Modeling, Computers and Error

Analysis
Introduction
 Numerical Methods

 Techniques by which mathematical problems are

formulated so that they can be solved with arithmetic
operations.
 Involves large numbers of tedious arithmetic
calculations
 Noncomputer Methods

 Three different ways engineers approach problem

solving

 Solutions were derived for some problems using

analytical or exact methods
 Graphical solutions were used to characterize the
behavior of the system
 Calculators and slide rules were used to implement
numerical methods manually.
Three Phases of Engineering
Problem Solving
Formulation Formulation

Fundamental laws In-depth exposition of relationship

explained briefly of problem to Fundamental laws

Solution Solution

Elaborate and often Elaborate and often complicated

complicated method to method to make problem
make problem tractable tractable

Interpretation
Interpretation
Ease of calculation allows holistic
In-depth analysis limited by thoughts and intuition to develop;
time consuming solution system sensitivity and behavior
can be studied
Why study numerical methods?

 Extremely powerful power solving tool

 Computer software involve numerical methods
 Many problems cannot be approached using canned
programs
 Efficient vehicle for learning programming languages
 Reinforce mathematics
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Optimization
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Optimization
 Curve fitting
 Regression
 Interpolation
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Optimization
 Curve fitting
 Integration
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Optimization
 Curve fitting
 Integration
 Ordinary Differential
Equations
 Mathematical Background

 Roots of equations
 Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
 Optimization
 Curve fitting
 Integration
 Ordinary Differential
Equations
 Partial Differential
Equations
 Chapter 1

Mathematical Modeling and

Engineering Problem Solving
 Mathematical Model

 Formulation or equation that expresses the essential

features of a physical system or process in
mathematical term

𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎 𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝐹
𝑎= 𝑑𝑣 𝑐
𝑚 =𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝐹
= 𝑔𝑚 𝑐 Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
𝑐
𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷 + 𝐹𝑈 𝐹 = 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁, 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
)
𝑠2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑐 = 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠
𝐹𝑈 = −𝑐 ∙ 𝑣
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 = 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
 Example 1.1

 A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a

stationary hot air balloon. Compute the velocity prior
to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is equal to
12.5 kg/s.
 Solution

𝑔𝑚 𝑐 Τ𝑚 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
𝑐
9.8(68.1) 12.5Τ68.1 𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−
12.5

𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡

 Solution
t(s) v (m/s)
0 0.00
2 16.40
4 27.77
6 35.64
8 41.09 𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡

10 44.87
12 47.49 𝑣 0 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 0 =0
15 49.99
20 52.03
𝑣 2 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 2 = 16.40
30 53.17
50 53.38
100 53.39 𝑣 4 = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 4 = 27.77
1000 53.39
10000 53.39
∞
 Solution
t(s) v (m/s)
0 0.00
2 16.40
𝑣(𝑡) = 53.39 1 − 𝑒 − 0.18355 𝑡

4 27.77
60.00
6 35.64 Terminal velocity
8 41.09 50.00
10 44.87
12 47.49 40.00
V(m/s)

15 49.99
30.00
20 52.03
30 53.17 20.00
50 53.38
100 53.39 10.00
1000 53.39 0.00
10000 53.39

50
0
2
4
6

30
8

100

10000
12

20

1000
10

15
∞

t(s)
 The use of finite difference to approximate the first
derivative of v with respect to t
𝑣
True slope
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1

∆𝑣
Approximate slope
𝑣 𝑡𝑖 Δ𝑣 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
=
Δ𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖

𝑡
𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1

∆𝑡
𝑑𝑣 Δ𝑣 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
≅ =
𝑑𝑡 Δ𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖

𝑑𝑣 𝑐
=𝑔− 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑐
= 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚

𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚

𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
Euler’s method

𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 × 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒

Example 1.2
Numerical Solution to the Falling Parachutist Problem

 Perform the same computation as in previous

example but use the derived equation below to
compute the velocity. Employ a step size of 2s for the
calculation.
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
t= 0 to 2
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
𝑐
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 =0+ 𝑔− 𝑣 0 2−0
𝑚

12.5
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 0 + 9.8 − ∙0 2−0
68.1

𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 19.60 𝑚/𝑠

t= 2 to 4

12.5
𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 19.60 + 9.8 − 19.60 4−2
68.1

𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 32.00 𝑚/𝑠

t(s) exact num
0 0.00 0.00
2 16.40 19.60
60.00
4 27.77 32.00
6 35.64 39.86
50.00
8 41.09 44.82
10 44.87 47.97
40.00
12 47.49 49.96
14 49.30 51.22
30.00 exact
16 50.56 52.02
num
18 51.43 52.52
20 52.03 52.84 20.00

22 52.45 53.04
24 52.74 53.17 10.00

26 52.94 53.25
28 53.08 53.30 0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
30 53.17 53.33
32 53.24 53.36
34 53.29 53.37
36 53.32 53.38
38 53.34 53.38