Data Structures (DS)

Unit-2
Linear Data Structure
Queue
Queue
 A linear list which permits deletion to be performed at one end of the list and insertion at the
other end is called queue.
 The information in such a list is processed FIFO (first in first out) or FCFS (first come first
served) manner.
 Front is the end of queue from that deletion is to be performed.
 Rear is the end of queue at which new element is to be inserted.
 Insertion operation is called Enqueue & deletion operation is called Dequeue.
10 8 5 80 50 100

Deletion Insertion

Front Rear

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Applications of Queue
 Queue of people at any service point such as ticketing etc.
 Queue of air planes waiting for landing instructions.
 Queue of processes in OS.
 Queue is also used by Operating systems for Job Scheduling.
 When a resource is shared among multiple consumers. E.g., in case of printers the first one to be
entered is the first to be processed.
 When data is transferred asynchronously (data not necessarily received at same rate as sent)
between two processes. Examples include IO Buffers, pipes, file IO, etc.
 Queue is used in BFS (Breadth First Search) algorithm. It helps in traversing a tree or graph.
 Queue is used in networking to handle congestion.

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Procedure: Enqueue (Q, F, R, N,Y)
 This procedure inserts Y at rear end of Queue. R

 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements.

5 20 80
 F is pointer to the front element of a queue.
 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue. F

1. [Check for Queue Overflow] N=3, R=0, F=0

If R >= N
Then write (‘Queue Overflow’) F = 10
Return R = 3210
2. [Increment REAR pointer]
Enqueue (Q, F, R, N=3,Y=5)
R  R + 1
Enqueue (Q, F, R, N=3,Y=20)
3. [Insert element]
Q[R]  Y Enqueue (Q, F, R, N=3,Y=80)
4. [Is front pointer properly set?] Enqueue (Q, F, R, N=3,Y=3)
IF F=0 Queue Overflow
Then F  1
Return
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Function: Dequeue (Q, F, R)
 This function deletes & returns an element from front end of the Queue.
 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements.
 F is pointer to the front element of a queue. Case No 1:
F=0, R=0
 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue.
1. [Check for Queue Underflow] Queue Underflow
If F = 0
Then write (‘Queue Underflow’) Case No 2: FR
Return(0) F=3, R=3
2. [Delete element]
Y  Q[F] F=0, R=0 50
3. [Is Queue Empty?]
If F = R
Then F  R  0 Case No 3: F R
Else F  F + 1 F=1, R=3
4. [Return Element]
5 -8 50
Return (Y) F=2, R=3
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Example of Queue Insert / Delete
Perform following operations on queue with size 4 & draw queue after each operation
Insert ‘A’ | Insert ‘B’ | Insert ‘C’ | Delete ‘A’ | Delete ‘B’ | Insert ‘D’ | Insert ‘E’

Empty Queue R=3 Insert ‘C’ R=4 Insert ‘D’

F=1 F=3
0 0 A B C C D

FR F R F R

R=1 Insert ‘A’ R=3 Delete ‘A’ R=4 Insert ‘E’

F=2 F=3
F=1 A A B C C D

FR F R F R

Insert ‘B’ R=3 Delete ‘B’ (R=4) >= (N=4) (Size of Queue)
R=2 F=3 Queue Overflow
F=1 A B B C
Queue Overflow, but space is
there with Queue, this leads to
FR F R the memory wastage

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Circular Queue
 A more suitable method of representing simple queue which prevents an excessive use of
memory is to arrange the elements Q[1], Q[2]….,Q[n] in a circular fashion with Q[1] following Q[n],
this is called circular queue.
 In circular queue the last node is connected back to the first node to make a circle.
 Circular queue is a linear data structure. It follows FIFO principle.
 It is also called as “Ring buffer”.

Q[1] Q[2] Q[n]

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Procedure: CQINSERT (F, R, Q, N, Y)
 This procedure inserts Y at rear end of the Circular Queue. F R

 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements. 8 15

 F is pointer to the front element of a queue.
 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue. F R

1. [Reset Rear Pointer] 3. [Insert element]

8 15
If R = N Q[R]  Y
Then R  1 4. [Is front pointer
Else R  R + 1 properly set?]
2. [Overflow] IF F=0 F R
If F=R Then F  1
Then Write(‘Overflow’) Return 23 6 8 15
Return

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Function: CQDELETE (F, R, Q, N)
 This function deletes & returns an element from front end of the Circular F R

Queue.
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 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements.
 F is pointer to the front element of a queue. R F

 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue.

2 6 4
1. [Underflow?] 4. Increment Front Pointer]
If F = 0 IF F = N
Then Write(‘Underflow’) Then F  1 F R
Return(0) Else F  F + 1
2. [Delete Element] Return(Y)
Y  Q[F] 6 8 4
3. [Queue Empty?]
If F = R
Then F  R  0
Return(Y)
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Example of CQueue Insert / Delete
Perform following operations on Circular queue with size 4 & draw queue after each operation
Insert ‘A’ | Insert ‘B’ | Insert ‘C’ | Delete ‘A’ | Delete ‘B’ | Insert ‘D’ | Insert ‘E’

Empty Queue R=3 Insert ‘C’ R=4 Insert ‘D’

F=1 F=3
0 0 A B C C D

FR F R F R

R=1 Insert ‘A’ R=3 Delete ‘A’ R=1 Insert ‘E’

F=2 F=3
F=1 A A B C E C D

FR F R F R

Insert ‘B’ R=3 Delete ‘B’

R=2 F=3
F=1 A B B C

FR F R

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DQueue
 A DQueue (double ended queue) is a linear list in which insertion and deletion are performed from
the either end of the structure.
 There are two variations of Dqueue
 Input restricted dqueue – allows insertion at only one end
 Output restricted dqueue – allows deletion from only one end

Insertion Deletion
Deletion Insertion
 Dqueue Algorithms
Front Rear
 DQINSERT_REAR is same as QINSERT (Enqueue)
 DQDELETE_FRONT is same as QDELETE (Dequeue)
 DQINSERT_FRONT
 DQDELETE_REAR

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Procedure: DQINSERT_FRONT (Q,F,R,N,Y)
 This procedure inserts Y at front end of the Circular Queue.
 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements.
 F is pointer to the front element of a queue.
 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue.
1. [Overflow?]
F R
If F = 0
Then Write(‘Empty’)
Return
10 89 7 Overflow
If F = 1
Then Write(‘Overflow’)
Return F R
2. [Decrement front Pointer]
F  F - 1
3. [Insert Element?] 50 10 89 7
Q[F]  Y
Return
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Function: DQDELETE_REAR(Q,F,R)
 This function deletes & returns an element from rear end of the Queue.
 Queue is represented by a vector Q containing N elements.
 F is pointer to the front element of a queue.
 R is pointer to the rear element of a queue.
1. [Underflow?] F R
If R = 0
Then Write(‘Underflow’)
Return(0) 7
2. [Delete Element]
Y  Q[R]
F R
3. [Queue Empty?]
IF R = F
Then R  F  0
10 89 7
Else R  R – 1
4. [Return Element]
Return(Y)

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Priority Queue
 A queue in which we are able to insert & remove items from any position based on some property
(such as priority of the task to be processed) is often referred as priority queue.
 Below fig. represent a priority queue of jobs waiting to use a computer.
 Priorities are attached with each Job
 Priority 1 indicates Real Time Job
 Priority 2 indicates Online Job
 Priority 3 indicates Batch Processing Job

 Therefore if a job is initiated with priority i, it is inserted immediately at the end of list of other
jobs with priorities i.
 Here jobs are always removed from the front of queue.

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Priority Queue Cont…
Task R1 R2 … Ri-1 O1 O2 … Oj-1 B1 B2 … Bk-1 …
Priority 1 1 … 1 2 2 … 2 3 3 … 3 …

Ri Oj Bk
Priority Queue viewed as a single queue with insertion allowed at any position

Priority - 1 R1 R2 … Ri-1 Ri

Priority - 2 O1 O2 … Oj-1 Oj

Priority - 3 B1 B2 … Bk-1 Bk

Priority Queue viewed as a Viewed as a set of queue

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Data Structures (DS)

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