IP Addressing

BY:Gebretinsae G.

Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001

January 2017
IP Addressing Contents

• Describe the different classes of IP addresses

• Perform subnetting for an internetwork

• Configure IP addresses in an internetwork

• Verify IP addresses and configuration

• Describe CIDR Notation

• IP address summarization Concept

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IP Concept

 The Internet Protocol (IP) essentially is the Internet

layer.
• All the machines on the network have a software, or
logical, address called an IP address.
• All hosts on a network have a logical ID called an IP
address.
• An IPv4 is a 32-bit number comprised of a host number
and a network prefix, both of which are used to uniquely
identify each node within a network.
• IPv6 128-bit address, allowing for 2 power 128 total IP
addresses, as opposed to IPv4's 2 power 32.

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IP Addressing

 An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine

on an IP network.
• It designates the location of a device on the network.
• An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address—
the latter is hardcoded on a network interface card (NIC) and
used for finding hosts on a local network.
• IP addressing designed to allow a host on one network to
communicate with a host on a different network.
• To understand IP addressing and subnetting, it’s important to
have already mastered binary-to-decimal conversion and the
powers of 2.

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IP Terminology
 Bit One digit; either a 1 or a 0.
 Byte 8 bits.
• IPv4- has 4 byte & IPv6- has 16 byte.
 Octet is 8 bits.
 Network address The designation used in routing to
send packets to a remote network, for example, 10.0.0.0,
172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.
 Broadcast address Used by applications and hosts to
send information to all nodes on a network.
• Examples include 255.255.255.255, which is all
networks, all nodes; 172.16.255.255, which is all subnets
and hosts on network 17.16.0.0; and 10.255.255.255,
which broadcasts to all subnets and hosts on network
10.0.0.0. Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
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 Understanding the Powers of 2
 Powers of 2 are important to understand and memorize for use with
IP subnetting.
• To review powers of 2, remember that when you see a number
with another number to its upper right, this means you should
multiply the number by itself as many times as the upper number
specifies.
• For example, 2 power 3 is 2x2x2, which equals 8.
• Here is the list of powers of 2 that you should memorize:

• N.B:- Any Number power 0

is always One.2 p 0 =1

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Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Review
 Prior to learning about IP addressing, you must have a
fundamental understanding of binary-to-decimal conversions.
• Here is how it works:
• Binary numbers use 8 bits to define a decimal number.
• These bits are weighted from right to left in an increment that doubles in
value.
• Here is an example of 8 bits and the value assigned to each bit:11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 =255
• Here is an example of binary-to-decimal conversion:00100110
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Decimal value
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 Byte in binary
• Add the value of the bits that are turned on:
32
4
2
=38 P_007
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Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Review…

 Any time you find a bit turned on (a one), you add the
values of each bit position.
• Let’s practice on a few more:
01010101=85
64
16
4
1
=85
• 11001100 = 204
128
64
8
4
=204
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Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Review…
 You will need to memorize the binary-to-decimal conversions in
the following list.
 You will use this information when you practice subnetting And
to summarize multiple IP address into single IP address.
00000000=0
10000000=128
11000000=192
11100000=224
11110000=240
11111000=248
11111100=252
11111110=254
11111111=255
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IP address breakdown

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Network and Node Addressing
 The network address uniquely identifies each network.
• Every machine on the same network shares that network
address as part of its IP address.
• In the IP address 172.16.30.56, for example, 172.16 is the
network address.
 The node address is assigned to, and uniquely identifies, each
machine on a network.
• This part of the address must be unique because it identifies a
particular machine—an individual—as opposed to a network,
which is a group.
• This number can also be referred to as a host address.
• In the sample IP address 172.16.30.56, .30.56 is the node
address.
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The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
 An IP address consists of 32 bits of information.
• These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as octets
or bytes, each containing 1 byte (8 bits).
• You can depict an IP address using one of two methods:
Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
• All these examples represent the same IP address.
• The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address,
as opposed to a flat or nonhierarchical, address.
• The advantage of this scheme is that it can handle a large
number of addresses, namely 4.3 billion (a 32-bit address
space with two possible values for each position—either 0 or
1—gives you 2 power 32, or approximately 4.3 billion).
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The Hierarchical IP Addressing Classes
 The designers of the Internet decided to create classes of
networks based on network size.
• For the small number of networks possessing a very large
number of nodes, they created the rank Class A network.
• At the other extreme is the Class C network, which is
reserved for the numerous networks with a small number
of nodes.
• The class distinction for networks between very large and
very small is predictably called the Class B network.
• Subdividing an IP address into a network and node address
is determined by the class designation of one’s network.
• The following table summarizes the three classes of
networks, which will be described in much more detail
throughout this chapter. P_0013
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Summary of the three classes of networks

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Network Address Range: Class A
 The designers of the IP address scheme said that the first bit
of the first byte in a Class A network address must always
be off, or 0.
• This means a Class A address must be between 0 & 127.
• Here is how those numbers are defined:0xxxxxxx:
• If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all
on, we will find your Class A range of network
addresses.
00000000=0
01111111=127

• So, a Class A network is defined in the first octet

between 0 and 127. Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
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 Class A Addresses…
 In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the
network address, and the three remaining bytes are used for the
node or host addresses.
• The Class A format is :- Network.Host.Host.Host
• For example, in the IP address 49.22.102.70, 49 is the network
address, and 22.102.70 is the host address.
• Every machine on this particular network would have the
unique network address of 49.
• Class A addresses are one byte long, with the first bit of that
byte reserved and the seven remaining bits available for
manipulation.
• As a result, the maximum number of Class A networks that can
be created is 128. Why? Because each of the seven bit positions
can either be a 0 or a 1, thus 2 power 7 or 128. P_0016
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Class A Addresses…

 To complicate matters further, the network address of all 0s (0000

0000) is reserved to designate the default route.
 Additionally, the address 127, which is reserved for diagnostics
(loopback), can’t be used either, which means that you can only use
the numbers 1 to 126 to designate Class A network addresses.
• Each Class A address has three bytes (24-bit positions) for the node
address of a machine.
• Thus, there are 2 power 24—or 16,777,216—unique combinations and,
therefore, precisely that many possible unique node addresses
for each Class A network.
• Because addresses with the two patterns of all 0s and all 1s are
reserved.
• The actual maximum usable number of nodes for a Class A network is 2
power 24 minus 2, which equals 16,777,214.

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 Class A Valid Host IDs
 Here is an example of how to figure out the valid host IDs in a
Class A network address:
10.0.0.0 All host bits off is the network address.
10.255.255.255 All host bits on is the broadcast address.
 The valid hosts are the number in between the network address and
the broadcast address: 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254.
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 … ….. 10.0.0.253 10.0.0.254
.
10.1.0.1 10.1.0.2 … ….. 10.1.0.253 10.1.0.254
------------- ----------- .. ---
10.255.255.1 10.255.255.1 -- ---- 10.255.255.253 10.255.255.254
-- ---

 All you need to remember when trying to find valid host addresses
is that the host bits cannot all be turned off or on at the same time.
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Network Address Range: Class B
 In a Class B network, the RFCs state that the first bit
of the first byte must always be turned on, but the
second bit must always be turned off.
• If you turn the other six bits all off and then all on,
you will find the range for a Class B network:

10000000=128
10111111=191

• As you can see, this means that a Class B network

can be defined when the first byte is configured
from 128 to 191.
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Class B Addresses…
 In a Class B network address, the first two bytes are assigned to
the network address, and the remaining two bytes are used for
node addresses. The format is :- Network.Network.Host.Host
• For example, in the IP address 172.16.30.56, the network
address is 172.16, and the node address is 30.56.
• With a network address being two bytes (eight bits each),
there would be 2 power 16 unique combinations.
• But the Internet designers decided that all Class B network
addresses should start with the binary digit 1, then 0.
• This leaves 14 bit positions to manipulate, therefore 16,384 (2
power 14) unique Class B network addresses.
• A Class B address uses two bytes for node addresses.
• This is 2 power 16 minus the two reserved patterns (all 0s and
all 1s), for a total of 65,534 possible node addresses for each
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Class B network. Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
Class B Valid Host IDs
 Here is an example of how to find the valid hosts in a Class B
network:
172.16.0.0 All host bits turned off is the network address.
172.16.255.255 All host bits turned on is the broadcast
address.
• The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the
network address and the broadcast address:
172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254.
• IP address range: 172.16.0.0-172.16.255.255:- 65536
addresses
• Class-B-Host-Range.txt
• Online sites valid host address calculator:
http://www.magic-cookie.co.uk/iplist.html
http://www.csgnetwork.com/ipinfocalc.html
Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
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Network Address Range: Class C
 For Class C networks, the RFCs define the first
two bits of the first octet always turned on, but
the third bit can never be on.
• Following the same process as the previous
classes, convert from binary to decimal to
find the range.
• Here is the range for a Class C network:
11000000=192
11011111=223

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 Class C Addresses
 The first three bytes of a Class C network address are dedicated to the
network portion of the address, with only one byte remaining for the
node address.
 The format is :- Network.Network.Network.Host
• Using the example IP address 192.168.100.102, the network
address is 192.168.100, and the node address is 102.
• In a Class C network address, the first three bit positions are
always the binary 110.
• The calculation is such: 3 bytes, or 24 bits, minus 3 reserved
positions, leaves 21 positions. Hence, there are 2 power 21, or
2,097,152, possible Class C networks.
• Each unique Class C network has one byte to use for node
addresses.
• This leads to 2 power 8 or 256, minus the two reserved patterns of
all 0s and all 1s, for a total of 254 node addresses for each Class C
network. Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
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 Class C Valid Host IDs
 Here is an example of how to find a valid host ID in a Class C network:
192.168.100.0 All host bits turned off is the network ID.
192.168.100.255 All host bits turned on is the broadcast address.
• The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the network
address and the broadcast address:
• 192.168.100.1 through 192.168.100.254.

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Network Address Ranges: Classes D and E
 The first four bits of the first octet in Class D IP
addresses are set to 1110, giving a range of:

• Class D is used for multicast addresses purpose

 Class E addresses always begin with 11110 in the

highest order bits.
• Class E IP Class is reserved for experimental
purposes only for R&D, study and scientific
purposes.
• IP addresses in this class ranges from:-
240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.254
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IPv4 Address Range Summary

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 Network Addresses: Special Purpose
 Some IP addresses are reserved for special purposes, and network
administrators shouldn’t assign these addresses to nodes or hosts.

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Public and Private IP address
 Public IP address is an IP address that can be accessed over the
Internet.
• Public IP address is the globally unique IP address assigned to a
computing device.
• Your public IP address can be found at What is my IP Address
page if you have internet connection.
• A web server, email server and any server device directly
accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP address.
 Private IP address on the other hand is used to assign computers
within your private space without letting them directly expose to the
Internet.
• For example, if you have multiple computers within your home
you may want to use private IP addresses to address each
computer within your home.
• A private IP address is the address space allocated by InterNIC to
allow organizations to create their Network
ownDivprivate network.
| 02 April 2012 | P001
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Getting Public IP from PC
 Type this address http://whatismyipaddress.com on any host
that have internet connection

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Private IP address Ranges
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the
organization responsible for registering IP address ranges to
organizations and Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
 To allow organizations to freely assign private IP addresses, the
Network Information Center (InterNIC) has reserved certain
address blocks for private use.
 The following IP blocks are reserved for private IP addresses.

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Public IP address Ranges
 All addresses are managed by ICANN and allocated to
organizations by IANA, so you cannot arbitrarily add the IP
addresses to your computers and connect them to the Internet as
they may be in use elsewhere on the Internet.
 Public IP addresses used to communicate with the Internet.
Classes Public IP ranges
ET Public IP List:
Class A 1.0.0.0 - 9.255.255.255
11.x.x.x - 126.255.255.255
• 213.55.64.0/18
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 169.253.255.255
16382
169.255.0.0 - 172.15.255.255
• 197.156.64.0/18
172.32.0.0 - 191.0.1.255
16382
Class C 192.0.3.0 - 192.88.98.255
• 196.188.0.0/14
192.88.100.0 - 192.167.255.255
262,142
192.169.0.0 - 198.17.255.255
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IPv4 assignment in Home Network

 There are IP addresses that are automatically assigned (dynamic

allocation) when you set up a home network.
 Below are the most commonly assigned default addresses for
home networks:-192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0

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Subnetting Concept
 Subnetting is the process of dividing one network
address and create sub networks from it.
• which allows you to take one larger network and
break it into many smaller networks.
• There are many reasons to perform subnetting.
• Some of the benefits of subnetting include the
following:
o Reduced network traffic
o Optimized network performance
o Simplified management
o Facilitated spanning of large geographical
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 Subnetting Process
 To create subnetworks, you take bits from the host portion of the IP
address and reserve them to define the subnet address.
• This means fewer bits for hosts, so the more subnets, the fewer
bits available for defining hosts.
• However, before you implement subnetting, you need to
determine your current requirements and plan for future
conditions.
 Follow these steps:
1. Determine the number of required network IDs.
2. Determine the number of required host IDs per subnet.
3. Based on the above requirement, create the following:
A. One subnet mask for your entire network
B. A unique subnet ID for each physical segment
C. A range of host IDs for each subnet P_0034
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Subnet Masks
 A Subnet Mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP
packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from
the host ID portion of the IP address.
 The network administrator creates a 32-bit subnet mask composed
of 1s and 0s. The 1s in the subnet mask represent the positions that
refer to the network or subnet addresses.
 For a Class A network, you cannot change the first byte in a subnet
mask; it must read 255.0.0.0 at a minimum.
 A Class B address must start with 255.255.0.0, and a Class C must
start with 255.255.255.0.

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Subnetting Class C Addresses
 There are many different ways to subnet a network.
• Binary method
• An alternate method.
 In a Class C address, only 8 bits is available for defining the hosts.
 Remember that subnet bits start at the left and go to the right,
without skipping bits. This means that subnet masks can be
10000000=128
11000000=192
11100000=224
11110000=240
11111000=248
11111100=252
11111110=254
 RFCs state that you cannot have only one bit for subnetting, So,
the first subnet mask you can legally use is 192, and the last one is
252, since you need at least two bits for defining hosts. P_0036
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 Subnetting Class C Using Binary Method
 We will take the first subnet mask available with a Class C address,
which borrows two bits from subnetting.
 For this example, we are using 255.255.255.192.
• 192=11000000 Two bits for subnetting, 6 bits for defining the
hosts in each subnet.
• What are the subnets? Since the subnet bits can’t be both off or
on at the same time, the only two valid subnets are
01000000=64 (all host bits off) or
10000000=128 (all host bits off)
• The valid hosts would be defined as the numbers between the
subnets, minus the all host bits off and all host bits on.
• To find the hosts, first find your subnet by turning all the host
bits off, then turn all the host bits on to find your broadcast
address for the subnet. P_0037
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Subnetting Class C Using Binary Method…

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Subnetting Class C Using Alternate Method
 However, the example I presented only used two subnet bits.
• What if you had to subnet using 9, 10, or even 20 subnet bits?
• Let’s learn an alternate method of subnetting that makes it
easier to subnet larger numbers.
• When you have a subnet mask and need to determine the
amount of subnets, valid hosts, and broadcast addresses that
the mask provides,
• All you need to do is answer five simple questions:

1. How many subnets does the subnet mask produce?

2. How many valid hosts per subnet?
3. What are the valid subnets?
4. What are the valid hosts in each subnet?
5. What is the broadcast address of each subnet? P_0039
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Subnetting Class C Using Alternate Method…
1. How many subnets? 2x–2=amount of subnets.
• X is the amount of masked bits, or the 1s.
• For example, 11000000 is 2 power 2–2.
• In this example, there are 2 subnets, 4-2=2.
2. How many hosts per subnet? 2y–2=amount of hosts per subnet.
• Y is the amount of unmasked bits, or the 0s.
• For example, 11000000 is 2 power 6–2. 64-2=62
• In this example, there are 62 hosts per subnet.
3. What are the valid subnets?
• 256–subnet mask=base number.
• For example, 256–192=64.
4. What are the valid hosts?
• Valid hosts are the numbers between the subnets, minus all 0s and
all 1s.
5. What is the broadcast address for each subnet?
• Broadcast address is all host bits turned on, which is the number
immediately preceding the next subnet.
Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 Practice Example 1: 255.255.255.192

 Let’s use the Class C subnet address from the

preceding example, 255.255.255.192, to see how
much simpler this method is than writing out the
binary numbers.
 In this example, you will subnet the network address
• 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.192
• 192.168.10.0=Network address
• 255.255.255.192=Subnet mask
 Now, answer the five questions:
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Address's..

1. How many subnets?

• Since 192 is two bits on (11000000),
• The answer would be 2 p 2–2=2. (The minus 2 is the subnet
bits all on or all off, which is not valid by default.)
2. How many hosts per subnet?
• We have 6 host bits off (11000000),
• so the equation would be 2 p 6–2=62 hosts.
3. What are the valid subnets?
• 256–192=64,
• which is the first subnet and our base number or variable.
• Keep adding the variable to itself until you reach the subnet
mask.
• 64+64=128. 128+64=192, which is invalid because it is the
subnet mask (all subnet bits turned on).
• Our two valid subnets are, then, 64 and
Network Div |128.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Address's..

4. What are the valid hosts?

• These are the numbers between the subnets.
• The easiest way to find the hosts is to write out the
subnet address and the broadcast address.
• This way the valid hosts are obvious.
5. What is the broadcast address for each subnet?
• The number right before the next subnet is all host
bits turned on and is the broadcast address.
• Table below shows the 64 and 128 subnets, the valid
host ranges of each, and the broadcast address of
both subnets.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Address's..

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 Practice Example 2: 255.255.255.224

• In this example, you will subnet the network address
192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.224.
o 192.168.10.0=Network address
o 255.255.255.224=Subnet mask
1. How many subnets?
• 224 is 11100000, so our equation would be 2 p 3–2=6.
2. How many hosts? 2 p 5–2=30.
3. What are the valid subnets?
• 256–224=32. 32+32=64. 64+32=96. 96+32=128.
128+32=160. 160+32=192. 192+64=224, which is
invalid because it is our subnet mask (all subnet bits on).
• Our subnets are 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, and 192.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses
4. What are the valid hosts?
5. What is the broadcast address for each subnet?
• To answer questions 4 and 5, first just write out the
subnets, then write out the broadcast addresses, which
is the number right before the next subnet.
• Last, fill in the host addresses.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses
 Practice Example 3: 255.255.255.240
 Let’s practice on another one:
192.168.10.0=Network number
255.255.255.240=Subnet mask
1. 240 is 11110000 in binary. 2 p 4–2=14 subnets.
2. Four host bits, or 2 p 4–2=14 hosts.
3. 256–240=16. 16+16=32. 32+16=48. 48+16=64. 64+16=80.
80+16=96. 96+16=112. 112+16=128. 128+16=144.
144+16=160.160+16=176. 176+16=192. 192+16=208.
208+16=224.224+16=240, which is our subnet mask and
therefore invalid.
• So, our valid subnets are 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128,
144, 160, 176, 192,208, and 224.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses
4. What are the valid hosts?
5. What is the broadcast address for each subnet?
• To answer questions 4 and 5, view the following table,
which shows the subnets, valid hosts, and broadcast
addresses for each subnet.
• First, find the broadcast address of each subnet, then fill
in the host addresses.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses
 Practice Example 4: 255.255.255.248
 Let’s keep practicing:
192.168.10.0=Network address
255.255.255.248=Subnet mask
1. 248 in binary=11111000. 2 p 5–2=30 subnets.
2. 2 p 3–2=6 hosts.
3. 256–248=8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 104,
112, 120,128, 136, 144, 152, 160, 168, 176, 184, 192, 200,
208, 216, 224,232, and 240.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then come back
and perform step 4 by filling in the host addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which is always
the number right before the next subnet.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 Take a look at the following table, which shows the

subnets (first three and last three only), valid hosts, and
broadcast addresses for the Class C 255.255.255.248
mask.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 Practice Example 5: 255.255.255.252

192.168.10.0=Network number
255.255.255.252=Subnet mask
1. 62.
2. 2.
3. 4, 8, 12, etc., all the way to 248.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then come
back and perform step 4 by filling in the host addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which is
always the number right before the next subnet.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 The following table shows you the subnet, valid host, and
broadcast address of the first three and last three subnets in the
255.255.255.252 Class C subnet.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses

 Practice Example 6: 255.255.255.128

• OK, we told you that using only one subnet bit was
illegal and not to use it.
• But aren’t all rules meant to be broken?
• This mask can be used when you need two subnets,
each with 126 hosts.
• The standard five questions don’t work here, and we’ll
just explain how to use it.
• First, use the global configuration command ip subnet-
zero to tell your router to break the rules and use a 1-
bit subnet mask.
• Router(config)# ip subnet-zero
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class C Addresses
 Since 128 is 1000000 in binary, there is only one bit for
subnetting.
 Since this bit can be either off or on, the two available
subnets are 0 and 128.
 You can determine the subnet value by looking at the
decimal value of the fourth octet.
 The following table will show you the two subnets, valid
host range, and broadcast address for the Class C
255.255.255.128 mask.

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Subnetting in Your Head: Class C Addresses

 It is possible to perform subnetting in your head.

192.168.10.32=Network address
255.255.255.224=Subnet mask
• First, determine the subnet and broadcast address of the above
IP address.
• You can do this by answering question 3 in the five-question
process.256–224=32. 32+32=64.
• The address falls between the two subnets and must be part of
the 192.168.10.32 subnet.
• The next subnet is 64, so the broadcast address is 63.
(Remember that the broadcast address of a subnet is always
the number right before the next subnet.)
• The valid host range is 10.33–10.62.
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Subnetting in Your Head: Class C Addresses
 Let’s try another one.
 Here, you will subnet another Class C address:
192.168.10.32=Network address
255.255.255.240=Subnet mask

• What subnet and broadcast address is the above IP

address a member of? 256–240=16. 16+16=32.
32+16=48.
• The host address is between the 32 and 48 subnets.
• The subnet is 192.168.10.32, and
• The broadcast address is 47.
• The valid host range is 33–46.
• .
Now that we have completed all the Class C subnetsP_0056
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Subnetting Class B Addresses
 Notice that we have a lot more possible subnets
than we do with a Class C network address.

255.255.128.0 255.255.255.0
255.255.192.0 255.255.255.128
255.255.224.0 255.255.255.192
255.255.240.0 255.255.255.224
255.255.248.0 255.255.255.240
255.255.252.0 255.255.255.248
255.255.254.0 255.255.255.252

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Subnetting Class B Addresses…

 The Class B network address has 16 bits available for

hosts addressing.
• This means we can use up to 14 bits for subnetting since we
must leave at least two bits for host addressing.
• The process of subnetting a Class B network is the same as
for a Class C, except you just have more host bits.
• Use the same subnet numbers you used with Class C, but
add a zero to the network portion and a 255 to the broadcast
section in the fourth octet.
• Since subnet mask bits start on the left, move to the right,
and cannot skip bits, the numbers are always the same.
Memorize this pattern.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

 Practice Example 1: 255.255.192.0

172.16.0.0=Network address
255.255.192.0=Subnet mask
1. 2 p 2–2=2.
2. 2 p 14–2=16,382.
3. 256–192=64. 64+64=128.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then come
back and perform step 4 by filling in the host addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which is always
the number right before the next subnet.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

 Practice Example 2: 255.255.240.0

172.16.0.0=Network address
255.255.240.0=Subnet mask
1. 2 p 4–2=14.
2. 2 p 12–2=4094.
3. 256–240 =16, 32, 48, etc., up to 224.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then
come back and perform step 4 by filling in the
host addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which
is always the number right before the next
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

 Practice Example 3: 255.255.254.0

1. 2 p 7–2=126.
2. 2 p 9–2=510.
3. 256–254=2, 4, 6, 8, etc., up to 252.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then
come back and perform step 4 by filling in the
host addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which
is always the number right before the next subnet.

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

 Practice Example 4: 255.255.255.0

• It is amazing how many people see this mask used in a
Class B network and think it is a Class C subnet mask.
• This is a Class B subnet mask with 8 bits of subnetting—it
is considerably different from a Class C mask.
1. 2 p 8–2=254.
2. 2 p 8–2=254.
3. 256–255=1, 2, 3, etc. all the way to 254.
4. First find the broadcast addresses in step 5, then come
back and perform step 4 by filling in the host
addresses.
5. Find the broadcast address of each subnet, which is
always the number right before the next subnet.
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Subnetting Practice Examples: Class B Addresses

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CIDR Notation

 Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) is a set of Internet

protocol (IP) standards that is used to create unique identifiers
for networks and individual devices.

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CIDR Notation...

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IP Address Summarization Concept

 When we think about ways to efficiently manage IP networks

and their addressing, subnetting is often the first technique that
comes to mind.
 Subnetting is an extremely important topic in modern IP
management, but it only focuses on carving assigned network
space into smaller and smaller parts.
 Address summarization, often referred to as supernetting, does
the opposite – representing several blocks of IP addresses with
a single, comprehensive prefix.
 IP Address summarization is useful in a number of ways, but is
particularly helpful when manually summarizing routes to
reduce routing table entries and overhead.

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Network Summarization Example

 Networks to be summarized:

172.16.3.0/24
172.16.4.0/24
172.16.5.0/24
172.16.6.0/24
172.16.7.0/24
172.16.8.0/24
172.16.9.0/24

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Step 1. Find the interesting octet

 The first step in summarizing a list of networks is to

identify the first octet where the decimal value is not the
same.
 In this example, the first octet for all networks is 172. No
difference there.
 The second octet is 16 for every network in the list.
Again, no difference either.
 The third octet is where we see different values, which is
what we’ll call the interesting octet.
 That is where we need to focus our attention.

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Step 2. Convert the interesting octet values to binary

172.16.3.0/24 > 172.16.00000011.0/24

172.16.4.0/24 > 172.16.00000100.0/24
172.16.5.0/24 > 172.16.00000101.0/24
172.16.6.0/24 > 172.16.00000110.0/24
172.16.7.0/24 > 172.16.00000111.0/24
172.16.8.0/24 > 172.16.00001000.0/24
172.16.9.0/24 > 172.16.00001001.0/24

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Step 3. Identify the common bits and convert to decimal

00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111
00001000
00001001
 The common bits in the third octet are shown in blue above.
 Now we simply need to add trailing zeros to the end and convert it to
decimal.
 This gives us the summary network address.
172.16.00000000.0 = 172.16.0.0 = Summary Address
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Step 4. Count the number of leading common bits to find the mask

 To find the summary mask, we need to count the number of bits

from left to right until they no longer match.
 We already determined that in our example the first and second
octets match, each with 8 bits.
 The third octet contains four matching bits (in blue). Combined,
this gives us a mask of 20 (8+8+4).
172.16.00000000.0 = 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
(20 leading common bits)
172.16.0.0/20 = Summary Address
 This was a simple summary example, but the same process will
work for any networks.

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THANK YOU!

Network Div | 02 April 2012 | P001