Scribd
Upload
9 views2 pages

JD_Lee_Atomic_Structure_Final_Notes

Chapter 1 discusses atomic structure, covering various atomic models from Dalton's theory to Bohr's model, highlighting their strengths and limitations. It introduces key concepts such as wave-particle duality, quantum numbers, and principles governing electron configuration. The chapter concludes with exceptions in electronic configurations for certain elements.

Uploaded by

Gautam Bargav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views2 pages

JD_Lee_Atomic_Structure_Final_Notes

Chapter 1 discusses atomic structure, covering various atomic models from Dalton's theory to Bohr's model, highlighting their strengths and limitations. It introduces key concepts such as wave-particle duality, quantum numbers, and principles governing electron configuration. The chapter concludes with exceptions in electronic configurations for certain elements.

Uploaded by

Gautam Bargav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Chapter 1 – Atomic Structure

Chapter 1 – Atomic Structure

Atomic Models

Dalton's Atomic Theory

 - Matter = atoms (indivisible, indestructible)


 - Atoms of same element = identical
 - Law of conservation, definite and multiple proportions

Thomson’s Model

 - Plum pudding model


 - Atom = sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons
 - Failed to explain atomic stability & spectral lines

Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering

 - Gold foil experiment (α-particles)


 - Most particles passed; some deflected
 - Atom = nucleus at center, electrons around
 - Issues: Couldn't explain stability or spectra

Bohr’s Atomic Model

 - Quantised orbits, fixed energies


 - Angular momentum: mvr = nh/2π
 - Energy of orbit: E_n = -13.6 Z²/n² eV
 - Radius: r_n = 0.529 × n²/Z Å
 - Velocity: v_n = 2.18 × 10⁶ × Z/n m/s
 - Success: Explained H-atom spectra
 - Limitation: Only for 1-electron systems (H-like)

Dual Nature of Matter (de Broglie)

 - λ = h/mv
 - Wave-particle duality
 - Verified by electron diffraction

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

 - Δx·Δp ≥ h/4π
 - More precise position ⇒ less precise momentum

Quantum Numbers

 - Principal (n): size & energy


 - Azimuthal (l): shape (s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)
 - Magnetic (m): orientation (–l to +l)
 - Spin (s): ±½

Orbitals and Shapes

 - s: spherical, p: dumbbell, d: clover


 - Nodes = (n–l–1)
 - Radial probability & density concepts

Aufbau Principle

 - Lower energy orbitals filled first


 - Order: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d...
 - (n + l) rule; if same, lower n first

Pauli Exclusion Principle

 - No two e⁻ can have same 4 quantum numbers

Hund’s Rule

 - Maximum multiplicity (↑↑↑ before ↓↓↓)

Exceptions in Configuration

 - Cr: [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵


 - Cu: [Ar] 4s¹ 3d¹⁰
 - Due to half-filled/full-filled d-orbitals

Electronic Configuration Summary

 - Group behavior via valence electrons


 - Transition elements: filling d-orbitals
 - Lanthanides: 4f, Actinides: 5f

You might also like