INTRODUCTION

ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
 TOPICS

o WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETICS
o BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
o APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETICS?

Electromagnetics deals with the study of electric fields and magnetic fields.

May be divided into 3 branches:

• Electrostatics – time-invariant E-field
• Magnetostatics - time-invariant H-field
• Electrodynamics - time varying E and H field resulting to an
electromagnetic field called electromagnetic waves that move and
carry energy and information.

Electromagnetics deals with all aspects of the generation, propagation and

transformation of EM energy and its interaction with matter.

This is a mathematically intensive course. Consider it as another math subject.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
The early stages:

• The ancient Greeks aware of some electric and magnetic phenomena (Plato
and Socrates)

• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) and Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) postulate the

inverse square law of electrostatics

• Coulomb (in 1785) proves experimentally the inverse square law for stationary
electric charges

• Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) formulates the divergence theorem of

electricity

• Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) investigates reactions between dissimilar metals,

and develops the first electric battery (1800)
BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETICS

• Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovers the relation between current

carrying wire and the magnetic field

• André Ampère (1775-1836) discovers the force between two current carrying
wires

• Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) and Félix Savart (1791-1841) formulate the law
quantifying the force between current elements.
BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
 LECTURE 1:
VECTOR ALGEBRA

ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
 TOPICS
o SCALARS AND VECTORS
o UNIT VECTOR
o VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
o POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
o VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
o COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
SCALARS AND VECTORS

A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.

Ex: time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric potential

A vector is a quantity that is described by both magnitude and direction.

Ex: velocity, force, momentum, acceleration displacement, and electric
field intensity.

To distinguish between a scalar and a vector it is customary to represent a

vector by a letter with an arrow on top of it, such as 𝐴റ and 𝐵 , or by a letter in
boldface type such as A and B.

A scalar is represented simply by a letter—for example, A, B, U, and V.

EM theory is essentially a study of some particular fields.

SCALARS AND VECTORS

• Field: A space (and time) varying quantity

– Static field: space varying only

– Time varying field: space and time varying
– Scalar field: Magnitude varies in space (and time)
Ex: temperature distribution in a building, sound intensity in a
theater, electric potential in a region, and refractive index of
a stratified medium
– Vector field: Magnitude & direction varies in space (and
time)
Ex: The gravitational force on a body in space and the
velocity of raindrops in the atmosphere
SCALARS AND VECTORS

Vector has both magnitude and direction in space.

Example of vector field:

The gravitational Field


Vector may be denoted by A = Aa A where;

A is the magnitude 
a is the unit vector in the direction of A
UNIT VECTOR
• A vector A has both magnitude and direction.
• The magnitude of A is a scalar written as A or |A| .
• A unit vector aA along A is defined as a vector whose
magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is along A; that is,

• Note that | aA | = 1. Thus, we may write A as

which completely specifies A in terms of its magnitude A and its

direction aA.
UNIT VECTOR

• A vector A in Cartesian (or rectangular)

coordinates may be represented as

Where;
• Ax, Ay, and Az are called the components
of A in the x-, y-, and z-directions,
respectively
• ax, ay, and az are unit vectors in the x-, y-,
and z-directions, respectively
UNIT VECTOR

• The magnitude of vector A is given by:

• The unit vector along A is given by:

VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• The vector addition is carried out component by component.
• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz).
• Two vectors A and B can be added together to give another vector C;
that is,
C=A+B
C = (Ax + Bx ) ax + (Ay + By ) ay + (Az + Bz ) az

• Vector Subtraction is similarly carried out as

D=A–B
D = A + (–B)
D = (Ax - Bx ) ax + (Ay - By ) ay + (Az - Bz ) az
VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• Graphically, vector addition and subtraction are obtained by either the
parallelogram rule or the head-to-head rule.
VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• Three basic laws of algebra obtained by any given vectors A, B and C are
summarized as:

where k is a scalar.
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
• A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented by (x, y, z).

❖ The position vector rP (or radius vector) of point P is defined as the directed
distance from the origin O to P; that is,

• The position vector of point P is useful in defining its position in space.

Example:
Point (3, 4, 5) and its position vector
3ax+4ay+5az are shown in the figure.
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS

❖ The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.

• If two points P and Q are given by (xP, yP, zP) and (xQ, yQ, zQ), the distance
vector (or separation vector) is the displacement from P to Q; that is,

Note:
o Point P is not a vector. Only its position vector rP is a vector.
o Vector A may depend on point P.
o A vector field is said to be constant or uniform if it does not depend on
space variables x, y, and z.
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
Example 1:
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
Example 1:
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
Example 2:
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
Example 2:
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS
Example 2:
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the result is either a scalar or a vector
depending on how they are multiplied.

There are two types of vector multiplication:

1. Scalar (or dot) product: A•B

2. Vector (or cross) product: AxB

Multiplication of three vectors A, B, and C can result in either:

3. Scalar triple product: A • (B x C)

4. Vector triple product: A x (B x C)
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
A. DOT PRODUCT

which is obtained by multiplying A and B component by component.

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
A. DOT PRODUCT

• If A • B = 0, the two vectors A and B are orthogonal (or perpendicular).

• Note that the dot product obeys the following:

• Also, note that:

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
B. CROSS PRODUCT
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
B. CROSS PRODUCT

where an is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

(a) The right-hand rule (b) The right-handed-screw rule

The direction of an is taken as the direction of Alternatively, the direction of an is taken
the right thumb when the fingers of the right as that of the advance of a right-
hand rotate from A to B as shown. handed screw as A is turned into B as
shown.
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
B. CROSS PRODUCT

• The vector multiplication of this equation is called cross product owing to the cross sign.
• It is also called vector product because the result is a vector.

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then:

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
B. CROSS PRODUCT
• Note that the cross product has the following basic properties:

o It is not commutative:

It is anticommutative:

o It is not associative:

o It is distributive:

o Scaling:

• Also, note that:

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
C. SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
• Given three vectors A, B and C, we define the scalar triple product as

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz) and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz),
then A • (B x C) is the volume of a parallelepiped having A, B and C as edges,
and is easily obtained by finding the determinant of the 3x3 matrix formed by A, B and C.

• Since the result of this vector multiplication is scalar, these equations are called the
scalar triple product.
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
D. VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
• Given three vectors A, B and C, we define the vector triple product as

which may be remembered as the “bac-cab” rule.

• Note that:

but:
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

• A direct application of scalar product is its use in determining the projection (or
component) of a vector is a given direction. This projection can be a scalar or vector.

• Given a vector A, the scalar component AB of A along vector B is:

• The vector component AB of A along vector B is:

Example 3:
Example 3:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4:
Example 4: