Marinduque State College

Basic Education
Integrated High School

Impact of Time Management on Academic Performance

of Selected Grade 12 Students

A research presented to

The School of Basic Education-Integrated High School

Marinduque State College

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the subject Practical Research 2

Danjerose Zulueta

Andrea Nicole Rey

Mary Grace Pandez

2022
 Marinduque State College
Basic Education
Integrated High School

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, time is seen as an indefinitely divisible and usable commodity. It helps to

infuse the concept of time through the institution. All the material and human resources possessed by

organizations can be enhanced in the course of time or be transformed as time goes on; yet the only asset

that cannot be changed or purchased or stored is time itself. The secret to achieving success in life is

effectively managing this resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to

planning (Macan, Shahani, Dipboye & Phillips, 2000). Though effective and efficient use of time

varies with respect to the tasks performed, the further increase in the level of knowledge and skills

expected from modern employees has further increased the necessity of time planning. The road to

success in social life passes through effective and efficient working which is only possible via time

management. The competitive environment we live in today encourages people from as early as their

elementary education to plan and manage time effectively. The high performance required by competitive

conditions forces organizations and directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control

time (Alay & Koçak, 2003).

Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic performance and

achievements. Each and every student should have time management ability which includes setting

goals & priorities, using time management mechanism and being organized in using time. Here time

management is only possible through self-motivation; performance, ability and motivation (Brigitte,

Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte, 2005). These are the few activities performed by today’s university students,

which act as a barrier between them and their academic performance. Due to miss management of time
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Basic Education
Integrated High School

they gap behind. This study will help to analyze the positive or negative impact of time management on

academic performance of students. It will also help to make some decision about changes we would

like to make to use our time more effectively (Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is no one right

way to manage our time; however; it is important to get to know our self, so we can make good decisions

about how to use our time. Likewise, in the process of providing educational services this issue has been a

subject of interest discussed and emphasized in several platforms and an attempt has been initiated to

assess and analyze time and the time management attitudes and behaviors of students in educational

institutes (Denlinger, 2009).

In developing countries where students have a lot of issues during academic journey have a new

story for the researcher to dig out much more interesting results. Time management practices have an

impact on the results of students as empirical studies done by past researchers. In spite of knowing about

the impact of time on academic achievement, this relationship is not given importance by the students

(Sevari & Kandy, 2011). At higher education level the study schedule must properly planned,

implemented and controlled for better results. Emphasizing time also helps to develop cost effective

educational policies by the authorities especially at higher education level (Kaushar, 2013). Ongoing

problem of scarcity of knowledge in connection with time management and academic outputs is due

to lack of easiness and of costly ways of collecting data. Driven by this fact, particular emphasis has been

paid in the modern education system to time management issues by evaluating sudents’ attitudes and

behaviors related to time and its management (Karim, Sevari, Mitra & Kandy, 2015). Based on the

necessity of effective time management required from students during their academic and

professional life, field research has been conducted in the present paper towards the aim of designating

their position with respect to effective time management and determining the effect of their time

management skills on their academic achievements.

 Marinduque State College
Basic Education
Integrated High School

This study seeks to identify the how time management impact the academic performance of the

students, to determine the dfferent factors affecting the students time management and to contribute in

serving community and researchers in this field where researchers expected this type of research may

benefit the students. Statistics shows many results also leads to many recommendations introduced within

this research. This research will add self-evaluation to student’s daily habit and plan. It will provide

knowledge and recommendation for skills that can assist student for perfect personal strategic plan. Also,

it will help to overcome the wrong common rumors statements about time management and to find the

importances of time management on students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The formulation of this study will be beneficial to the following;

•Students.They can use the findings of this study to reflect on their studying and use it in the future. It will

also help the students to be aware of their responsibility as a student as they manage their time during

study time which can help them improve their academic performance.

•Parents. The result of this study will help them understand the importance of time management to their

children’s academic performance to achieve good grades.

•Faculty. The result of this study hoped to help them to encourage students to improve the use of time

management and guide them to make it proper.

•School Administration.This study will serve as a guide to understand the importance of teaching in

students’ time management skills.

•Future Researchers. They may use this study as a reference material to their on-going study which has

the same topic. It can help the future researchers to learn new ideas that will help them to describe the

relationship of the study about time management and academic performance and they may use it as their

future reference.
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Basic Education
Integrated High School

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Students ‘Academic
Time Management Performance

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the relationship between time management as the dependent variable and students

academic performance as the independent variable.

The study by Adebayo (2015) examined the impact of time management on students academic

performance in higher institutions in Nigeria. Procrastination, prioritization, and planning were found to

be major indices in this paper that influenced students' academic success in terms of time management.

The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between time management and students'

academic performance. It makes it evident that students must make good use of their time in order to be

successful in their various assignments. As a result, time management and academic achievement are

inextricably linked.

This presents the conceptual framework of the study that will serve as the path of the researchers in

conducting the study.

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Basic Education
Integrated High School

RESEARCH PARADIGM

The research paradigm presents how the researchers will conduct the study, as shown in Figure 2. It

illustrates the relationship of the input, process and output of the study. This research paradigm can be the

basis in what researchers need to get, need to do and need to show the outcomes of the study.

Demographic Profile
To gather data needed
• Determine the Impact
of the Respondents in for the study being
of Time Management on
conducted, the
terms of; Academic Performance
researchers will create
of the Selected Grade 12
their own
Students
•Age questionnaire that will
be distributed to the
respondents.The data
•Gender that will be gathered
from the respondents
•Strand will be collected and
analyzed by the
researchers.
•Economic Status

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

•Age
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Basic Education
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•Gender

•Strand

•Economic Status

2. How do students manage their time?

3. What are the factors affecting the time management of the students?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the time management skills and academic performance of the

students?

NULL HYPOTHESIS

Ha: There's a significant relationship between the time management skills and academic performance of

the students.

Ho: There's no significant relationship between the time management skills and academic performance of

the students.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To provide insight and understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in the context of this

research.

•Academic Performance- it is the end result of the efforts exerted by the students. It represents outcomes

that indicate the extent to which person has accomplished specific goals.

•Students- are individuals who formally engaged in learning specially one enrolled in school as per this

study.

•Time- is that element which helps individuals to regulate his or her daily activities.
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•Time Management- is the process of organizing, planning, and controlling ones time on a given task.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study will be conducted primarily to determine the impact of time management to the students'

academic performance. It will also uncover the factors affecting the time management of the students.

Thirty grade 12 students enrolled in the school year 2021-2022 from various schools in Santa Cruz

Marinduque will be selected as respondents for this study. Among the different demographic profiles

that may describe the respondents, the present study will only include the age, gender, strand and their

economic status.

The researchers will use survey questionnaire that will be distributed to the respondents of the study

through online, such as email and messenger. The study will be limited to the data provided by the

respondents in the questionnaires, that will be created by the researchers in order to determine the impact

of time management on students' academic performance. The researchers will be able to obtain reliable

data by the questionnaires and can access the study's focal point. It delimits that the study may not be

generalizable to other students and the result of this study will only applicable to the respondents of this

study.
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Basic Education
Integrated High School

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

A study of significant literature and studies are indispensable step to gather information on what has been

done in the past studies which is relevant to study being conducted. The researchers went through several

articles and thesis for this study to effectively prove the relationship between time management and

academic performance of the students.

I. Time Management

According to a study by Kaushar (2013), he found that time management plays a vital role in
students academic performance. The researcher also argued that lack of time management skills act as the
barrier to better academic performance. It was also found that at higher education level, the study
schedule must properly planned, implemented and controlled for best academic achievements, but
emphasis on time also helps to develop cost effective education policies by the high ups particularly at
higher educational level.

(Fazal, 2012) emphasized that time management practices have been proven to be some of the top
indicators toward achieving a high level of academic success and performance. They not only influence
on the achievement but using time management techniques also serve only one reason meaning that there
are multipurpose fulfilled by time management. Taking part in proceedings and being engaged in other
outside class activities, not inevitably a job, but being energetic in institution also has a strong correlation
to reaching high academic achievements. Various studies showed that time management practices serve
for many purposes not only for challenging performance of the students. Time management practices
show the way not only to a high level of academic performance, but to good physical condition and lower
levels of stress. The foremost purpose of the present study was educational competency, using time
managing techniques, test pressure, and test proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla & Mohammad, 2014).
Academic competence scores were established to some extent improved in the current sample indicating
that students found course material/content encouraging and enjoying their classes.

Another study posits the time management variables to include independent variables such as
prioritization, procrastination, socialization and students' academic performance (Adebayo, 2015).
Specifically, his study claimed that there is positive relationship between time management factors such
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Basic Education
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as prioritization, procrastination, socialization and the students academic performance. Further

implications of the results suggest that students should prioritize their tasks, less procrastination in
responding to activities. In addition, Karim, et. al (2015) also links time management factors to include
students attitudes and behavior impacts students academic performance.

A study by Alrheme and Almardeni (2014) aimed at identifying the students' viewpoint about how to
time in terms of planning, organizing, directing and censorship and its effect on academic achievement as
long as identifying the personal variables effects on academic achievement. The data were collected
through a sample of 300 students. The study results showed that the planning was of high effect on
academic achievement proved by a correlation coefficient. And that there is a statistically significant
positive relationship between time management and academic achievement.

Proper time management positively correlates to better academic performance according to the
study of Sevari and Randy, 2011. The study of Nashrullah and Khan (2015) identified time management
variable to include planning (short-range and long-range), time attitude as independent variables linking
to the students' academic performance. Findings showed that time management variables such as short-
range, long-range and time attitude are significantly correlated to students' academic achievement.

In their study of workload expectations among first-year engineering undergraduate students at the
University of Toronto, Gerrard, Newfield, Asli, and Variawa (2017) found that there was a link between
how students perceived difficulty and the time they spent on assessments, and that time was the most
impactful factor. Likewise, in examining anxiety among engineering students Yanik, Yan, Kaul, and
Ferguson (2016) asked students to write journal entries in which they expressed their fears and anxieties
and found that in the students’ reflections time management was a prominent theme. Law et al. (2009)
investigated the factors that lead to student success among engineering students and found that extrinsic
factors (pulling forces, group pressure, and approaches to learning) have a general motivating effect but
that intrinsic factors (individual attitudes and expectations) have a higher effect. Thus, for many
engineering students, goal orientation is individualized and the ability of a teacher to motivate an
individual is circumvented by the student’s personal perspective. In such a condition, successful
approaches to time management are dependent on individual students (Miller et al., 1996) and teachers
are limited in their capacity to address poor time management.

Findings revealed that effective management programs elevate the GPA and concluded that
successful students are good time managers. Specifically, factors such as time management behaviors,
time attitudes and control of time are significant predictors of student's academic performance which also
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Basic Education
Integrated High School

conforms with several studies (Adebayo, 2015): Kaushar, 2013). This study is primarily anchored on
Adebayo's utilization of time management variables: prioritization, procrastination and socialization as
independent variables to students' academic performance. Sevil and Necati (2011) indicated a significant
and positive relation between time planning and time consumer. For that reason, the findings of various
studies done by different

From key messages drawn from the literature, we find that for students to successfully plan their
behaviors so as to be effective in their time management they need to have an awareness of the factors
that fill their time; they need to have a good understanding of how long it takes to complete individual
tasks; they need to be self-directed, and they need to be able to be involved in short-term planning.

Academic Performance

According to (Sharrock, 2018) Academic performance is describes as how well you perform in school

courses like Social Studies, History, English IEIA, Sciences and Maths, but can also include the

“specials” or creative courses in Arts, Music, Health, Business and others. Likewise, Kyoshaba(2011)

contents that academic performance is characterized by performance on tests associated with course

works and the performance of students on other type of examination. Thus, it is very important for the

students to prioritize education. It plays an important role in producing the best quality grades that will

become great leader and manpower for the country (al, et. al, 2013).

Abagi (2012) added that indicators of academic performance in education include goods examination

result, possible examination of knowledge, skills and attitudes. There are many factors that affect the

student’s academic performance. One of those factors is the students study time management which

usually affects the students the most.

Furthermore, Kaushar (2013) in his study found that time management plays a vital role in student’s

academic performance. He also added that at higher education level the study schedule must properly

planned, implemented and controlled for best academic achievements but emphasis on time also helps to

develop cost effective educational or policies by the high GPS particularly at higher educational level.
 Marinduque State College
Basic Education
Integrated High School

Piny,Tubramaniam and Krishnaswamy (2008) cited that higher academic performance may be achieved

by making an effective balance between time management and study techniques.

Stinebricker (2014) find evidence that an increase in study quantity by one hour increase the performance

significantly. However, most students spend their time doing what are not relevant during their daily

activities. Time management is a tool for increasing the goal of productivity especially for students who

work and study at the same time (Uchenna John Obijiaku, 2015). However, the study of (Indpreica, et. al,

2011) shows that almost 23% of student starts studying their lessons less than one week before the exam

period. Therefore, it is very important for the students to have a better study time management for a better

academic performance in return.

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Basic Education
Integrated High School

CHAPTER III

(METHODOLOGY)

This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research methods and procedures adhered to by the

researchers in order to answer systematically the specific problems post for investigation. Specifically, the

research design, respondents of the study, research locale, research instrument and statistical treatment

were explained in this chapter.

Research Design

This study utilized a quantitative research design which is defined as a systematic investigation of

phenomena by gathering quantitative data and performing statistical, mathematical, computational

techniques. The researchers will gather information from the respondents using sampling methods and

sending out online survey questionnaire. (Bhat, n.d.)

The information that will derive from the study will provide a better perspective on the relationship

between the study time management of the students and their academic performance. The result of the

study will also be significant in giving recommendations for the improvement of the students.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Santa Cruz Marinduque. This study has implemented on the select Grade

12 students, the sources of given answer is from online conversation which is more effective because of

new normal life, and also to prevent virus from spreading. Due to the new normal situation that we have,

no face-to-face interaction is allowed due to the alarming cases of COVID-19. With this, study will be

conducted through social media platform such as messenger app.

Population and Sample

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The respondents of this study will be the Grade 12 students enrolled in various schools in Santa
Cruz Marinduque.

The purposive sampling will be used in the study. The respondents are 30 and will be divided into
3 categories, 10 respondents from Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS) strand, 10 respondents from
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), and 10 respondents from General
Academic Track (GAS).

Research Instrument

In order to gather the data needed for the study, the researchers will conduct an online survey. In relation

to this, a questionnaire will be utilized as the primary data-gathering tool in this study. It will be

distributed through different online platforms such as messenger and email. The said questionnaire will be

divided into two main parts, wherein the first part will contain the demographic profile of the respondents

while the second part is the questionnaire profile that will contain questions that are related to the study

being conducted. By this instrument, the respondent's answers and concerns will be analyzed and assessed

easily.

Data Gathering Procedure

STEP 1 Making of questionnaire

STEP 2 Distribution of the questionnaire to

the respondents

STEP 3 Collecting the data provided by the

respondents
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STEP 4
Analyzing the data gathered

Statistical Treatment
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