Chapter 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions (2차원

운동과 3차원 운동)

4-1 Position and Displacement (위치와 변위)

Don’t forget that we are still looking at a particle (NOT an object)!

(Recall) We have two different ways to specify a vector in a coordinate system.

⃗⃗ , where 𝑥𝑖⃗, 𝑦𝑗⃗, and 𝑧𝑘

(1) 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 ⃗⃗ are the vector components of 𝑟⃗,
and 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 are its scalar components (also the coordinates of the
particle.)

(2) 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟∠𝜙 , where 𝑟 is the magnitude of 𝑟⃗ , and 𝜙 is its phase angle.

[Explain the phase angle.]

Let’s begin with a position vector 𝑟⃗. (위치벡터)

⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘

- 𝑥 , 𝑦 , and 𝑧 (expressed as (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ) give the particle’s location.

(Example) Where is the particle having (−3, 2,5)?

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What happens if 𝑟⃗ moves?

- 𝑟⃗ moves from 𝑟⃗1 to 𝑟⃗2 during a certain time interval.

- The particle’s displacement is now Δ𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 − 𝑟⃗1 .

⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗2 = 𝑥2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧2 𝑘
- If 𝑟⃗1 = 𝑥1 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦1 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧1 𝑘 ⃗⃗ , then Δ𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗2 −
⃗⃗ = Δ𝑥𝑖⃗ + Δ𝑦𝑗⃗ + Δ𝑧𝑘
𝑟⃗1 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖⃗ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗⃗ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 ⃗⃗

Sample Problem 4.01 Motion of a Rabbit (Fig. 4-2)

The rabbit’s position (in meters) is given as functions of time 𝑡 (second):

𝑥(𝑡) = −0.31𝑡 2 + 7.2𝑡 + 28 and 𝑦(𝑡) = 0.22𝑡 2 − 9.1𝑡 + 30

Where is the rabbit at 𝑡 = 15 (s)? ➔ Let’s answer this using the position vector
expressed in two different ways.

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We know 𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖⃗ + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗⃗ . ➔ 𝑟⃗(15) = 𝑥(15)𝑖⃗ + 𝑦(15)𝑗⃗ = 66𝑖⃗ −
57𝑗⃗ (m)

What about the magnitude (𝑟) and the phase(𝜙)? (Look at Fig. 4-2.)

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(66)2 + (−57)2 = 87 (m)

−57
𝜙 = tan−1 = −41°
66

(Aside) Radian?

4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 평균속도/순간속도

Suppose a particle undergoes a displacement Δ𝑟⃗ in time interval Δ𝑡.

Δ𝑟⃗
- Average Velocity = (Displacement) / (Time interval) ➔ 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (This
Δ𝑡

is a vector quantity!)

⃗⃗ Δ𝑥
Δ𝑟⃗ Δ𝑥𝑖⃗ + Δ𝑦𝑗⃗ + Δ𝑧𝑘 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑧
𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡

Example

Suppose a particle moves through displacement (12 m)𝑖⃗ + (3.0 m)𝑗⃗ in 2.0 s.
Δ𝑟⃗ (12 m)𝑖⃗+(3.0 m)𝑗⃗ m m
Then, 𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = (6.0 ) 𝑖⃗ + (1.5 )𝑗⃗
Δ𝑡 2.0 s s s

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(Aside) Differentiation

Δ𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗(𝑡)
Velocity = Displacement / Time interval ➔ 𝑣⃗(𝑡) = lim =
Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Instantaneous Velocity 𝑣⃗(𝑡)

𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗ =
𝑑𝑡

 The direction of 𝑣⃗ (of a particle) is tangent to the particle’s path at the

particle’s position.

 Valid also in three dimensions

𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑣⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) =
= (𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑦𝑗⃗ + 𝑧𝑘 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗ + 𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⃗⃗ , where 𝑣𝑥 =
𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘 , 𝑣𝑦 = , 𝑣𝑧 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
 For instance, 𝑣𝑥 = is the scalar component of 𝑣⃗ along the 𝑥 axis.
𝑑𝑡

[Explain this using Fig. 4-3 GRAPHICALLY.]

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Sample Problem 4.02 Visit Sample Problem 4.01

Find the velocity of the rabbit at 𝑡 = 15 (s)?

4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration

(Recall)

Average Velocity = (Displacement = Position Change) / (Time interval) ➔

Δ𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (This is a vector quantity!)
Δ𝑡

When a particle’s velocity changes from 𝑣⃗1 to 𝑣⃗2 in a time interval Δ𝑡 , its
average acceleration 𝑎⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 during Δ𝑡 is

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 Average Acceleration = (Velocity Change) / (Time Interval)

𝑣⃗2 − 𝑣⃗1 Δ𝑣⃗

𝑎⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡

Instantaneous Acceleration (or simply Acceleration)

𝑑𝑣⃗
𝑎⃗ =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣⃗ 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎⃗ = ⃗⃗ ) = 𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑧 𝑘
= (𝑣𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
⃗⃗ , where 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗⃗ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 , 𝑎𝑦 = , 𝑎𝑧 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

(Note) Drawing a position vector, a velocity vector, and an acceleration vector

- A position vector extends from one point (tail, ‘here’) to another point
(head, ‘there’).

- A velocity vector does not extend from one point to another, showing (1)
the instantaneous direction at the particle’s travel at the tail, and (2) its
length (the velocity magnitude) drawn to any scale.

- An acceleration vector does not extend from one point to another, showing
(1) the instantaneous direction of the acceleration at the tail, and (2) its
length (the acceleration magnitude) drawn to any scale

[Try Checkpoint 2 TOGETHER.]

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[Try Sample Problem 4.03 TOGETHER.]

4-4 Projectile Motion (포물체운동) – 포물선운동(?) 발사체운동(?)

A particle moves in a vertical plane (𝑥 − 𝑦 plane), just for convenience, with an

initial velocity 𝑣⃗0 but its acceleration is always (downward) 𝑔⃗ - free fall.
[Draw a picture.] ➔ Called a projectile motion.

(Aside) projectile – it is projected or launched.

(Examples) baseball in flight, tennis ball, etc.

Let’s analyze projectile motion under one assumption that air has no effect in the
projectile.

The initial velocity 𝑣⃗0 can be written as (cf. resolving):

𝑣⃗0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑗⃗

Q: How do we find the components 𝑣0𝑥 and 𝑣0𝑦 ?

(One answer) Use the magnitude of 𝑣⃗0 (𝑣0 ) and the angle (𝜃0 ) that 𝑣⃗0 makes
with the positive x axis in the counterclockwise direction.

𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 , 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0

(Note) During the motion,

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 (1) The position vector 𝑟⃗ and the velocity vector 𝑣⃗ change continuously.

(2) The acceleration vector 𝑎⃗ is constant (ALWAYS downward). [Explain

this using 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎.]

(3) No horizonal acceleration. [Explain this using 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎.]

(Key) In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are
INDEPENDENT; neither motion affects the other.

 We can regard the two motions separately.

Horizontal motion ➔ ZERO acceleration

Vertical motion ➔ Constant downward acceleration

[Explain this showing Fig. 4-9.]

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(Examples) Figures 4-10 and 4-11

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10
Horizontal Motion

- No acceleration in the horizonal direction

- The horizontal component of 𝑣⃗ remains unchanged from 𝑣0𝑥

throughout the motion.

- The horizontal displacement is 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 , where 𝑥0 is the initial

position.

◼ (Note) 𝑥 and 𝑥0 are positions, while 𝑥 − 𝑥0 is a displacement.

- Since 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 , 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )𝑡.

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Vertical Motion

- The acceleration is constant in the vertical direction. Assuming the 𝑦 axis

is positive upward, then 𝑎⃗ = −𝑔⃗.
1 1
- 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 ➔ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )𝑡 −
2 2
1
𝑔𝑡 2
2

- Note that 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡.

- Recall eqn.(2-16) 𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑜 2 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 ) . ➔ 𝑣𝑦 2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 2 + 2𝑎(𝑦 −

𝑦𝑜 ) = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 2 − 2𝑔(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 ).

- The vertical velocity component behaves just like a ball thrown vertically
upward. ➔ What is the initial velocity of the ball?

The Equation of the Path (경로)

We need to see the relationship between 𝑥 and 𝑦. ➔ Trajectory (궤적)

1
Combine 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )𝑡 and 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 to
2

eliminate 𝑡, assuming 𝑥0 = 𝑦𝑜 = 0 just for simplicity. [What does this mean?]

𝑥
𝑥 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )𝑡 ➔ 𝑡 = ➔ Substituting this for 𝑡 in 𝑦 =
𝑣0 cos 𝜃0

1 𝑔𝑥 2
(𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 , we obtain 𝑦 = (tan 𝜃0 )𝑥 − .
2 2(𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )2

 Now that 𝜃0 , 𝑔, 𝑣0 are all constants, the above equation is of the form
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.

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  Parabola (포물선) (Fig. 4-9)

Q: How far does the particle travel horizontally when it returns to its initial height?

➔ Horizontal Range 𝑅 (수평도달거리)

(1) Compute the time 𝑇𝑓 when the ball comes back to the initial height.

(2) Apply this time to the horizontal motion to obtain the answer.
1
Consider 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 . ➔ Solve this for 𝑡 when 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 0.
2
2𝑣0 sin 𝜃0
➔ 𝑇𝑓 = ➔ Substitute this for 𝑡 in 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )𝑡 . ➔ 𝑅 =
𝑔

2𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 2𝑣0 2

𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) = sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜃0
𝑔 𝑔

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Since sin 2𝜃0 = 2 sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜃0 , we obtain:

𝑣0 2
𝑅= sin 2𝜃0
𝑔

(Notes)

(1) 𝑅 has its maximum value when 2𝜃0 = 90°, i.e. 𝜃0 = 45°. [As expected]

(2) If the final height is different from the initial height, then

A. This equation cannot be used.

B. 𝜃0 = 45° does not yield the maximum horizontal distance.

What if we have air effects?

Sample Problem 4.04 Projectile dropped from airplane

Compute the angle 𝜙 of the pilot’s line of sight and the velocity 𝑣⃗ of the
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capsule when it reaches the water.

(Keys)

(1) Horizontal direction – constant velocity and Vertical direction – constant

acceleration

(2) The plane should arrive right above the victim when the capsule reaches
the water. Why?

First, let’s define the 𝑥 (horizontal and positive to the right) and 𝑦 (vertical and
positive upward). Then, 𝑥0 = 𝑦0 = 0.

Compute the time instant 𝑇 when the capsule reaches the water, considering that
1
the vertical motion is a free fall. Use 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 )𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 with
2

𝑦𝑜 = 0, 𝜃0 = 0, and ℎ = −500 (Can you explain this?).

1 1
𝑦 = ℎ = −500 = − 𝑔𝑇 2 = − (9.8)𝑇 2 ➔ 𝑇 = 10.1 (s)
2 2

To compute the horizontal distance 𝑋 that the plane reaches at 𝑡 = 𝑇, use 𝑥 −

𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 )𝑡 with 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑣0 = 55.0 (m/s), and again 𝜃0 = 0.

𝑋 = (55.0)(10.1) = 555.5 (m)

Therefore, the angle 𝜙 of the pilot’s line of sight becomes

|ℎ| 500
𝜙 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 48.0°
𝑋 555.5

To compute the velocity of the capsule when it reaches the water…

We know the capsule reaches the water at 𝑡 = 𝑇 = 10.1 (s).

(Horizontal direction) 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 = (55.0) cos 0 = 55.0

(Vertical direction) 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡 = (55.0) sin 0 − (9.8)(10.1) =

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−99.0 (m)

Then, the velocity of the capsule is 𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗⃗ = (55.0 m/s)𝑖⃗ + (−99.0 m/

m −99.0
s)𝑗⃗. ➔ The magnitude and angle of 𝑣⃗ are 𝑣 = 113 ( ) and 𝜃 = tan−1 =
s 55.0

−60.9°.

Try Sample Problem 4.05. --- DIY!

4-5 Uniform Circular Motion (등속원운동)

Uniform Circular Motion ➔ Travelling around a circle or a circular arc at

constant (uniform) speed

Is the velocity of the particle constant? If no, how does it change?

(Key) The velocity of the particle is always tangent to the displacement, i.e. the
circle. [Draw a circle and explain this. Use Fig. 4-16.]

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Is the acceleration of the particle constant? If no, how does it change?

Consider a particle moving at constant speed 𝑣 around a circle of radius 𝑟.

(Fig. 4-17(a))

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 𝑣⃗ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗⃗ = (−𝑣 sin 𝜃)𝑖⃗ + (𝑣 cos 𝜃)𝑗⃗
𝑦𝑝 𝑥𝑝 𝑦𝑝 𝑥𝑝
sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = ➔ 𝑣⃗ = (−𝑣 )𝑖⃗ + (𝑣 )𝑗⃗
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Differentiate the above equation with respect to time to obtain the acceleration of
the particle 𝑎⃗.

𝑑𝑣⃗ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦𝑝 𝑣 𝑑𝑥𝑝

𝑎⃗ = =− 𝑖⃗ + 𝑗⃗
𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑑𝑡

(Fig. 4-17(b))

(Notes)
𝑑𝑦𝑝 𝑑𝑦𝑝
(1) is equal to 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃, and therefore = 𝑣 cos 𝜃.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥𝑝 𝑑𝑥𝑝
(2) is equal to 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑣 sin 𝜃, and therefore = −𝑣 sin 𝜃.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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Then,
𝑣 𝑣
𝑎⃗ = − (𝑣 cos 𝜃)𝑖⃗ + (−𝑣 sin 𝜃)𝑗⃗
𝑟 𝑟

What are the magnitude and direction of this vector 𝑎⃗?

𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑎 = √(− cos 𝜃)2 + (− sin 𝜃)2 =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝑣2
− sin 𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟
𝑣2
= tan 𝜃 ➔ 𝜙 = 𝜃
− cos 𝜃
𝑟

(Fig. 4-17(c))

𝑣2
(1) The magnitude of 𝑎⃗ is constant; 𝑎 = .
𝑟

(2) The direction of 𝑎⃗ is always toward the origin of the circle. ➔ Radial
acceleration or Centripetal acceleration

(3) Any circular motion, whether uniform or nonuniform, has a centripetal

𝑣2
acceleration 𝑎𝑟 = because the particle is changing direction.
𝑟

2𝜋𝑟
(4) Period of revolution: 𝑇 =
𝑣

Sample Problem 4.06 Top gun pilots in turns

Enters a horizontal circular turn with a velocity 𝑣⃗𝑖 = (400𝑖⃗ + 500𝑗⃗) m/s

Leaves the circle after 24.0 s with 𝑣⃗𝑓 = (−400𝑖⃗ − 500𝑗⃗) m/s

What is the magnitude of the acceleration in 𝑔 units?

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 𝑣2 2𝜋𝑟
We do not know the radius of the circle, 𝑟. ➔ Since 𝑎 = and 𝑇 = , 𝑎=
𝑟 𝑣
2𝜋𝑣
.
𝑇

𝑣 = √(400)2 + (500)2 = 640.31 m/s and 𝑇 = 48.0 s (Why?)

2𝜋(640.31) m
 𝑎= = 83.81 = 8.6𝑔
48.0 s2

(Q) What happens if a particle is in nonuniform circular motion, i.e., 𝑣

changes?
𝑑𝑣
(A) The particle has the tangential acceleration 𝑎𝑡 = in addition to 𝑎𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑣2
.
𝑟

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4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension

[Take an example of the relative motion.]

 The coordinate 𝑥𝑃𝐴 of 𝑃 as measured by 𝐴 is equal to the coordinate

𝑥𝑃𝐵 of 𝑃 as measured by 𝐵 plus the coordinate 𝑥𝐵𝐴 of 𝐵 as
measured by 𝐴.

 𝑥𝑃𝐴 = 𝑥𝑃𝐵 + 𝑥𝐵𝐴 (Be careful about the subscripts.)

Taking the time derivative of the above equation, we obtain

𝑣𝑃𝐴 = 𝑣𝑃𝐵 + 𝑣𝐵𝐴

 The velocity 𝑣𝑃𝐴 of 𝑃 as measured by 𝐴 is equal to the velocity 𝑣𝑃𝐵

of 𝑃 as measured by 𝐵 plus the velocity 𝑣𝐵𝐴 of 𝐵 as measured by 𝐴.

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(Notes)

(1) 𝑣𝐵𝐴 is the velocity of frame 𝐵 relative to frame 𝐴.

(2) 𝑥𝑃𝐴 = 𝑥𝑃𝐵 + 𝑥𝐵𝐴 and 𝑣𝑃𝐴 = 𝑣𝑃𝐵 + 𝑣𝐵𝐴 are true at any time instant.

(3) If the frames move at constant velocity relative to each other, then 𝑣𝐵𝐴 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
constant. ➔ (𝑣𝑃𝐴 ) = (𝑣𝑃𝐵 ) + (𝑣𝐵𝐴 ) = (𝑣𝑃𝐵 ) ➔ 𝑎𝑃𝐴 = 𝑎𝑃𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Sample Problem 4.07

Suppose (1) 𝐵’s velocity relative to 𝐴 is constant with 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 52 km/h and (2)
𝑃 is moving in the negative direction of the 𝑥 axis.

(a) If 𝐴 measures a constant 𝑣𝑃𝐴 = −78 km/h for car 𝑃 , what velocity
𝑣𝑃𝐵 will 𝐵 measure?

- 𝑣𝑃𝐴 = 𝑣𝑃𝐵 + 𝑣𝐵𝐴 ➔ −78 = 𝑣𝑃𝐵 + 52 ➔ 𝑣𝑃𝐵 = −130 km/h

(b) … DIY

4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions

Now, we use vectors.

Suppose (1) two observers are watching a moving particle 𝑃 from the origins of
frames 𝐴 and 𝐵 and (2) 𝐵 moves at a constant 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 relative to 𝐴.

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Position vectors (See the above figure)

𝑟⃗𝑃𝐴 = 𝑟⃗𝑃𝐵 + 𝑟⃗𝐵𝐴

Time derivative of the above equation

𝑣⃗𝑃𝐴 = 𝑣⃗𝑃𝐵 + 𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴

Time derivative of the above equation (𝑣⃗𝐵𝐴 is constant.)

𝑎⃗𝑃𝐴 = 𝑎⃗𝑃𝐵 + 𝑎⃗𝐵𝐴 = 𝑎⃗𝑃𝐵

Sample Problem 4.08 Airplane

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The magnitudes of 𝑣⃗𝑃𝑊 and 𝑣⃗𝑊𝐺 are 215 km/h and 65.0 km/h ,
respectively. What is the magnitude of 𝑣⃗𝑃𝐺 and 𝜃?

(Key) 𝑣⃗𝑃𝐺 = 𝑣⃗𝑃𝑊 + 𝑣⃗𝑊𝐺 ➔ Fig. 4-20(b)

65.0×cos 20°
𝑦 components ➔ |𝑣⃗𝑃𝑊 | sin 𝜃 = |𝑣⃗𝑊𝐺 | cos 20° ➔ 𝜃 = sin−1 =
215

16.5°

|𝑣⃗𝑃𝐺 | = 215 cos 16.5° + 65.0 sin 20° = 228 km/h

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