAL FEATURES---INTERNAL SUBSYSTEMS

In this section, we provide a brief overview of the peripheral features of the ATmega16. It should
be emphasized that these features are the internal subsystems contained within the confines of
the microcontroller chip. These built-in features allow complex and sophisticated tasks to be
accomplished by the microcontroller.

1.4.1 Time Base

The microcontroller is a complex synchronous state machine. It responds to program steps in a
sequential manner as dictated by a user-written program. The microcontroller sequences through a
predictable fetch--decode--execute sequence. Each unique assembly language program instruction
issues a series of signals to control the microcontroller hardware to accomplish instruction related
operations.
The speed at which a microcontroller sequences through these actions is controlled by a
precise time base called the clock. The clock source is routed throughout the microcontroller to
provide a time base for all peripheral subsystems. The ATmega16 may be clocked internally, using
a user-selectable resistor capacitor (RC) time base, or externally. The RC internal time base is
selected using programmable fuse bits. We will discuss how to do this in the application section of
this chapter. You may choose an internal fixed clock operating frequency of 1, 2, 4, or 8 MHz.
To provide for a wider range of frequency selections, an external time source may be used.
The external time sources, in order of increasing accuracy and stability, are an external RC network,
a ceramic resonator, or a crystal oscillator. The system designer chooses the time base frequency
and clock source device appropriate for the application at hand.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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schools = vrije scholen (meestal van kerkelijke richting) waarvan de
kosten gedeeltelijk door vrijwillige bijdragen (= Voluntary
contributions) gevonden worden.

Volunteer, vol’ntîə, subst. vrijwilliger, volontair; adj. vrijwillig dienst

nemend, uit vrijwilligers bestaande, in ’t wild groeiend; Volunteer
verb. vrijwillig geven of aanbieden, als vrijwilliger dienen: The
Volunteers = een vrijwilligerscorps opgericht in 1859 (Zie
Territorials); He did not volunteer an explanation = gaf niet ten
beste, opperde geen; Shall we volunteer? = zullen wij vrijwillig
gaan, ons aanbieden?

Voluptuary, vəlɐptjuəri, subst. wellusteling; adj. wellustig, zinnelijk

= Voluptuous, vəlɐptjuəs; subst. Voluptuousness.

Voluta, vəl(j)ûtə, rolslak; Volute, vəl(j)ût, subst. spiraalvormige

krul in Grieksche kapiteelen; rolslak; Volutad = met een
spiraalvormige krul, spiraalvormig.

Volvulus, volvjulɐs, darmjicht, darmkronkel.

Vomic, vomik: Vomic-nut = braaknoot.

Vomit, vomit, subst. braaksel, braakmiddel; Vomit verb. braken,

uitbraken: A mass of scoriae was vomited forth from the bowels of
the earth = werd uitgebraakt; Vomitive = braak - - -; Vomitory =
braak(middel).

Voracious, vəreišəs, gulzig, roofgierig; subst. Voraciousness,

Voracity, vərasiti, gulzigheid; vraatzucht, roofgierigheid; Vorant,
vôr’nt, verslindend (Herald.).

Vortex, vöteks, (Meerv. Vortexes, Vortices, vötisîz), dwarrelwind,

draaikolk; Vortex-wheel = turbine; Vortical = dwarrelend,
draaiend = Vortiginous, vötidžinɐs.
Vosges, vouž, Vogezen.

Votaress, voutərəs, ordezuster, vereerster, aanhangster; Votary,

voutəri, subst. ordebroeder, aanbidder, vereerder, aanhanger; adj.
gewijd, eene gelofte afgelegd hebbende.

Vote, vout, subst. stem, stemrecht, stemming, votum, stembriefje

(kogeltje); Vote verb. stemmen, voteeren, kiezen, verklaren: One
man one vote = ieder man een stem; The chairman has a casting
vote = beslissende stem; The remaining votes of the army
estimates were considered and agreed to = de nog overblijvende
artikelen van de oorlogsbegrooting; The ministry had a close escape,
and carried the motion by fourteen votes = kreeg de motie met
een meerderheid van veertien stemmen aangenomen; He was
within a vote of losing his situation = met één stem meerderheid
behield hij zijne betrekking; The motion came to the vote = werd
in stemming gebracht; The votes cast, given = de uitgebrachte
stemmen = The votes polled; To put to the vote = in stemming
brengen; To take a vote on a question = laten stemmen over;
Vote of confidence = votum van vertrouwen; Want-of-
confidence vote = votum van wantrouwen; A motion of thanks
was voted to the chairman = den president werd de dank der
vergadering gebracht; He spoke for the government and voted
against it = en stemde er tegen; He voted himself into the
chair = benoemde zichzelf tot voorzitter; Voter = kiezer,
stemgerechtigde; Voting: Voting by ballot = ballotage; Voting-
paper = stembiljet: To fill up a voting-paper, To mark a voting-
paper = invullen, merken.

Votive, voutiv: Votive medal = herinneringsmedaille; Votive

offering = dankoffer; Votive tablet = gedenksteen.

Vouch, vautš, subst. verzekering, getuigenis; Vouch verb.

waarborgen, instaan voor, betuigen, verzekeren, getuigenis
afleggen: Will you vouch for the truth of it? = staat gij voor de
waarheid in? Vouchee, vautšî, iemand, die als borg of zegsman
wordt opgeroepen; Voucher = getuige, bon(netje), toegangskaart,
borg, getuigenis, declaratie (voor uitgegeven en onvergolden
gelden): My voucher has left the audit-office = mijne declaratie
is al bij de Rekenkamer geweest; A voucher for a drink = bon;
Vouchor, vautšə, vautšö, die een ander daagt (als Vouchoree);
Vouchsafe, vautšseif, toestaan, waarborgen, de goedheid hebben,
zich verwaardigen: He did not vouchor any reply = verwaardigde
zich niet te antwoorden.

Vow, vau, subst. gelofte, eed; Vow verb. beloven, eene gelofte
doen, bezweren, plechtig betuigen, wijden: To make a vow = een
gelofte doen; She has received (taken) the vows = heeft de
kloostergeloften afgelegd.

Vowel, vauəl, subst. klinker; adj. vocaal.

Voyage, vôi-idž, subst. verre (zee)reis; Voyage verb. reizen,

bereizen, bevaren: Our voyage in, Our homeward voyage =
onze terugreis; I met him on my voyage = op reis; On our
voyage out = On our outward voyage = heen-, uitreis; He
went on a voyage = op reis; Voyager = (zee)reiziger;
Voyageur, Fr. uitspr., Canadeesch schuitevoerder.

Vulcan, vɐlk’n, Vulcanus; Vulcanian, vɐlkeinj’n, Vulcanic,

vɐlkanik, vulkanisch; Vulcanite = eboniet; Vulcanization =
vulkanisatie; Vulcanize = vulkaniseeren.

Vulgar, vɐlgə, adj. gewoon, gemeen, ordinair, grof, lomp, laag,

volks …: The vulgar = het gewone volk, groote hoop, het gemeen;
Vulgar fraction = gewone breuk; Vulgar speech (talk, tongue)
= volkstaal; Vulgarian, vɐlgêriən, proleet; Vulgarism = platheid,
platte uitdrukking; Vulgarity, vɐlgariti, laagheid, platheid, grofheid;
Vulgarization, subst. [628]v. Vulgarize = plat of laag maken,
vulgariseeren.

Vulgate, vɐlgit, vulgata of Latijnsche bijbelvertaling van den H.

Jeronymus (329–420).

Vulnerability, vɐlnərəbiliti, subst. v. Vulnerable, vɐlnərəb’l,

kwetsbaar, wondbaar; subst. Vulnerableness; Vulnerary,
vɐlnərəri, subst. heel- of wondmiddel; adj. heelend: Vulnerary
balsam (herb, plant).

Vulpecide, Vulpicide, vɐlpisaid, iemand, die een vos doodt;

wederrechtelijk dooden van een vos; Vulpine, vɐlp(a)in, vosachtig,
listig, slim; Vulpinism, vɐlpinizm, sluw- of slimheid.

Vulture, vɐltjə, gier: Bearded vulture = lammergier; Vulturine,

vɐltjur(a)in, gierachtig, roofgierig = Vulturish = Vulturous.

Vying, vai-iŋ, mededingend.

Vyrnwy, vîənwi: Vyrnwy Lake.

 W.

W, dɐb’ljû; W. = Wednesday, Weak, Welsh, Western (postal district,

London), Winterline (Plimsoll-merk op schepen); Wallach(ian),
Walt(er); W(ater) C(loset); W(estern) C(entral postal district);
Wed(nesday); Wel(sh); Whf. = Wharf; W(est) I(ndies); W(est)
I(ndian); Wisc(onsin); Wk. = Week; W. N. A. = Winter line North
Atlantic (Plimsoll-merk); W(est) Long(itude); Wm. = William;
W(orshipful) M(aster) = achtbare meester; W(est) N(orth) W(est);
Wp. = Worship; Wpful = Worshipful; W(riter to the) S(ignet);
W(est) S(outh) W(est); W(ashington) T(erritory); Wt. = Weight.

Wabash, wôbaš.

Wabble, wob’l, subst. schommeling; Wabble verb. schommelen,

waggelen, weifelen; Wabbler; Wabbly = schommelend,
waggelend.

Wad, wod, subst. bundel, bos, vulsel, prop watten, enz.,

geweerprop, pak banknoten, geld; Wad verb. tot eene prop maken,
een prop zetten op, opvullen, watteeren: A wadded box = een
gewatteerd doosje, bekleede kist; Wad-hook = krasser (om
proppen uit een geweer te halen); Wadding = opvulsel, watten,
prop: The paper had served as wad for the gun.

Waddington, wodiŋt’n.
Waddle, wod’l, subst. waggelende, schommelende gang; Waddle
verb. waggelen; Waddler.

Waddy, wadi, wodi, knots, stok; Waddy verb. met een knots
doodslaan.

Wade, weid, waden, doorwaden, met moeite gaan door: We were

wading up to our knees through the mud = waadden tot onze
knieën door den modder; Wader = die waadt, hooge waterlaars,
steltlooper = Wading-bird.

Wadi, wodi, rivierbedding, die in den zomer droog is.

Wadsetter, wodsetə, de crediteur, die bezittingen in Wadset (= in

pand) heeft, en de inkomsten in afbetaling der schuld geniet
(Schotl.).

Wae, wei, wee (Schotl.). Zie Woe.

Wafer, weifə, subst. ouwel, wafel, oblaat; Wafer verb. ouwelen,

dichtplakken: Beetle wafer = papier of ouwel om torren te
dooden; Holy (Sacramental) wafer = hostie; Wafer-cake =
knijpkoekje, ijzerkoekje.

Waffle, wof’l, wafel; Waffle-iron = wafelijzer.

Waft, wâft, subst. wenk, sein, ademtocht sjouw (scheepst.); Waft

verb. voeren of dragen, overbrengen, drijven, seinen: To hoist the
flag with a waft = de vlag in sjouw hijschen; Waftage, wâftidž,
vervoer, overbrenging; Wafture = wenken, ademtocht.

Wag, wag, subst. het heen en weer schudden; Wag verb.

schudden, schommelen, wiebelen, er van door gaan, spijbelen,
kwispelstaarten: He played the wag from school = spijbelde; To
wag the finger = den vinger (dreigend) opsteken; There was
much wagging of heads at his insolence = men schudde
algemeen het hoofd over; The dog wagged its tail =
kwispelstaartte; That will set the tongues wagging = daar zal wat
over gepraat worden; Thus the world wags = zoo is ’s werelds
beloop; The boy wagged from school = spijbelde; Thus I wag
through the world = scharrel ik door den tijd; ’t Is merry in
hall, when beards wag all = onder mannen alleen, gaat het lustig
toe; Wagtail = kwikstaartje; lichtekooi.

Wag, wag, grappenmaker, spotvogel, snaak; Waggery = snakerij,

ondeugende aardigheid: He is full of waggery = hij zit vol looze
streken; Waggish = grappig, ondeugend, schalksch; subst.
Waggishness.

Wage, weidž, subst. (meestal Wages) = loon, huur, soldij;

vacatiegelden (Amer.); Wage verb. wagen, wedden, ondernemen,
kneden, gelijk staan met: The advance of wage = verhooging;
Living wage = het loon dat een menschwaardig bestaan verzekert;
The wages of sin is death = de bezoldiging der zonde is de dood
(Rom. 6, 23 ); Wage-earners; Wage-fund = loonfonds; Wage-
rate = loon(standaard); Wage-work = loonarbeid; He waged
war on mankind = voerde strijd tegen.

Wager, weidžə, subst. weddingschap; aanbod van een beklaagde

om op een bepaalden dag onder eede te zullen verklaren dat hij een
bedrag niet schuldig was en elf getuigen mee zal brengen ter
bevestiging; Wager verb. wedden, verwedden: I will lay you a
wager = wed met u; What is your wager? = hoe hoog hebt gij
gewed; Name [629]your wager = waar wed je om? Wager of
battle = beslissing door een tweegevecht; I wager you are
wrong.

Waggle, wag’l, subst. waggelende gang; Waggle verb. waggelen,

heen en weer bewegen, wippen: To waggle one’s tail = wippen
met den staart (v. vogels).

Wag(g)on, wag’n, vracht- of goederenwagen: Dinner waggle =

dienbak op rollen; He is on the waterwaggle now = afschaffer;
Waggle-master = wagenmeester; Waggle-shed = remise;
Waggle-vault = tongewelf; Waggleage, waidž, vracht(loon),
wagenpark; Waggleer = vrachtrijder; Waggleette, wagənet,
wagentje, soort brik; Waggleing = vervoer per wagon.

Wahabee, Wahabi, wəhâbî, aanhanger eener Mahomedaansche

secte; Wahabeeism = beginselen der Wahabees.

Waif, weif, onbeheerd goed, strandgoed, weggeloopen vee, door de

dieven bij de vervolging weggeworpen goederen, zwerver,
vagebond, sjouw (noodvlag): Waifs and strays of society =
verlaten kinderen, zwervers.

Wail, weil, subst. weeklacht; Wail verb. weeklagen, beweenen.

Wain, wein, wagen, vrachtwagen: Arthur’s of Charles’s Wain =

Groote Beer; Lesser Wain = Kleine Beer.

Wainscot, weinskot, subst. wagenschot; lambriseering; Wainscot

verb. met hout beschieten of bekleeden.

Waist, weist, middel (v. het lichaam), keursje, kuil (Scheepst.): He

tightened his coat to give himself a waist; Waistband =
broeksband, roksband; Waist-belt = gordel, koppel; Waistcloth =
(Ind.) lendendoek; schans- of dekkleed; Waistcoat, weskət,
weistkout, vest, wambuis: Strait Waistcoat = dwangbuis;
Waister = kuilgast.

Wait, weit, subst. wachttijd, hinderlaag, oponthoud, pauze (Waits

= muzikanten, die met Kerstmis en Nieuwjaar serenades plachtten
te brengen bij notabelen); Wait verb. wachten, afwachten, wachten
op; bedienen, vergezellen: To lay wait = een hinderlaag leggen; To
lie in wait = op de loer liggen; He may wait a little longer =
dan kan hij lang wachten; Dinner waits = het eten is klaar; The
paper may wait till to-morrow = kan wachten tot, blijven liggen;
Something that will not wait = iets dat niet kan wachten; To
wait dinner for a person = met het eten wachten op; I will wait
your return = wachten op; Am I to wait you there? = moet ik
daar wachten, tot gij komt? You have kept me waiting = mij laten
wachten; To wait at table = bedienen; I have been waiting for
you (for) ever so long = heb ik weet niet hoe lang op u gewacht;
Who waits on you? = past u op, bedient u; We herewith wait on
you with the abstract of your account = hierbij hebben we de eer, u
te zenden; He waited (up)on the mayor = maakte zijne
opwachting bij; We wait on you, o Lord! = wij wachten op u, o
Heer; Who is going to wait up for me = wie zal opblijven tot ik
thuis kom; Waiter = kellner, bediende, stommeknecht,
presenteerblad; Waiting: To play a waiting game = de kat uit
den boom kijken; The boats are in waiting on the little pier =
liggen klaar aan; The cabs in waiting = de klaar staande; Ladies
in waiting = (gehuwde) hofdames; Lords in waiting =
kamerheeren; Waiting-gentleman = kamerheer, kamerdienaar;
Waiting-maid, Waiting-woman = kamenier; Waiting-room =
wachtkamer; Waitress = kellnerin.

Waive, weiv, verlaten, afzien van: I waive my claims = zie af van

mijne rechten; Waiver.

Wake, weik, subst. waken of wakker zijn, wijdingsfeest van eene

kerk, feest, waken bij een lijk; zog, kielwater, spoor; Wake verb.
wakker zijn, wakker worden, wekken, opzitten, opblijven, opwekken,
opvlammen: We followed in the wake of the steamer = in het
kielwater; They followed in your wake = zij kwamen onmiddellijk
achter u aan; He left a wake of victory behind him = behaalde
overwinningen waar hij ook kwam; A laugh woke about the
corners of his mouth = een lachende trek kwam om zijn mond;
Wake-robin = gevlekte aronskelk; Wakeful = wakend,
waakzaam; subst. Wakefulness; Waken = wekken, oproepen,
aansporen: Wakener = wekker, prikkel; Waker = wekker, waker;
Waking: Waking-hours = de uren dat men niet slaapt.

Wakley, wakli; Walcott, wolkət; Waldenses, woldensîz,

Waldensers; adj. Waldensian.

Wale, weil, zelfkant; berghout (scheepst.). Zie Weal = striem.

Wales, weilz; Walhalla, walhalə, wolhalə.

Walk, wôk, subst. wandeling, gang, pas, wandelplaats, laan, weg,

baan, kring, tak, branche; Walk verb. gaan, loopen, wandelen,
betreden, slaapwandelen, spoken, doen wandelen of loopen: A
milkman’s walk = ronde, klanten; Humble walk of life =
nederige stand, beroep; In all walks of life = levenssferen; In
this walk he is without a competitor = in deze afdeeling (vak); To
go for (To take) a walk = uit wandelen gaan; Carriages have to
walk here = moeten stapvoets rijden; Does your friend walk? =
is uw vriend een slaapwandelaar (= Does he walk in his sleep?);
To walk the chalk = langs een krijtlijntje loopen om te toonen, dat
men niet dronken is; To walk the hospitals (wards) = kliniek
loopen; Will you walk the little three-year-old? = den kleine van
drie jaar bij het handje nemen; To walk a minuet = een menuet
dansen; The pirates made their victims walk the plank = spoelden
.… de voeten (fig.); He had to walk the plank = ontslag nemen;
The watchman had just walked his round = de ronde gedaan;
They walked the streets = liepen ’s avonds langs de straten,
leidden een zedeloos leven; They walked into the eatables =
spraken geducht aan; To walk off = (hoofdpijn) door wandelen
verdrijven; To walk one’s legs off = zich te schande loopen; He
walked over us = deed ons zijne macht gevoelen; To walk over
(the course) = geen partij hebben, een gemakkelijke overwinning
(= A walk-over) hebben; The Tories were allowed to walk over =
de conservatieven wonnen den zetel (terwijl de liberalen geen
candidaat stelden); Somebody [630]is walking over my grave =
er loopt een hondje over mijn graf; He walked up to me = kwam
naar mij toe; Walker, subst. wandelaar, lanterfanter: Hookey
walker = Loop! “Mot je mijn hebben?” Walking: Walking-
gentleman = figurant; Walking-lady = figurante; At a walking-
pace; Walking-stick = wandelstok; Walking-ticket =
ontslag(briefje) (= Walking-papers, Amer.); Walkist = wandelaar
van beroep.

Wall, wôl, muur, wand, wal, verdediging; Wall verb. ommuren,

versterken, als een muur oprijzen (up): To drive (push, thrust) to
the wall = in ’t nauw drijven, verpletteren; Give him the wall =
laat hem aan den hoogen kant loopen (tusschen den muur en u
zelf); To go to the wall = het onderspit delven, geruïneerd zijn;
What with her painting, what with her music the household affairs
went a little to the wall = leed de huishouding er eenigszins
onder; His health went to the wall = nam af; He was weak and
went to the wall = en bezweek, stierf; Every one went to the
wall to make room for him = ging op zij; To have one’s back to
the wall = vastberaden weerstand bieden; I have taken the wall
of him = ik heb het van hem gewonnen; The enemies were
within the walls = binnen de muren der vesting; He is a fool and
ever shall (be), that writes his name upon a wall = gekken en
dwazen schrijven hun namen op deuren en glazen; Walls (may)
have ears = de muren hebben ook ooren; The opening was
walled up = werd dichtgemetseld; Wall-creeper = muurkruiper
(soort v. specht); Wall-eye = glasoog (ziekte bij paarden); adj.
wall-eyed: Because you are wall-eyed you think we have the
same blank outlook = omdat gij blind zijt denkt gij dat dit met ons
ook het geval moet zijn; Wall-flower = muurbloem (ook fig.);
Wall-fruit = vrucht(en) van leiboomen = Wall-fruit trees; Wall-
moss = soort v. korstmos; Wallpaper = behangsel; Wall-pepper
= muurpeper; Wall-piece = soort v. haakbus; Wall-plate =
onderlaag voor balken op een muur; Wall-sided = met
rechtopstaande zijden boven de waterlijn; Wall-spring = rotsbron;
Wall-Street = straat waar de effectenbeurs staat (N.-York): He lost
his money on Wall-Street = met speculeeren; Wall-tree =
leiboom; Wallwort = lage vlier.

Wallaby, woləbi, soort kangeroe.

Wallace, wolis; Wallachia, woleikjə, Wallachije; Wallachian,

subst. en adj. (bewoner) van Wallachije: Wallachian sheep.

Wallah, wola, koopman, bediende: Competition wallah =

iemand, die na een vergelijkend examen bij de Indian Civil Service is
gekomen.

Wallet, wolət, knapzak, geldbuidel, portefeuille, leeren taschje.

Wallis, wolis.

Walloon, wolûn, subst. Waal, Waalsche taal; adj. Waalsch.

Wallop, woləp, koken, borrelen, opborrelen, duchtig ranselen: This

is only a tickling to the walloping you’ll get to-morrow = nog
maar kietelen bij het pak slaag dat je morgen krijgt; Walloping =
reusachtig.

Wallow, wolou, subst. plas; Wallow verb. wentelen, plassen,

rollen, woelen: The wallow of the sea = het rollen; To wallow in
pleasure = zwelgen in genot.

Walmer, wômə; Walmsley, wômzli.

Walnut, wôlnɐt, wolnɐt, walnoot.

Walpole, wolpoul.

Walrus, wolrɐs, walrus.

Walsh, wolš; Walsingham, wolsiŋ’m; Walter, wôltə; Waltham,

wolth’m; Walton, wôlt’n.

Walt(y), wolt(i), rank (v. schepen).

Waltz, wôlts, subst. wals(muziek); Waltz verb. walsen; Waltzer.

Walworth, wolwəth.

Wamble, womb’l, misselijk zijn: My stomach wambles = het

breekt me op.

Wampee, wompî, wampiboom (China).

Wampum, womp’m, schelpkoralen, schelpgordel door de

Roodhuiden als geld of versiering gebruikt.

Wan, won, adj. bleek, ziekelijk, flets; subst. Wanness.

Wand, wond, roede, tooverstaf, staf: Charming (Magic) wand;

Wanded basket = teenen mand; Wandlike.

Wander, wondə, zwerven, ronddolen, malen of ijlen, afdwalen (van

het onderwerp), op een dwaalspoor brengen: Your wits are
wandering = ge hebt er een paar op den loop; You are
wandering from the subject = dwaalt van uw onderwerp af; He
wandered in his mind = ijlde; Wanderer = zwerver;
Wandering, subst. afdwaling, rondzwerving, ijlen of malen; adj.
zwervend, onvast: They lead a wandering life = een zwervend
leven; The Wandering Jew = de Wandelende Jood; Wandering
kidney = wandelnier; Wandering tribe = nomadenstam.

Wanderoo, wondərû, een gebaarde zwarte aap.

Wandsworth, wonzwəth.

Wane, wein, subst. afneming, vermindering, verval; Wane verb.

afnemen, verminderen: On the wane = aan het afnemen, aan het
afsterven; Waning strength = verminderende krachten.

Wanghee, waŋhî, bamboes (wandelstok).

Wanley, wonli.

Want, wont, subst. gebrek, behoefte, gemis, armoede, nood; Want

verb. ontberen, missen, ontbreken, noodig hebben, wenschen,
verlangen: Want-of-confidence-vote = motie van wantrouwen; I
do it for (through) want of better employment = uit gebrek aan;
They are in want of everything = lijden aan alles gebrek; He is
greatly in want (is in great want) of = heeft hoog noodig; He
died of want = kwam van gebrek om; She felt the want of it =
gemis er van; To supply a much needed want = in eene lang
gevoelde behoefte voorzien; First supply the wants of the poor,
and then give way to luxury = voorzie eerst in de behoeften der
armen; Want one = op één na; What do you want? = wat moet
je? I want mamma = ik zoek naar ma’tje; I want you to go
there = ik wensch dat gij daarheen gaat; You are wanted = men
[631]zoekt je; The piano wants tuning = moet gestemd worden; I
want for nothing that money can procure = ik heb alles wat voor
geld is te krijgen; It wants ten minutes to (of) five = het is 5
min. vóór vijf; Want to know! = Och, kom! (Amer.); Volunteers
were not wanting = er was geen gebrek aan; Three more are
wanting = er mankeeren nog drie; Nothing is wanting to my
happiness = er ontbreekt niets aan mijn geluk; I shall not be
wanting to send you word = zal u zeer zeker zenden; He was
never found wanting = mankeerde nooit, liet iemand nooit in den
steek.

Wanton, wont’n, subst. lichtmis, boeleerder, boeleerster, malloot;

adj. losbandig, wulpsch, dartel, speelsch, brooddronken, lichtzinnig,
moedwillig, fladderend; Wanton verb. dartelen, stoeien, mallen: In
wanton sport = in overmoed; subst. Wantonness.

Wapentake, wop’nteik, wap’nteik, weip’nteik, district (in

Yorkshire).

Wapiti, wapiti, wopiti, N.-Am. hert of eland.

Wapping, wopiŋ.

War, wö, subst. oorlog, strijd, vijandschap, vijandelijkheid; War

verb. beoorlogen, strijdvoeren: A war was carried on between
these powers = er werd oorlog gevoerd tusschen; To declare war
against = den oorlog verklaren aan; We are engaged in a war =
in een oorlog gewikkeld; To make war on = oorlog voeren tegen;
To be at war = in oorlog zijn; He was at war with his own hands
and feet = wist geen weg met; The spirit is at war with the flesh =
voert strijd tegen; To go to war with = oorlog aangaan met; It
was war to the knife (to the death) between them = het was
een strijd op leven en dood; Holy war = heilige oorlog, kruistocht;
War of independence; A council of war (war-council) was
held = krijgsraad werd gehouden; Several men-of-war =
onderscheidene oorlogschepen; Many prisoners of war were made
= krijgsgevangenen; Warring against his better self = strijd
voerende tegen zijn beter ik; War-chest = krijgskas; War-council
= krijgsraad; War-cry = oorlogskreet, oorlogsleuze; War-dance =
oorlogsdans; War Department = Ministerie van Oorlog (Amer.);
War-drum = krijgstrom; Warfare, subst. strijd, (wijze van) oorlog
(voeren), vijandelijkheden; Warfare verb. oorlog voeren, kampen,
strijden; Warfarer = krijgsman; War-horse = strijdros; War-
insurance = assurantie tegen krijgsgevaar; War Office =
Ministerie van Oorlog; War-paint = oorlogsverf (Indianen); gala,
groot tenue; War-path = oorlogspad: We are on the war-path =
op expeditie; War-ship = oorlogsschip; War-song = krijgslied;
War-steed = krijgsros, strijdhengst; War-torch = oorlogstoorts;
War-wasted = verwoest; War-whoop = oorlogskreet,
krijgsgeschreeuw; War-worn = in den dienst versleten; Warlike =
krijgshaftig, strijdbaar, oorlogs …: Warlike paraphernalia
(parəfəneiljə) = oorlogstoebereidselen.

Warble, wöb’l, subst. gekweel, lied; gezwel op den rug van een
paard; Warble verb. kweelen, zingen, trillers slaan; Warbler =
kweeler, zangvogel.

Ward, wöd, subst. bewaking, wacht, verdediging, bescherming,

afweer, het pareeren, hechtenis, kerker, voogdijschap,
minderjarigheid, pupil, wijk, stedelijk (kies)district, afdeeling of zaal
in een hospitaal, werk (van een slot), buitenplein; Ward verb.
bewaken, verdedigen, beschermen, terugdrijven, afweren: To be
held in ward = in verzekerde bewaring gehouden; To keep watch
and ward = streng de wacht houden; To put in ward = gevangen
zetten; The thrust was warded off by me = gepareerd; Ward-
mote = vergadering van het bestuur v. een ward; Ward-penny =
bewakingsgeld, waakgeld; Wardrobe = kleerkast, garderobe:
Wardrobe keeper = Wardrober = bediende bij de wardrobe;
Ward-room = officierskajuit aan boord van een oorlogsschip;
Wardship = voogdijschap, minderjarigheid; Warden = bewaker,
bewaarder, custos, rector van sommige colleges; vrederechter
(Amer.); soort peer: Lord Warden of the Cinqueports =
ambtenaar oorspronkelijk belast met de (kust)verdediging der
Cinque-ports; thans bezoldigd eereambt, onvereenigbaar met het
lidmaatschap van het Parlement; Warden-pie = perenpastei;
Wardenship = bewaarderschap; Warder = bewaker, wacht;
commandostaf: Wardens of the Tower = ambtenaren ter
bewaking v. staatsgevangenen in den Tower.

Ware, wêə, waren, goederen; soort zeewier; Ware = Aware,

Beware: Ware oars! = pas op de riemen! (bij het passeeren van
een andere boot); Ware wire, Sir! = pas op het prikkeldraad
(jachtterm); China ware = porselein; Earthenware = aardewerk;
Hardware = ijzerwaren; Warehouse = pakhuis, magazijn,
entrepôt = Bonded warehouse; Warehouse-keeper =
Warehouse-man = pakhuishouder, pakhuismeester; Warehouse-
warrant = cedel; Warehousing = het opslaan van goederen in
pakhuis of entrepôt; Ware-housing-system = het entrepôt-
stelsel; Ware-room = pakkamer, uitstalkamer.

Warham, wor’m.

Wariness, wêrinəs, subst. v. Wary.

Warlock, wölok, toovenaar, geestenbezweerder; Warlockry =

toovenarij.

Warm, wöm, adj. warm, heet, vurig, ijverig, enthusiast,

hartstochtelijk, intiem, versch, hartelijk, gegoed, rijk; ook subst.;
Warm verb. verwarmen, afranselen, warm worden, zich opwinden:
Warm contest = heete strijd; Warm colour; To give one’s
hands a warm = z’n handen warmen; Have a warm = warm je
eens goed; He is warm = zit er warmpjes in; You are getting
warm = je brandt je (bij het blindemanspel); This place is too
warm for me = ik ben hier niet op mijn gemak; They made the
town warm for him = hij kreeg het te benauwd; To sit pretty
warm = er warm inzitten; He warmed to his subject = zijn
onderwerp sleepte hem mede; Warmed up remains of the evening
meal; Warm-blooded = warmbloedig; Warm-hearted = hartelijk,
oprecht; Warmer = [632]wie of wat verwarmt; Warming, subst.
pak slaag; adj. verwarmend: Warming-pan = beddepan, iemand
die eene betrekking vervult om deze open te houden tot de
bedoelde persoon ze vervullen kan; groot ouderwetsch horloge;
Warmth = warmte, vuur, gloed, hartelijkheid.

Warn, wön, waarschuwen, aanzeggen, oproepen: I warn you

against such a behaviour = waarschuw u voor; He warned us of
the coming of the general = kondigde aan; They were warned off
the hunt, being unfit to ride = nun werd aangezegd, niet mee te
gaan op jacht; The infirm and aged are warned off = worden hier
niet toegelaten (worden gewaarschuwd weg te blijven); Warner;
Warning = waarschuwing, aankondiging, dienstopzegging: My
mistress has given me warning = heeft mij den dienst opgezegd;
I gave you proper warning of it = heb u behoorlijk er voor
gewaarschuwd; Take warning of his example = spiegel u aan;
Warning notice-boards = waarschuwingsborden.

Warp, wöp, subst. schering (Warp and woof), kromming,

boegseerlijn, werptros; slib; Warp verb. kromtrekken, krimpen,
verdraaien, een verkeerde richting geven, scheren, kunstmatig
besproeien of inundeeren, boegseeren, verhalen, bevloeien;
Warped = krom, verdraaid, vertrokken: A warped, unframed
photo stood on his desk = een kromgetrokken; His conclusions are
occasionally warped by sympathy = zijne voorliefde maakt dat
zijne conclusies wel eens wat verdraaid zijn; Warper = werkman,
die de schering aanzet; Warping: Warping-bank = dam om het
water op een stuk land te houden; Warping-machine, Warping-
mill = handmolen tot het maken der schering.
Warrant, worn’t, subst. volmacht, machtiging, proces-verbaal,
bevel tot inhechtenisneming, borgstelling, garantie, cedel,
aanstelling door den korpskommandant; Warrant verb.
waarborgen, garandeeren, machtigen, toestaan, bekrachtigen,
verzekeren, instaan voor, betuigen, verdedigen: Warrant to
appear = dagvaarding; The death-warrant was signed by the
king = doodvonnis; A search-warrant = bevel tot huiszoeking,
opsporing, enz.; Warrant of apprehension, arrest = bevel tot
aanhouding of arrestatie; Warrant of attorney = procuratie of
notarieele volmacht; Warrant of caption = steekbrief; Warrant
of distress = bevel tot beslaglegging; Warrants were issued =
bevelschriften werden uitgevaardigd; Without a warrant =
ongemotiveerd; Warrant officer = officier met rang tusschen
luitenant en sergeant, dek-officier (te vergelijken met onze onder-
luitenants en adjudant-onderofficieren) bij warrant aangesteld; I
warrant you that he is a clever fellow = verzeker u, sta er voor in;
I warrant it good = sta er voor in, dat het goed is; Warrantable
= verdedigbaar, wettig (= Warrant by law), oud genoeg voor de
jacht er op (v. herten); Warrantee, wor’ntî, die gewaarborgd
wordt; Warranter = volmachtgever, waarborger = Warrantor,
wor’ntə, wor’ntö; Warranty, subst. belofte, waarborg.

Warren, wor’n, konijnenpark, fazantenpark, vischweer, krot;

Warrener = opzichter.

Warrior, worjə, krijgsman.

Warsaw, wösô.

Wart, wöt, wrat: Wart-hog = soort van Amer. wild zwijn; Wart-
wort = kroontjeskruid; Wartless = zonder wratten; Warty = vol
wratten, wratachtig.

Warwick, worik; Warwickshire, worikšə.

Wary, wêri, omzichtig, behoedzaam.

Was, woz, imperf. (enkelv.) van to be.

Wase, weiz, weis, kussen door sjouwers op het hoofd gedragen.

Wash, woš, subst. wassching, de wasch, slappe thee, spoeling,

kabbeling, golfslag, kielwater, aanslibbing, moeras, watertje voor de
toilettafel, dunne metaallaag, vernisje, dun verflaagje, schijnkoop;
Wash verb. wasschen, afwasschen, afspoelen, bespoelen,
uitwisschen, met eene dunne verflaag bedekken, met een
metaallaagje bedekken, reinigen (van erts): The wash and turmoil
of the water = het klotsen en de beroering; I’ll do the wash = ga
de wasch aan kant maken; To give one’s face a wash = zich het
gezicht wasschen; We must have a wash = ons eens wasschen; I
have sent them to the wash = heb ze in de wasch gedaan; This
soap won’t wash clothes = met deze zeep kunnen geen kleeren
gewasschen worden; It don’t wash = kan niet gewasschen; That
won’t wash = dat gaat niet (op); To wash dishes = borden
wasschen; To wash one’s hands of = zijne handen in onschuld
wasschen; zijne handen aftrekken van; All their sins were washed
away = zij werden van al hunne zonden gereinigd; Those spots
cannot be washed out = gaan er in de wasch niet uit; A washed
out creature = bleek; To wash out an affront; She washed up the
tea-things = waschte af; Copper washed with silver = verzilverd
koper; Wash-ball = zeepbal; Wash-board = waschplank,
zetboord (op boot of sloep); Wash-gilding = nat vergulden;
Wash-hand-basin = waschkom; Wash-hand-stand (Wash-
stand) = waschtafel; Wash-house = waschhuis; Wash-leather =
zeemleer; Wash-pot = waschkom, waschbak; Wash-tub =
waschtobbe; Washable = goed blijvend in de wasch; Washer =
waschvrouw, waschmachine, ringplaat (onder de moerschroef);
Wash-man = waschbaas, waschman, bleeker; Wash-woman =
waschvrouw; Washiness, subst. v. Washy; Washing: Washing-
day; Washing-dress, Washing-fabrics = japon, stoffen, die
tegen de wasch kunnen; Washing-glove; Washing-machine =
waschmachine; Washing-powder = waschpoeder.

Washington, wošiŋt’n, Washington; Washingtonian,

wošiŋtounj’n, subst. inwoner v. W.; afschaffer; adj. afschaffers …; v.
Washington: The Washingtonian movement =
Washingtonianism = afschaffersbeweging, hunne beginselen.

Washy, woši, waterig, zwak, dun, krachteloos: Washy-looking

wine = dunne, krachtelooze wijn.

Wasp, wosp, wesp: He has his head full of wasps = hij heeft
allerlei kuren; Wasp-waisted = met wespentaille; Waspish = met
eene wespentaille, prikkelbaar, giftig; [633]Waspish-headed =
prikkelbaar, opvliegend; subst. Waspishness.

Wassail, wosil, wasil, subst. drinkgelag; gekruid bier met wijn met
Kerstmis of Nieuwjaar en opgediend in den Wassail-bowl;
Wassail verb. drinken (op het welzijn van); Wassail-cup = beker
waaruit wassail werd gedronken; Wassailer = drinkebroer;
Wassailers = lieden, die met Kerstmis zingend rondgaan.

Waste, weist, verwoesting, vernieling, afneming, achteruitgang,

verspilling, verlies, woestenij, wildernis, onbebouwde grond, gruis,
afval, onheil, vlak; adj. woest, onbruikbaar, overvloedig, waardeloos,
onnut; Waste verb. verwoesten, vernielen, verminderen, afnemen,
verspillen, weggooien, uitteren, verteren, kwijnen, laten vervallen:
In mere waste = onnut; To lay waste = verwoesten; Your candle
is running to waste = loopt af; To let a garden run to waste =
laten verwilderen; To waste (away) one’s money, time =
verkwisten; His illness had wasted him to skin and bones = had
hem geheel uitgeteerd; Waste not want not = die wat spaart, die
wat heeft; The ticket would be wasteed = zou ongebruikt blijven
liggen; Waste-basket = papiermand = Waste-paper-basket =
prullenmand; Waste-book = memoriaal; Waste-gate =
afvoersluis; Waste-paper = scheurpapier; Waste-pipe =
afvoerbuis; Waste-sheet = vel misdruk; Waste-water =
condensatiewater; Waste-weir = afvoerweer; Waster =
doorbrenger, dief aan de kaars, elger; Wastrel = afval, woestenij;
verwaarloosd kind, kind zonder thuis of onderkomen, doorbrenger.

Wat, wot, fam. voor Walter.

Watch, wotš, subst. wacht, waakzaamheid, het waken,

oplettendheid, schildwacht, wachtpost, horloge, uurwerk; Watch
verb. waken, bewaken, gadeslaan, de wacht houden, acht geven:
Alarum watch = wekker; Keyless watch = remontoir;
Repeating watch = repetitie-horloge; Stem-winding watch =
remontoir; I am on the watch = sta op den uitkijk, lig op de loer;
To keep good watch = goed oppassen, waken; The watch was
relieved = de wacht werd afgelost; My watch has run down =
mijn horloge is afgeloopen; I set a watch over them = ik liet hen
bewaken; He set his watch to the city-clock = regelde zijn horloge
naar; Many eminent lawyers were watching the case = woonden
het proces bij; I watched the thunderstorm from this elevated
position = ik sloeg het onweer gade; He watched over my
childhood = hij waakte over mijne kindsheid; He watched through
the long night = waakte den ganschen nacht; To watch home =
nakijken tot iemand thuis is; Watch-box = schilderhuis,
wachthuisje, horlogekast = Watch-case = horlogekast; Watch-
chain = horlogeketting; Watch-dog = waakhond; Watch-fire =
wachtvuur; Watch-glass = horlogeglas; Watch-guard =
horlogeketting of -lintje; Watch-hand = horlogewijzer; Watch-
house = wachthuis; Watch-key = horlogesleutel; Watch-light =
nachtlicht; Watch-maker = horlogemaker; Watchman =
nachtwaker, nachtwacht, baanwachter; Watchman’s rattle = ratel
van een nachtwacht: To spring a watchman’s rattle = een ratel
slaan; Watch-night = laatste nacht van het jaar: I attended a
watch-night service in the Wesleyan chapel = woonde den
kerkdienst van het oude jaar in het nieuwe bij; Watch-stand =
horlogestander; Watch-tower = wachttoren; Watchword =
wachtwoord, leus, motto; Watcher = waker, wacht, waarnemer,
bespieder; Watchful = waakzaam: I have always been watchful
of your interests = altijd nauwlettend behartigd; subst.
Watchfulness.

Water, wôtə, subst. water, watervlak (= Piece of water),

bronwater, regen, urine, zee, rivier, glans van diamant of parel,
effecten uitgegeven zonder gewaarborgden interest; Water verb.
besproeien, bespoelen, nat maken, van water voorzien, drenken,
water innemen, verwateren, roten, moireeren, watertanden: A
great deal of water had flowed under the bridge (Much
water had flowed from the rivers to the sea) since that time =
er was heel wat water door den Rijn gestroomd; Diamonds of the
first water = van het zuiverste water; Gentlemen of the first
water = hoogsten rang; He is a prig of the first water = een
verschrikkelijke kwibus; Bilge water = water onder in een schip,
dat niet uitgepompt kan worden; Low water = laag water: To be
at at low water = in geldverlegenheid zijn; Slack water = dood
tij; He has water on the brain = hersenvliesontsteking; That will
not hold water = dat is lek; Your reasoning won’t hold water =
uwe redeneering houdt geen steek; To make water = lekken,
wateren, urineeren; Our ship made foul water = raakte met de
kiel den bodem; To take the waters = de baden gebruiken; He
threw cold water over my enthusiasm = gooide een emmer koud
water over; To tread water = watertreden; This kept my head
above water = deed mij in ’t leven blijven, redde mij; You must
put on plenty of pace when riding at water = als je over een sloot
moet springen To go by water = over zee gaan; To convey by
water = per scheepsgelegenheid vervoeren; For all waters = van
alle markten thuis; We were in deep water(s) = in een moeilijke
positie; You have got into hot water = gij zit er leelijk in;
Champagne flowed like water; To spend money like water; My
mouth waters = het water loopt me om de tanden; The flowers
were waterd = werden begoten; To water horses = water
geven; It made my mouth water = het deed me watertanden; To
set a person’s mouth watering = doen watertanden; After
watering we sailed away = nadat wij versch water ingenomen
hadden; Water-back = warmwaterbak of reservoir in een fornuis;
Water-bailiff = soort kommies, vroeger opzichter der visscherij:
Water-bath = waterbad; Water-bearer = Waterman
(Dierenriem); Water-bed = waterbed; Water-bottle = karaf;
Water-buck = waterbok (Z.-Afr.); Water-bug = watertor; Water-
butt = water- of regenton; Water-carriage = vervoer te water;
Water-cart = sproeiwagen; Water-closet = closet, W.C.; Water-
cock = waterkraan; waterhoen; Water-colour [634]= waterverf,
schilderij in waterverf = Painting in water-colours; Water-
colourist = waterverfschilder; Watercourse = stroompje, stroom,
waterloop; Water-craft = schepen, booten, enz.; Water-crane =
waterpomp (voor een locomotief); Water-cress = waterkers;
Water-crowfoot = water-boterbloem; Water-cure = waterkuur:
Water-cure establishment; Water-deck = waterdicht dek voor
een huzarenpaard; Water-dog = waterhond; Water-drain =
draineerbuis; Water-drainage = draineering; Water-dray = soort
zolderschuit; Water-dressing = koudwatercompres; Water-drop
= droppel water, traan; Water-engine = schepmolen; Waterfall =
waterval; Water-flag = gele lisch; Water-flea = watervloo;
Water-flood = overstrooming; Water-fly = oevervlieg; Water-
fowl = watervogel; Water-furrow, subst. voor of greppel om
water af te voeren; Water-furrow verb. draineeren door greppels;
Water-gall = gat in den grond door hevigen regen; bijregenboog;
Water-gas = watergas; Water-gate = sluis, vloeddeur,
waterpoort; Water-gauge = peilglas; Water-gilder = iemand die
de kunst verstaat van Water-gilding = watervergulding; Water-
gruel = watergruwel; Water-gruelish, flauw, smakeloos; Water-
hen = waterhoen (-hennetje); Water-kelpie = watergeest;
Water-level = waterstand, waterpas-instrument; Water-level-
line = waterpeil; Water-lily = waterlelie, plomp; Water-line =
waterlijn (diepgang van een schip); Water-logged = vol water
geloopen door een lek en daardoor ten prooi aan golven en stroom;
Water-lot = onder water staand bouwterrein (Amer.); Water-man
= schuiten voerder, jolleman, waterman (die de huurpaarden op hun
standplaats van water voorziet); blauw zijden halsdoek; Water-
mark = watermerk, waterhoogte, waterpeil; Water-meadow =
weide die door irrigatie besproeid kan worden; Water-melon =
watermeloen; Water-meter = watermeter; Water-mill =
watermolen; Water-nymph = najade; Water-omnibus =
trekschuit; Water-ordeal = waterproef; Water-parsnip =
breedbladige watereppe; Water-pitcher = waterkan; Water-plant
= waterplant; Water-poise = hydrometer, waterpas; Water-pot =
waterpot, waterkan; Water-power = waterkracht; Water-pox =
waterpokken; Waterproof, subst. voor water ondoordringbare stof
of jas; adj. tegen water bestand; Waterproof verb.
ondoordringbaar maken voor water; Water-ram = hydraulische
ram; Water-rat = waterrat; Water-rate = waterbelasting; Water-
ret = Water-rot; Water-rocket = waterrot (vuurwerk); Water-rot
= roten; Water-scape = rivier- of zeegezicht (schilderij);
Watershed = waterscheiding; Waterside = waterkant; Water-
snake = waterslang; Watersouchy. Zie Zoutch; Water-spaniel =
waterhond; Water-spout = waterpijp, spuwertje, waterstraal,
waterhoos; Water-supply = wateraanvoer; Water-tank =
reservoir; Water-tap = waterkraan; Water-tight = waterdicht;
Water-vole = waterrat; Water-wagtail = gele kwikstaart;
Waterway = waterloop, waterweg, vaarwater; Water-weed =
waterpest; Water-wheel = scheprad; Water-works = de
waterleiding (ook met fonteinen, etc.); Water-worn = door het
water gerond of afgesleten; Waterage, wôtəridž, loon voor vervoer
te water; Watered = gewaterd, moiré: A watered-down belief =
verwaterd; Watering: Watering-can = gieter; Watering-call =
hoornsignaal om de paarden te drenken; Watering-cart =
sproeiwagen; Watering-place = wed, plaats om water in te
nemen, badplaats; Watering-pot = gieter; Watering-trough =
drinkbak (voor paarden); Waterish = waterig, vochtig, verwaterd;
subst. Waterishness; Waterless = droog, zonder water. Zie
Watery.

Waterloo, wôtelû.

Watery, wotəri, waterachtig, waterig, smakeloos, flauw: Watery

eye = vochtig oog; Watery kingdom = de zee.

Watson, wots’n; Watt(s), wot(s).

Wattle, wot’l, subst. horde van twijg of teen, deklat, takje, teenen
twijgje, lel van haan of kalkoen, baarddraad van visschen, soort v.
acacia (Australië); Wattle verb. met teenen twijgjes binden of
vlechten, met eene horde omringen; Wattle-bark = bast der
Austral. acacia; Wattle-bird = soort bijenwolf; Wattle-work =
werk van gevlochten teen; Wattled; Wattling and daubing = het
bouwen van hutten van gevlochten twijgen en leem.

Waugh, wô.

Waul, wôl, krollen, janken, gillen.

Wave, weiv, subst. golf, baar, golvende lijn op stoffen, moiré-zijde,

enz., golving, sein (door wuiven); Wave verb. golven, wapperen,
wenken, wuiven, wateren, moireeren: The ship was tossed on (by)
the waves = op (door) de golven geslingerd; He waved his hand
and motioned me to a chair = hij wuifde met zijne hand; Wave-
length = afstand tusschen twee golven; Wave-motion = golvende
beweging; Wave-offering = beweegoffer (Levit. VIII, 27 );
Wave-shell = golving (bij aardbevingen); Wave-worn = door de
golven afgesleten of gerond; Waved = gegolfd, gewaterd;
Waveless = kalm, rustig, onbewogen, zonder golfslag; Wavelet =
golfje, rimpel; Wavelike = golvend.

Waver, weivə, weifelen, aarzelen, waggelen, flikkeren: I waver in

my conviction = mijne overtuiging raakt aan het wankelen;
Waverer = weifelaar, besluitelooze; Waverous, Wavery =
weifelend.

Waverley, weivəli.

Waveson, weivs’n, wrakhout, strandgoed.

Waviness, weivinəs, subst. v. Wavy = golvend, op en neer gaand,

gegolfd.

Wax, waks, was, lak; woede; wasachtige afscheiding, oorsmeer, pik;

Wax verb. met was bestrijken, wrijven, lakken; wassen, toenemen,
grooter worden: As close (tight) as wax = zoo dicht als een pot;
He sticks to me like wax = hij hangt aan me als een klit; There
is a man of wax = jij bent een beste kerel; A stick of sealing-wax
= pijp lak; His eyes are waxing dim = worden dof; Wax-candle =
waskaars; Wax-chandler = waskaarsenmaker; Wax-cloth =
wasdoek; Wax-doll = wassen pop; Wax(ed)-end = met was
bestreken naai- en schoenmakersgaren, pikdraad; Wax-flower =
kunstbloem (van was); Wax-light = waskaars; Wax-light coil =
ineengedraaide waslont (om lichten aan te steken); Wax-match =
[635]waslucifer; Wax-model(l)ing = het maken van figuren of
beelden (in was); Wax-taper = waskaars; Wax-tree =
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