Science, Technology and Society  Attempt to change the world by creating

products or machinery Georges Buffon

Lesson 1 (1707-88)
SOCIETY French naturalist and mathematician
 Man is in a continuous struggle to master his
environment  The term "society" which came from the Latin  Life emerged as distinct types
 science evolved from common sense word societas generally designates persons  Transformed when environment changed
 Scientific knowledge; enables the scientist to belonging to a specific in-group.
understand, explain, and predict human  anthropology- complex pattern of the norms Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses
problems as well as natural events. of interaction that arise among them. (Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, French biologist
 Man‟s social life is governed by culture and and naturalist)
Interconnection Between Science and family is often regarded as the first form of
Technology society.  Proposed that the use or disuse of organs
caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
 Without science, technology could not time.
proceed Lesson 2  These new characteristics could be passed
 Science is a way of knowing on to the next generation.
 Technology is a way of doing What was the view of the world and nature
before Darwin?
Interconnection between Science and
Technology The world/universe was designed by a benevolent
Creator to function perfectly.
Without Technology, some science technology
could not be possible Aristotle (384-322 BC) – Believed that all living
organisms could be arranged in a “scale of nature”
SCIENCE or Great Chain of Being. The ladder of life consists
of graduation from inanimate material through plants,
 The word science comes from the Latin word through lower animals and humans to other spiritual
“ Scientia ” which means “to know.” beings.
 investigate almost everything
 develops through objective analysis, instead How old is the world?
of through personal belief.
 Human attempt to understand the natural Archbishop James Ussher Around 1800, scientists began to wonder whether
world. species could change. Lamarck’s work paved the
 Calculated in 1664 that the Earth was way for later biologists, including Darwin
TECHNOLOGY precisely 5,668 years old.
 Heaven and Earth, Center and substance Charles Darwin
 scientific knowledge that is put to practical were made in the same instant of time and
ends. clouds full of water and man were created by  English naturalist and geologist
 used in designing machinery, materials, and the Trinity on the 26th of October 4004 B.C.,  Avid Collector of Flora & Fauna
industrial processes at 9:00 in the Morning.  Published book,The Origin of Species in
 known as engineering (has many branches) 1589
 Activities that apply the principles of science
and mechanics to the solutions of a specific
problem
 Considered as one of the most important Darwin’s Observations
works in scientific literature and presented
evidence on how species evolved over time He asked himself, If the Earth could change over
 Another book- The descent of man time, could life change too?
 Impressive yet controversial
 Introduced- human beings under the E Evolution:Modification of a species over
evolutionary thinking generations
 Replaced the dominant views- human beings
are created by God  “descent with modification”
 Natural Selection: Individuals with superior
Ideas that shaped Darwin's Thinking physical or behavioral characteristics are
more likely to survive and reproduce than
those without such characteristics.
Hutton and Geological Change  Individuals who inherit characteristics most fit
(James Hutton, Scottish geologist and for their environment are likely to leave more
naturalist) offspring than less fit individuals called
Natural Selection The more variation within a species, the more likely it
 proposed that rocks form very slowly and are will survive
changed by forces that twist, lift and fold
them Summary of Darwin’s Theory
 He also realized that mountains can be worn Variation, is a difference in a physical trait.
 Organisms in nature produce more offspring
down by rain, wind, heat and cold
 In order for these events to occur, he than can survive, and many of those who do
concluded that the Earth must be more than not survive do not reproduce
a few thousand years old  Each organism is unique, each has
advantages and disadvantages in the
struggle for existence
Lyell’s Principles of Geology
 Species alive today descended with
(Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist)
modification from species that lived in the
past
 That the geological we see today must be
the same ones that shaped earth million of
years ago
 The earth was much older than a thousand
years ago
 hat the geological process we see today
must be the same ones that shaped Earth
Homology in plants refers to plant structures that are
millions of years ago
derived from a common ancestor, but have different
 believed that all features of the Earth’s
shapes and functions.
surface are produced by physical, chemical
and biological processes through long
periods of geological time.

Study of fossils Psychoanalysis HOW DOES INSTINCT SHAPE
 It's based on the idea that many people have PERSONALLY?
 Allows us to see anatomical similarities unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
between living species and organisms that memories that can affect their personality and Death drive turn outward; A person who’s a
lived in the past behavior. bully, is aggressive, likes to ridiculude and
 Allows us to see how life has changed over  Often used to treat anxiety and depression make people feel so small.
time disorders. The therapy involves in-depth talk
Death drive turn inward; Someone who
Biochemical Evidence sessions between a therapist and a client to
constantly do things that hurt themselves (like
explore the client's repressed emotions and using drugs)
Biochemistry: DNA with more similar sequences experiences. The therapist and client work
suggest species are more closely related together to understand how these hidden According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory
memories have affected the client's thinking, the human personality is made up of three parts
 EX: Humans and chimpanzees share more
behavior, and relationships (provinces of the mind (content): the id, the ego and
than 98% of identical DNA sequences the superego
Adaptation is a feature that allow an organism to METHOD OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
better survive in its environment. Id – Instict
Neurosis is a mild mental disorder that Ego – Reality
Mimicry enables an organism to copy the doesn’t result from organic diseases Superego – Morality
appearance of another species. Example: depression, stress, and anxiety
Are we inherently good or bad?
Psychosis is a personality disorder that
arises from mental and emotional  The world has historically been divided into
Lesson 3 two camps on the morality debate. Thomas
disturbances, excessive anxiety, depression,
or other distressing emotions that affect daily Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Sigmund Freud represent the most famous, opposing views.
functioning.
Freudian ideas and theories- to examine human Example: schizophrenia, bipolar  Hobbes described humans as nasty and
mind and behavior in a more scientifically accepted disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder brutish. He believed society and rules
way improve our bad nature.
Instincts
 Rousseau argued instead that we are gentle
BACKGROUND
life instincts: These instincts perpetuate and pure. He blamed society for corrupting
(a) the life of the individual, by motivating our innate good nature.
 Born in middleclass neighborhood in Vienna
 University of Vienna in 1873 him or her to seek food and water,
The Oral Stage
 By the 1890’s Freud had become an (b) the life of the species, by motivating him
established physician or her to reproduce Early Oral (birth – 8cm) Gratification from feeding,
 Married Martha Bernay and had six children; sucking, swallowing
Examples:When your body knows it needs to
Matilde (1887), Jean Martin (1889), Oliver
live, it signals your stomach to growl, and then you go
(1891), Ernst (1892), Sophie (1893), Anna Late Oral (8cm – 1yr) pleasure from biting and
and find something to eat.
(1895) chewing (teething)
 Significant contribution in the scientific world-
development of an important observational
method to gather reliable data to study’s
human inner life,(Psychoanalysis)
Fixations in the Oral Stage Freud became interested in cocaine after
reading a German doctor’s report that the
Early Oral- Desire to acquire knowledge, preference drug increased soldiers’endurance.
for soft, milky foods, “will swallow anything.  Freud developed three methods to uncover
unconscious processes:
Late Oral-Chews pencils, straws, cigarette smoking, Free association: Freud concluded Uber Coca (1884) by
recommending seven conditions for which
sarcastic, “biting” comments. Freud encouraged clients to talk about any cocaine pharmacotherapy might prove
thoughts or images that enter their head; the valuable:
“What makes people do things?”
assumption is that this kind of free-flowing
Answer: MOTIVATION
uncensored talking will provide clues to
Needs motivate human behavior (food, shelter,  as a mental stimulant
unconscious material
clothing…)  as a possible treatment for digestive
Dream Interpretation:
disorders
Freudian technique of analyzing dreams,
 as a treatment for asthma
based on the assumption that dreams contain
underlying, hidden meanings and symbols that  as a local anaesthetic
provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires

DD DREAMS S

 Freud believed dreams were your

unconscious mind talking to you. Dreams
were very symbolic and difficult to analyze.

Eg: driving a car

(driver) means you feel in control of your life

(passenger) –someone else is in control of your

life

Horses –symbolize freedom

S Slips of the tongue are mistakes or slips of the

tongue that we make in everyday speech; such
mistakes which are often embarrassing, are thought
to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes.

 H
Subconscious
Largest part of the mind
 Largest part of the mind
 The motives of an artist or scientist
 Many artist find inspiration for their artwork
through their through their subconscious.