ARCH7076 Advanced Structural Systems

L1 Introduction
Overview of course
 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman

Course Description

Schedule Lecture Wednesday 10:30 - 12:20 (KB730)

Tutorial Wednesday 14:00 - 18:00 (by appointment) (KB417)

O ce hours: Wednesday 13:00 - 14:00 (or by appointment)

Course Description

This course continues the study of building technology focusing on structural systems and their
integration with other architectural systems such as the envelope and environmental controls. In
addition, there is special attention to the evolution, technology, and design of hi-rise buildings.
Case studies from contemporary practice and signi cant historic works will be used to illustrate
building system typologies that contribute to an understanding of the relationship between design
intention and constructed form. Course topics also include foundations, lateral force resisting
structures and sustainable design strategies.
ffi
fi
 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman

Learning Outcomes

• Understand and explain the behaviour of a broad range of structural systems used in
architectural design with emphasis on long span and tall structures.

• Understand the structure of hi-rise building design and the major developments that shaped its
evolution.

• Understand and explain how structure relates to other systems of building design.

• Undertake a qualitative analysis of an existing built work and explain the logic of the structural
design.

• Understand and explain the selection and behavior of various types of foundation structures.
 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman

Tutorial

A tutorial period on Wednesdays (14:00 - 18:00) will be used for meeting with teams concerning
the CSA research project. This will be an informal work-in-progress session (a group and
individual crit). Teams will be scheduled for 2 meetings of approximately 30 minutes each during
the term. Attendance with your assigned group is required. Please come with work to discuss.
The tutorial period may also be used for a eld study/site visit.

Required Reading

Selections from the Recommended Reading list and other sources may be periodically assigned.

Recommended Reading

• Abalos, I. and Herreros, J. Tower and O ce: From Modernist Theory to Contemporary
Practice. MIT Press, 2003.

• Allen, E. and Iano, J. Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, Fifth Ed.,
Wiley, 2009 (Chap. 2 Foundations, pp. 29-83.

• Schodek, D. L. and Bechthold, M. Structures, Seventh Ed., Prentice Hall, 2008.

ffi
fi
 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman

Reference

• Deplazes, Andrea. Editor. Constructing Architecture, Materials Processes Structures: A

Handbook Birkhauser, 2005.

• Ford, Edward. The Details of Modern Architecture Volumes 1 & 2, MIT Press, 1990 & 1998.

• Hunt, Anthony. Tony Hunt’s Sketchbook, Architectural Press, 1999.

• Hunt, Anthony. Tony Hunt’s Second Sketchbook, Architectural Press, 2003.

• Knack, U. et al. Facades. Principles of Construction. Chap. 6, pp. 85-101. Birkhauser, 2007.

• Macdonald, Angus. Structure & Architecture. Third Ed., Routledge, 2019.

• Watts, Andrew. Modern Construction Handbook. 2nd Ed. Andrew Watts, Springer, Wien, 2010.

• Whitehead, Rob. Structures by Design. Routledge, 2020.

 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
ARCH7076 T2 2024-2025
Instructor: Bruce Lonnman

Assessment

• Participation 10%

• Assignments 30%

• Case Study Analysis 60%

Students should refer to the Department Curriculum Guide for University, Faculty, Program
and Track level Standardsof Assessment, including grade descriptors and Marking rubrics.

All written work in this course will be submitted for plagiarism review via Turnitin, at:
http://turnitin.com

Clari cation of the University of Hong Kong’s policies on plagiarism, as well as detailed
descriptions of how to properly cite and source material in your written work and
examinations is available at:
http://www.hku.hk/plagiarism

Plagiarism includes handing in the work of another as your own, and failure to appropriately
cite your sources. Plagiarism is an academic misdemeanor, and may be considered grounds
for failure from this course as well as further disciplinary action from the University.
fi
SCHEDULE
ARCH 7076 T2 2024-2025 INSTRUCTOR: BRUCE LONNMAN

Week Lecture Date Lecture Topic Tutorial Activity Assignments Reference

1 22.01 Masterclass Workshop

2 29.01 Holiday

3 L1 05.02 Overview / Introduction Group Selection

CSA review IA
4 L2 12.02 Structural Concepts I
KB417

CSA review IB
5 L3 19.02 Structural Concepts II
KB417

Structural Concepts
CSA review IC
6 L4 26.02 Structural Span Report Due
KB417

CSA review ID
7 05.03 Mid-term Reviews
tba

6 12.03 READING WEEK Field Study

On-site Structure

CSA review IE
7 19.03 Mid-term Reviews
tba

CSA review IIA Lateral Forces

8 L5 26.03 Lateral Forces
KB417 Schodek: Ch.14

Tall Building Structure: CSA review IIB Field Study Report Structural Development_
9 L6 02.04
Systems KB417 Due Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.2

Tall Building Structure:

CSA review IIC Structural Development_
10 L7 09.04 EvolutionHorizontal
KB417 Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.2
Structure

11 L8 16.04 Structure and the CSA review IID Mechanical Environment

Mechanical Environment KB417 Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.4

CSA review IIE Foundations

12 L9 23.04 Foundations
KB417 Allen: Ch. 2

Evol. Glass Curtain Wall

13 - 30.04 Tutorials (on request) Tutorials (on request) Abalos/Herreros Pt.2 Ch.3

Final Reviews
14 - 07.05
06-09.05

CSA Report
14.05 Submission
due:

Grade Submission

* Guest Lecture/s may be substituted on these dates

 Lecture 1
Some Structural Concepts and Issues
 The Relationship of Structure to Architecture

• Is the structure visible or completely hidden? Or implied?

• Does structure determine the form or adjust to the form?
• What is the role of ornament in the design of structure?
The Igloo: structure is both support and envelope The Yurt: structure and envelope are separate

Relationship of structure and enclosure

View of Statue. Height: 46m Painting showing the “pre-assembly” Photograph of pre-assembly Model of the structure
of the structure in Paris

Statue of Liberty Paris - New York City 1886 Gustav Eiffel and Frédéric Bartholdi
Interior view of metal “scaffolding” support of copper sheathing Detail of the connector to the copper sheets

Statue of Liberty Paris - New York City 1876 Gustav Eiffel and Frédéric Bartholdi
Aerial view Structural shell

CNIT Exhibition Hall Paris 1958 engr. Nicholas Esquillan

Interior view Construction photo of roof shell. Depth of structure: 1.80m Span: 218m

CNIT Exhibition Hall Paris 1958 engr. Nicholas Esquillan

 Four relationships between structure and architecture

1 Structure ≠ Form (Structural condition is ignored)

Structural thinking is avoided in the form-making process and a structural scheme for support
must adapt to the form, usually at the expense of both efficiency and economy.

2 Structure = Form (Structural condition is accepted)

The selection of a structural system and configuration of elements that is the most compatible with
architectural requirements is accepted and accommodated in architectural planning.

3 Structure = Symbol (Structural condition is expressed)

Structure is visually celebrated (structure as ornament) and configured to express an idea of technical
excellence and progress. Most often the incorporation of such features is not justified on a purely
economical basis.

4 Structure = Performance (Structural condition is mandatory)

For certain structures of very long span or great height, the structural system must be lightweight and very
efficient. Performance is the determining factor in the selection of a structure.

See Structure & Architecture by Angus Macdonald. Based on Chapter 10, Structure and Architecture, pp. 255-294.
Sydney Opera. Completed building and original design sketch. Competition section. Final design based on spherical geometry and pc concrete.

Structure ≠ Form
Sydney Opera House Sydney, Australia 1957-73 Jorn Utzon / ARUP
 Model of original scheme Final design ground level plan
“Our design is at once strangely familiar and quite unfamiliar. It suggests the rail yards that once occupied the site, nearby highway ribbons, and overlays of the ber optic cables of the information age.
The oddly mysterious forms in the center are not new to architecture, but the tradition of the monumental and its search for ideal symbolic forms has neglected the poignancy and signi cance of these
“between” forms, the subtleties and deviations that produce the living architecture so important to a city.”

Structure ≠ Form
Convention Center Columbus, Ohio, USA 1993 Peter Eisenman
fi
fi
View of lobby View of main hall and transverse section

Structure ≠ Form

Convention Center Columbus, Ohio, USA 1993 Peter Eisenman

Exterior view of corner Structural framing of corner

Structure ≠ Form

Convention Center Columbus, Ohio, USA 1993 Peter Eisenman

View of towers Plan. 6.4m grid Towers under construction. Note absence of a core.

Structural = Form

Lake Shore Drive Apartments Chicago 1951 Mies van der Rohe
The Parthenon on the Acropolis Interior of Laon Cathedral

Ornamentation of Structure
The OMNI Sports Center The Quebec Bridge

Ornamentation of Structure
The OMNI Sports Center Demolition of the OMNI

Ornamentation of Structure
View of open entrance pavilion Detail of mast and trussed beam

Structure = Symbol
Renault Distribution Centre Swindon, UK 1983 Foster + Partners
Elevation of entrance pavilion Improvement of structural efficiency by stages

Structure = Symbol
Renault Distribution Centre Swindon, UK 1983 Foster + Partners
Very long span: Hall 26 Hanover Expo Very tall: Bank of China Tower HK

Structure = Performance
 Structure Form vs. Structural Efficiency

• What effect does the shape of a structure have on internal forces?

• How do we design structures to be more efficient?
• What do we mean by the term “form active”?
• Is there a relationship between efficiency and economy?
 fb

Axial load Applied moment Lateral load

Columns in which loads are applied equally over the cross section develop axial Beams with loads acting perpendicular to the neutral axis develop an internal bending
compression force. Unless the load vector is off-center (not aligned with the center of force called a moment (M) and an internal shear force (V). No axial force is present.
gravity of the cross section) or other types of loads are present (e.g., lateral loading) The magnitude of these forces vary along the length of the beam depending on the
the column is an axial force member with no bending. location and type of loading.

Columns and Beams

 P
A
> fc max

Columns fail in one of two ways: crushing caused by the axial compression force The profile of a column can be shaped with a larger cross section (more material) at
causing compressive stress that exceeds the maximum compressive strength of the the mid-height increasing the column’s stiffness at the point where buckling failure
material of the column, or by buckling. Bucking failure occurs when the axial stress in occurs. Although the column uses less material to support a greater load, the special
the column exceeds a critical buckling stress at which the column becomes unstable, fabrication of such a column will have additional cost.
leading to collapse. This type of failure occurs in slender columns.

Column failure and improved profile

 HSBC Headquarters Sendai Mediatheque

One of the most iconic columns ever built is the main roof support column of the Anther approach to improving the efficiency of a column involves multiple shaft
Tokyo International Forum. The massive steel column is approximately 60m tall and is design. As more material of the column is moved away from the center of the column,
thick at the mid-height tapering at each end. The column is braced however by it becomes more stable (less susceptible to buckling) with the same cross sectional
several projecting floors on one side suggesting the profiling of the column may be area for support. The same thinking applies to hollow tubes versus solid sections.
largely driven by visual concerns.

Column design for efficiency

 fv

bending stress shear stress

Beams fail when the maximum bending stress at some portion of the beam exceeds Beams are relatively inefficient structures because the stress caused by bending
either the maximum compressive strength or the maximum tensile strength of the varies throughout the beam. Most bending stress is concentrated in the outermost
material of the beam. A second type of failure is shear failure which typically occurs in portions of the section (top and bottom) while shear stress is concentrated at the
the region closer to the supports. The beam-truss analogy is a good way to visualize center.
the internal forces in a beam.

Beams
shear and bending moment diagrams removing material where not needed

Beam design for efficiency

shear and bending moment diagrams Improving the configuration of the section
(All sections have the same cross sectional area)

Beam design for efficiency

Desk table design. Jean Prouvé Platform canopy support. Stadelhofen Station. Santiago Calatrava

Prouvé - Calatrava
Structure Nomades mobile museum 1950’s Jean Prouvé Stadelhofen Station 1990 Santiago Calatrava

Prouvé - Calatrava
While form-active shapes created by hanging loads on a flexible member (e.g., a cable A family of funicular shapes are possible for a specific loading. The overall length of
or rope) result in pure tensile structures, their configuration is related to the shape of the structure will vary as well as the internal tensile/compressive forces. The reaction
the bending moment diagram for the identical loading. forces (thrust or resisting force) will also vary.

form-active shapes
 Portugese National Pavilion Expo ’98 Alvaro Siza Lowara Office Building 1982 Renzo Piano Building Workshop
The roof of the Portuguese National Pavilion is supported by steel cables anchored Lowara has a rigid curved roof shape that is funicularly shaped for the dead load of the
into the portico structures at either end. A reinforced concrete slab is formed around roof, meaning that the structural ribs resist only tensile stress for the permanent loads.
the cables to protect them and to add weight to the roof to counter uplift forces.

form-active structures
Top row: form active shapes. These structures carry the loads in axial compression The famous Galleries of Machines built for the Paris Exposition of 1889 is a three
with no bending present. Second row: semi-form-active shapes. These structures hinged trussed frame. It’s gabled roof shed form causes it to act as a semi-form-
carry the loads with a combination of both bending and axial forces. Third row: non- active structure. The steel frames, with a span of over 100m, are trussed to make it
form-active shapes. These structures carry loads through bending only with no axial lighter. It’s structural behavior however is not like a truss as it has both bending and
force loads present. axial forces.

semi-form-active structures
Top row: form active shapes. These structures carry the loads in axial compression This museum building by the Japanese architect, Hiroshi Naito has a complex gable
with no bending present. Second row: semi-form-active shapes. These structures wood roof structure that is a semi-form-active structure.
carry the loads with a combination of both bending and axial forces. Third row: non-
form-active shapes. These structures carry loads through bending only with no axial
force loads present.
semi-form-active structures
The Turin Expo Hall is one of the outstanding works of the 20thC by the engineer Pier The Linz Convention Center by Thomas Herzog in 1993 is a steel box girder arch
Luigi Nervi. With a span of nearly 100m it rivals the great Galleria des Machines of the structure spanning 74m. It has extensive glazing on the roof supported by a
19thC. The roof spanning structure is both support and enclosure. It is made of site- secondary framing system that spans 7m between arches.
cast ferro-cement units containing roof lights that act as individual voussoirs in an
arch.

form-active structures
The Turin Expo Hall
Turin Expo Hall 1948 Salvation Army 1933

The machine age

Frei Otto began his experimentation with form-active membrane shapes by using Beginning in the 1960’s, the Swiss designer, Heinz Isler, began his own
soap film models. These led to physical modeling that was used extensively to design experimentation of form-active membrane shapes using hanging cloth models (in the
the Munich Olympic structures, such as the stadium roof above (1972). manner of Gaudi). He translated his models into concrete shell structures with shell
thicknesses of less than 100mm.

form-active structures
The latest stage in the generation of form-active membranes is made with digital apps The Structural Efficiency chart above, devised by Angus Macdonald, shows the
that can aid designers in shaping structures such as the Armadillo Vault that was relationships between non-form-active, semi-form-active, and form-active with
designed by the Block Research Group and built at the Venice Biennale (2016). examples of both simple (conventional) forma and various types of improvement to
the profile and section.

form-active structures
end
Case Study Research Project
 ARCH7076 Advanced Structural Systems ARCH7076 Advanced Structural Systems
Term 2 2024-2025 Instructor: B. Lonnman Term 2 2024-2025 Instructor: B. Lonnman

Case Study Analysis (CSA) Propose and discuss ways that the performance of the structure might be demonstrated. This can be
through the use of physical or digital models. Remember that you are demonstrating a concept of structural
performance or behaviour. Simplification and comparative analysis is critical.
INTRODUCTION

The Case Study Analysis (CSA) is a group research project investigating structural themes and issues in Tutorial Session II March 26 - April 23
building design. Group work addresses the general topic while individual work is on a related case study.
Review of ongoing work. Final proposal of research should be outlined in required format (I.e. proposed
OBJECTIVE layout of drawings/text on A3 format).
The Case Study Analysis is focused on building structure and its relationship to the other technical and
spatial systems that collectively inform the architectural design of a building. Identifying and obtaining
documentation of the main structural scheme of the case study is the starting point. From there Submission of Report
determination is made of the load path and how the overall structure supports the building. How are gravity
loads channeled to the ground? What are the lateral force resisting structures? Following the studio reviews, finalize the CSA report using a format provided (tbd). The report will include
both the research on the general topic (group work) and the related case studies (individual work).
The structural system is chosen and developed in parallel with the formal design of the building. How do
they complement each other? Does the structure reinforce the space planning and spatial concept of the RESEARCH
design? Why was the particular structure chosen? The structure also supports or may function as part of the
building envelope. What is the relationship between structure and enclosure? Information should be obtained from as many sources as possible including: publications (monographs,
journals, books on topics of interest, etc.), and online sources. Information on Hong Kong buildings may be
An important consideration today is a building’s approach to sustainability and energy conservation. How obtained from on-site study, building documentation in the government Building Department records, and
does the design of the structure contribute to these objectives? The environmental control of the building possible information about the project from the office that designed the building.
includes heating and cooling, ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, and other services. Is the structure
integrated with these systems or is it separate and independent? REPORT

The construction and assembly of the building is also closely related to the type of structural system. Summarize the research in the form of text, reference materials (scans), diagrams, tables and original
Questions of in-situ construction versus prefabrication (both on-site and off-site) often dictate the choice of drawings. Alternative options should be presented with explanation of advantages and disadvantages.
materials and the design of the structural elements. How are they affected? Does the building design Drawings may include structural framing plans, diagrams, detail sections and a 3D representation (cutaway
employ new construction or assembly methods? isometric at 30-30) illustrating the structure.

Structure may be visible or hidden in a building. If the structure is visible (exposed) it then becomes part of The CSA report should include most of the following items.
the visual character of the design. This will influence the selection of members, the detailing of connections
and the choice of finishes. The structure may be a major element in the expression of the building. What
• General description of the building. Site, program, physical characteristics. Intention of the designer.
consideration has been given to the configuration or detailing of structure to achieve this outcome?
• Graphic presentation. If drawings and other images are available, these may be incorporated in the
report either as scanned images (sources must be noted) or revised/retraced.
SELECTION OF ASSIGNMENT
• Main text. Describe the structure and the reasons for its adoption.
• Research on a particular aspect of the structural system. Show variations and related case studies.
Topics or themes are identified in the list attached below. Groups will consist of 6 members. The general (Group Report)
report will have contributions of all group members. In addition, each group member is responsible for a • Draw diagrams that analyze the main structure and its relationship to the other building systems.
separate building case study that relates to the general topic or theme. • Use comparative diagrams to show the relationships between different case studies. For example,
diagrammatic sections at the same scale (Group Report).
Tutorial sessions are divided into two series meeting on Wednesdays from 2 - 6pm as required. During that • Create a key drawing of the structure of the case study (or independent design project). A 30-30
time I will meet with groups on a sign-up basis to discuss on-going work. Discussion may be on wall pin-up isometric 3D cut-away drawing or similar representation is recommended.
or on-the-table review. Important base drawings, both existing and created, should be available in hard • Also draw a partial section (1:20) and include notes on materials and components.
copy. • If possible, include a demonstration of performance. Physical or digital modeling of the concept (not
an analysis of the actual structure) is sufficient.
SCHEDULE • Include references / bibliography. All sources identified for images and text.

Tutorial Session I February 13 - March 19 GROUP VERSUS INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION

Review of basic documentation on both the research topic and the individual case studies. Identification A grade for the overall report will be assigned to each member of the group. In addition, an individual grade
and qualitative analysis of the main structural system in your design. In some buildings the focus of the will be assigned for work on the selection, description and analysis of one of the supporting precedent case
study may be an important or unique part of the overall structural system (e.g., a special vertical load studies.
supporting structure, a horizontal long-span structure, etc.). Identify and graphically describe the load path
of the overall structural system. Examine the relation of structure to the other systems of the building as
outlined above and create diagrams to explain these relationships. Identify a portion or element of the The format of the final report will be an A3 (landscape format) digital soft copy (with a print resolution pdf)
structural scheme for in-depth study. Initiate a broader study on this selected topic (e.g., shaping the profile and one double-sided print in A3. (Physical models handed in separately). Details of submission to be
and section of columns for greater efficiency). determined.
Case Study Topics and Building Examples

1 Truss Span (steel) 7 Frame Structures (one way)

Centre Pompidou (Paris), Piano & Rogers, 1972 Pavilion for the Centennial of Aluminum (Paris), Jean Prouvé, 1954
Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, Fumihiko Maki, 1990 Crown Hall (IIT Campus, Chicago), Mies van der Rohe, 1956
British Pavilion (Expo Seville), N. Grimshaw, 1992 Cachat Pump-room (Evian, France), Jean Prouvé, 1956
International Terminal Waterloo (London), Nicholas Grimshaw, 1993eu/Peter Rice, 1994 UNESCO Auditorium (Paris), P L Nervi, 1960
TGV Station (Paris-Roissy), Andr Gira Office (Dusseldorf, Germany), Werner Sobek, 2001
Vocational Training Center (Herne, Germany), Jourda & Perraudin, 1999 Lamay Car Museum (Tacoma, WA), Large Architecture, 2012
Hauptbahnhof (Berlin Central Train Station), von GerkenMarg & Partners/Jorge Schlaich, 2006 Kimbell Art Museum Expansion (Foet Worth, USA), RPBW Renzo Piano, 2013
Moynihan Train Hall (NYC), SOM, 2022

8 Frame Structures (heavy timber)

2 Truss Span (mixed)
Tennis Centre*198 (Ulm, Germany), Reuter/J. Natterer, 1972
Primary School Multipurpose Hall*170 (Bornheim, Germany), Heuer + Faust Architekten, 1998 Multipurpose Hall (Alvaschagn, SZ), Bearth & Deplazes / J. Conzett, 1991
Secondary School Gymnasium*171 (Vaterstetten, Germany), H. Caspari / D. Herrschmann, 1983 Wilkhahn Factory (Germany), Thomas Herzog, 1992
Congrexpo (Lille, France), OMA/Cecil Balmond, 1994 Fuji RINRI Seminar House, Hiroshi Kaito, 2001
Cattle Market Hall* 173 (Caziz, Switzerland), H. Marugg / Walter Bieler, 1998 Monte Rosa Hut, Bearth & Deplazes Architekten, 2009
John W. Olver Design Building (Amherst, USA), Leers Weinzapfel Associates, 2017
CCA (San Francisco USA), Studio Gang, 2024
The Grand Ring (Expo25 Osaka), Sou Fujimoto Architects, 2025
3 Truss Beam Upper Skeena Recreation Center (Hazelton CN), Hemsworth Architect
Faculty of Architecture*149 (Lyon, France), Jourda & Perraudin, 1987
Badalona Sports Hall (Barcelona, Spain), E. Bonell & F. Rius,1991
Wilkhahn Furniture Factory (Bad Munder, Germany), Thomas Herzog,1993 9 Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
Jagermeister Factory Building*185 (Kamenz, Germany), Pook Leiska Partner / W. Kling K, 1995
Airplane Hangar (Orvieto, Italy), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1935
Palmetto dello Sport (Rome), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1960
4 Arches (steel) Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal. Foster + Partners, 1998
Portcullis House (New Parliament Bldg, London), Michael Hopkins, 1999
St. Pancras Station, (London), William Henry Barlow, 1868 Alnwick Garden Pavilion, Michael Hopkins/BUro Happold, 2006
Galleries des Machines (Paris), Ferdinand Dutert and Victor Contamin, 1889 Living Planet Centre of WWF (UK), Michael Hopkins, 2013
Exchange House (London), SOM, 1990
Terminal at Chek Lap Kok Airport (HACTL), Norman Foster, 1998
Design Center (Linz, Austria), Thomas Herzog, 1993 10 Shells
Colección de Arte Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat (Buenos Aires), Raphael Vinoly,
Railway Workshop (Paris), Eugene Freyssinet, 1928
Indoor Sports Facility (Switzerland), Heinz Isler, 1965
5 Arches (wood) Teshima Art Museum, Ryue Nishizawa, 2010
Armadillo Vault(Venice Biennale), Block Research Group, 2016
Seafolk Museum (Shima, Japan), Hiroshi Naito, 1992 Isola dell Musica (Hanoi, VN), RPBW Renzo Piano, 2024
Richmond Olympic Oval (Richmond, Canada), Cannon Design, 2008
Bodegas Protos Winery (Penafiel, Spain), Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners, 2010
Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Cebu, Integrated Design Associates, 2018 11 Pre-cast Concrete Structure
Fondation Jerôme Seydoux-Pathé (Paris), RPBW (Renzo Piano), 2014
Medical Research Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, Louis Kahn, 1961
Wohnanlage Genter Strasse, Otto Steidle & Partners, 1972
6 Arches (concrete and masonry) Sydney Opera House, John Utzon, 1973
Inland Revenue Centre (Nottingham, UK), Michael Hopkins, 1995
Orly Airfield Dirigible Hangars (Paris), Eugene Freyssinet, 1912 Simmins Hall (MIT, Boston), Steven Holl/Guy Nordenson, 2007
Expo Hall (Turin), Pier Luigi Nervi, 1949
Roman Archaeological Museum, Rafael Moneo, 1986
12 Suspension Roof Structures (single layer) 18 Columns (tree)

Dulles International airport Terminal (Washington DC), Eero Saarinen, 1962 The Palazzo del Lavoro, Gio Ponti & Pier Luigi Nervi, 1961
Yoyogi National Gymnasium (Tokyo Olympics), Kenzo Tange, 1964 Allen Lambert Galleria (Toronto), Santiago Calatrava,
Youth and Cultural Center (Firminy, France), Le Corbusier, 1965 Stansted Airport Terminal, Foster + Partners, 1991
School* (Hooke Park Forest, UK), P. Ahrends, R. Burton & P. Koralek/Frei Otto + E. Happold, 1985 Stuttgart Airport Terminal, Von Gerken Marg & Partners, 1991
Expo'98 Portuguese National Pavilion, Álvaro Siza Vieira, 1998 Expo-Dach (Hannover Expo 2000), Thomas Herzog, 2000
Lower Office Building, Renzo Piano, 20 Metro Station Entrance (Paris-Parilly), Jourda & Perraudin
Hall 26 (Hannover Expo 2000), Thomas Herzog, 2000 Qatar National Convention Center, Arata Izosaki, 2011
Depot Forecourt* (Hohenems, Austria), R. Drexel & M. Kaufmann, 1999 Simonese Art Museum, Shigera Ban, 2023
David L. Lawrence Convention Center (Pittsburg, USA), Rafael Vinoly/Dewhurst Macfarlane 2003 Haesley Nine Bridges Golf Clubhouse, Shigera Ban, S Korea 2009
Nagoya-C-Office Building, FT architects, 2004 Pulkovo Airport (St. Petersburg, Russia), Nicolas Grimshaw, 2019
Chiryu Afterschool, Mount Fuji Architects Studio, 2016 Berlin Brandenburg Airport Willy Brandt, gmp, 2020

13 Suspension Roof Structures (double layer) 19 Grid Frame Structures (two way)

Exhibition Center (Paris), E. Beaudouin and M. Lods, 1934 Tobacco Factory, Pier Luigi Nervi, 1952
Municipal Auditorium (Utica, USA), Philip Jonson, 1956 Gatti Wool Factory, Pier Luigi Nervi, 1953
New York State Pavilion (NY World’s Fair), Philip Johnson, 1960 Yale University Art Gallery, Louis Kahn, 1953
New National Gallery (Berlin), Mies van Der Rohe, 1968
Wilis Faber Dumas Company (Ipswich, UK), Foster + Partners, 1975
14 Cable Stayed Structure Lloyds Insurance Headquarters (London), Richard Rogers, 1986
Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building (HKU), Leigh & Orange, 2000
PanoramaHall (Paris), Jacques Hittorf, 1839 Alexandria Library (Egypt), Snohetta, 2002
Alitalia Hangar (Rome), Riccardo Morandi, 1963 Serpentine Pavilion (London), Alvaro Siza, E. Souto de Moura/Cecil Balmond, 2005
Renault Distribution Center, Foster + Partners, 1979.
Fleetwood Factory, Richard Rogers, 1981
INNMOS Microprocessor Factory, Richard Rogers, 1982 20 Diagrid Frame Structure
Vanke Center (Shenzhen), Steve Holl, 2009
Alitalia Airport Warehouse (Fiumicino, IT), Ricardo Morandi, ca.1960
Leutschenbach School (Zurich), Christian Kerez, 2009
15 Cable Net Structures Scion International Hub (Rotorua, NZ), RTA Studio Irving Smith, 2020

Dorton Arena (Raleigh, USA), Mathew Nowicki, 1952

Olympic Stadium (Munich, Germany), Frei Otto, 1972 21 Innovative Materials (Cardboard)
Ice Rink (Munich, Germany), Kurt Ackermann & Partner, 1983
Trams Stops (Education City, Doha, Qatar), Nicholas Grimshaw, 2019 Japan Pavilion (Hanover expo), Shigera Ban, 2000
Paperdome (Netherlands), Shigera Ban, 2004
HK Shenzhen Biennale Arch Pavilion, Shigera Ban, 2009
16 Membranes Christchurch Cathedral (NZ), Shigera Ban, 2013
IE Business School_Madrid (project) Shigera Ban 2013
Haj Terminal (Jeddah, SA), SOM/G. Berger, 1981
Happy Valley Sports Stadium (Hong Kong)
Wembley National Stadium, Norman Foster, 2007 22 Shells (HP)

Rio Warehouse (Mexico City), Felix Candela, 1954

Hernaiz Warehouse (Mexico City), Felix Candela, 1956
17 Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled) CNIT Building (La Defense-Paris), B. Zehrfuss, J. De Mailly & R. E. Camelot, 1958
Church of San Jose Obrero (Nuevo Leon, Mexico), Felix Candela, 1959
Stadelhofen Station (Zurich), Santiago Calatrava, 1990 Bacardi Rum Factory (Puebla, Mexico), Felix Candle (w/ Mies van der Rohe), 1959
Tokyo International Forum, Rafael Vinoly, 1996 St Mary Cathedral, Kenzo Tange, 1964
Vocational Training Center (Herne, Germany), Jourda & Perraudin, 1999 Heidi Weber Pavilion (Zurich), Le Corbusier, 1965
Sendai Mediatheque (Sendai, Japan), Toyo Ito, 2001 American Airline Hangar Prototype, Lev Zetlin Associates, 1970
Tsing Tao Center (Qingdao), Bohlin Cywinski Powell, 2012
Macquarie University Incubator, Architectus, 2017
CSA GROUP TOPICS AND SIGN-UP LIST (6 per group)

1 Truss (Steel)
2 Truss (MIxed)
3 Truss Beam
4 Arch (steel)
5 Arch (wood)
6 Arch (concrete)
7 Frame Structures (one-way)
8 Frame Structures (heavy timber)
9 Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
10 Shells
11 Precast Concrete Structures
12 Suspension Structures (single layer)
13 Suspension Structures (double layer)
14 Cable Stayed Structures
15 Cable Net Structures
16 Membranes
17 Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled)
18 Columns (tree)
19 Grid Frame Structures (two-way)
20 Diagrid Frame Structure
21 Innovative Material (cardboard)
22 Shells (HP)
23 Folded Plate Structures (flat surface)
24 Grid Shells
25 Space Frames
26 Exoskeleton Structures
27 Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)
28 Diagrid Structure (high-rise)
29 Suspension Structure (high-rise)
30 Wood Structure (high-rise)
23 Folded Plate Structures (flat surface) 29 Suspension Structure (high-rise)

Plan-type Geodesic Structure, R Buckminster Fuller, 1949 Thesis Project (IIT, Chicago), Myron Goldsmith, 195?
St. John’s Abbey (Collegeville, USA), Marcel Breuer/Pier Luigi Nervi, 1961 Federal Reserve Bank (Minneapolis, USA), Gunter Birkirts, 1973
Air Force Academy Chapel (Colorado Springs, USA), SOM/W. Netsch/G. Bunshaft, 1962 Standard Charter Bank (Johannesburg, SA) 1975?
Yokohama Port Terminal, Foreign Office Architects, 2002 Office Tower Project (Kansas City, USA), Louis Kahn, 1970
OCBC Centre (Singapore), I. M. Pei, 1976
Sky City, DJI headquarters, Foster + Partners, 2022

24 Grid Shells 30 Wood Structure (high-rise)

Exhibition Pavilion (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), Vladimir Shukhov, 1897 Brock Commons Tallwood House, Vancouver, Acton Ostry Architects, 2017
US Pavilion World’s Fair (Montreal), Buckminster Fuller, 1967 HAUT Timber hi-rise (Amsterdam), Team V Architecture, 2020
Multihalle (Mannheim, Germany), Frei Otto/Ove Arup, 1975 Marunouchi Tokio Marine (Tokyo), RPBW (Renzo Piano), 2023
The Eden Project (St. Austell, UK), Nicholas Grimshaw, 2001
British Museum Courtyard (London), Foster + Partners, 2003
Macallan Distillery (Aberlour, Scotland), Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners, 2018

Note: *178. Indicates the building can be found on p178 in the Timber Construction Manual, Herzog,
25 Space Frames Natterer, Schweitzer, Volz and Winter, Eds. Birkhauser, 2004.
US Air Force Hangar (Project), Konrad Wachsman, 1950’s
Palais Omnisport (Paris), Jean Prouve, 1984
Louvre Pyramid (Paris), I.M. Pei, 1993
Watercube National Swimming Centre (Beijing), PTW Architects, 2008
Aspen Art Museum (Aspen, USA), Shigera Ban, 2014

26 Exoskeleton Structures

One Maritime Plaza (formerly Alcoa Building) (San Francisco), SOM, 1967
Capita Centre (Sydney), Harry Seidler, 1989
Hotel Arts Barcelona Olympic Athlete Housing, SOM, 1992
Prada Retail Store (Tokyo) Herzog & de Meuron, 2003
Morpheus Hotel (Macau), Zaha Hadid, 2014?
Chile Pavilion at Expo Milan, Undurraga Devés Arquitectos, 2015

27 Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)

Pirelli Tower (Milan, IT), Gil Ponti/P.L. Nervi, 1958

Jardin House, Palmer & Turner, 1973
MLC Tower (Sydney), Harry Seidler, 1977
Hong Kong Club, Harry Seidler, 1984
Commerzbank (Frankfurt, Germany), Foster, 1997
Burj Dubai (now Burj Khalifa, Dubai), SOM/Adrian Smith, 2008

28 Diagrid Structure (high-rise)

Thesis Project (IIT, Chicago), Myron Goldsmith, 1953

John Hancock Tower (Chicago), SOM/Fazlur Khan, 1970
30 St Mary Axe (London), Foster + Partners, 2004
Hearst Headquarters (NYC), Foster + Partners, 2006
CCTV TV Station and Headquarters (Beijing), OMA, 2009
CSA GROUP TOPICS AND SIGN-UP LIST (6 per group)

1 Truss (Steel)
2 Truss (MIxed)
3 Truss Beam
4 Arch (steel)
5 Arch (wood)
6 Arch (concrete)
7 Frame Structures (one-way)
8 Frame Structures (heavy timber)
9 Diagrid Vault/Dome Structures
10 Shells
11 Precast Concrete Structures
12 Suspension Structures (single layer)
13 Suspension Structures (double layer)
14 Cable Stayed Structures
15 Cable Net Structures
16 Membranes
17 Columns (tilted, tapered, bundled)
18 Columns (tree)
19 Grid Frame Structures (two-way)
20 Diagrid Frame Structure
21 Innovative Material (cardboard)
22 Shells (HP)
23 Folded Plate Structures (flat surface)
24 Grid Shells
25 Space Frames
26 Exoskeleton Structures
27 Bearing Wall Structure (high-rise)
28 Diagrid Structure (high-rise)
29 Suspension Structure (high-rise)
30 Wood Structure (high-rise)
Intermission