ELEC 351

Signals and Systems

Lecture 2
Basic Signals
Dr. Serkan Kiranyaz
Electrical Engineering Department
Qatar University

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Goals
• Basic Signals
• Even and odd Functions
-Step and Ramp Functions and relationship
-The impulse
-The delta Function
- Shifting Property
-Other Properties of impulse function
--complex exponentional signals
-sinusoidal signal

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 Step and Ramp Functions

Unit Step Function u(t):

1, t0
u (t )  
0, t0
Note: A Step of height A can be made from Au(t)

Unit Ramp Function r(t):

t, t0
r (t )  
0, t0

Note: A ramp with slope m can be made from mu(t)

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The unit step signal can model the act of switching on a
DC source

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 Relation between u(t) and r(t)
t
What is  u (  ) d ?
 Depends on t value
 function of t: f(t)
t
 f (t ) 
 u (  ) d

What is f (t ) ?
t

 f (t )   u ( )d  1.t  t

t
 r (t )   u ( )d


“Running Integral of Step= ramp” 5

 t, t0
Also note: r (t )  
0, t0
dr (t ) 1, t 0
 Not defined at t=0!
dt 0, t0

dr (t )
Overlooking this, we can roughly say u (t ) 
dt

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 The Impulse Function Other Names: Delta Function,
Dirac Delta Function

One of the most important functions for understanding systems.

Ironically…it does not exist in practice!!
 It is a theoretical tool used to understand what is important
to know about systems.
But…it leads to ideas that are used all the time in practice!!
There are three views about the delta function:

Infinite height
Rough View: a pulse with Zero width
Unit area

“A really narrow, really tall pulse that has unit area”

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 1
Slightly Less-Rough View  (t )  lim p (t )
 0 

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We define p (t ) as:


height of 1/ɛ
width of ɛ  area of 1

So as ɛ gets smaller the pulse gets higher and narrower but always
has the area of 1.

In the limit it “becomes” the delta function.

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Precise Idea:  (t ) is not as ordinary function…It is defined
in terms of its behavior inside an integral:

 (t )


 (t )  0 for any t  0


  (t )dt  1 for any   0
We show (t ) on a plot using an arrow….
(conveys infinite height and zero width)
 (t )

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The Sifting property is the most property of  (t ) :
t 0 

 f (t ) (t  t )dt  f (t )
t0 
0 0   0

Integrating the
product of f (t )
and  (t  t0 )
returns a single
number…..

the value of f (t )
at the location of
 (t ) the shifted delta
function

As long as the integral’s limits surround the

“location” of the delta… otherwise it returns zero. 12
Steps for applying sifting property:

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Other properties of impulse function:

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1-  (at )   (t )
a
2-  (t )   (t )

3-  
x( ) (t   )d  x(t )

4- x(t ) (t  t0 )  x(t0 ) (t  t0 )
 
5- 

 (t   ) x( )d    (t   ) x( )d


d
where  (t )   (t )
dt

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Complex exponential Signals

x(t )  e j0t  cos 0t  j sin 0t

 
Re e j0t  cos(0t )  
Im e j0t  sin(0t )

Sinusoidal Signal
2
T
x(t )  A cos(0t   0 ) 0

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General exponential Signals

(  j ) t t
x(t )  e  e st
 e (cos t  j sin t )

Complex Frequency
Monotonic A sinusoid
Monotonic
exponential exponential

Constant

An
Exponential
varying
sinusoid

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General exponential Signals

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