Bond Hybridization Stuhack
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davidwestlind02Bond Hybridization Stuhack
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davidwestlind0211/26/24, 2:43 PM Bond Hybridization
Bond Hybridization
Task 1: Determine the VSEPR shape around nay carbon atom. Remember double bonds count as
one ligand toward your steric number.
Task 2: Consider any one carbon atom. Where would you predict to find a density of electrons?
Task 3: Consider the picture of electron density around the same molecule. What is not
consistent with your answer to the previous question?
We expect to see alternating patches of electron density. Instead we see uniformity around the
ring structure.
The bonds around benzene (C6H6) appear to be uniform. VSEPR theory doesn't completely
account for this.
Consider the bond that exists between two hydrogen atoms. H2 has allowed for n = 1 to have a
filled shell and therefore is more stable. Consider what this means using orbital diagrams for
both hydrogen atoms:
Valence bond theory: atomic orbitals overlap to form a new orbital with a pair of opposite-spin
electrons.
When bonds are created Pauli's principle applies where the spins of the electrons involved in a
bond cannot be the same.
2 hydrogen atoms forming covalent bonds involve electrons from the s orbital. Any partially
filled orbital can overlap with
another partially filled orbital.
The electrons involved in bonding are only the valence electrons. Draw the orbital diagram for
only the valence electrons for H and Cl
When the distance between H and Cl decreases the available 3p orbital from Cl overlaps with the
available 1s orbital of H.
Hybrid Orbitals
To explain VSEPR shape and bond angles (along with the C6H6 problem), bonding theory had
to accommodate to the idea that when excited atoms form bonds, electrons not only move
but create hybrid suborbits.
Single Bond Formation
Example: CH4 (methane)
One e- from the 2s orbital is promoted to partially fill the 2pz orbital thus freeing the 2s orbital
to accept another e-.
A new hybrid suborbital that is used in bonding is created. In this case it is called an sp3 hybrid
because 1 electron came from the one s orbit while 3 came from the three p suborbitals.
Each of the sp3 orbitals are identical to each other. Since 1 electron exists inside each of the sp3
orbital the 1s single electron from hydrogen can overlap to create 4 equal covalent bonds.
Treatment of Lone Pairs on the Central Atom
When we consider NH3, we see a ground state that has a pair of electrons in the s orbital and 3
unpaired lone electrons in the p orbital. No promotion of electrons is needed.
Procedure:
1. Draw the Lewis Structure.
2. To determine the hybridization count
the number of peripheral atoms plus the number of lone pairs on the central atom to determine
the number of hybrid orbitals required according to your Lewis Structure.
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