ITMCA0-44

Probability Practical Session

• BASIC PROBABILITY
• CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
• BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
• NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• HASHING AND LOAD BALANCING
Basic Probability Questions
1. Compute the probability of rolling a sum of 7 with two fair six-sided
dice.
2. Find the probability of drawing a red card from a standard deck of 52
cards.
3. A bag holds 6 tiles: 2 lettered and 4 numbered. Without looking, you
choose a tile. What is the probability of drawing a number?
4. The names Phil, Angelica, Yolanda, Mimi, and Ed are on slips of paper
in a hat. A name is drawn without looking. What is the probability of
not drawing Ed?
5. Determine the probability of picking a blue shirt from a drawer with 8
blue shirts and 2 white shirts.
6. Probability of drawing a vowel from letter tiles that spell out
MATHEMATICS
Solutions to basic probability
1.Compute the probability of rolling a sum of 7
with two fair six-sided dice.
Solutions to basic probability
2.Find the probability of drawing a red card from a
standard deck of 52 cards.
Solutions to basic probability
A bag holds 6 tiles: 2 lettered and 4 numbered.
Without looking, you choose a tile. What is the
probability of drawing a number?
Solutions to basic probability
The names Phil, Angelica, Yolanda, Mimi, and Ed
are on slips of paper in a hat. A name is drawn
without looking. What is the probability of not
drawing Ed
Solutions to basic probability
Determine the probability of picking a blue shirt
from a drawer with 8 blue shirts and 2 white shirts.
Solutions to basic probability
Probability of drawing a vowel from letter tiles that
spell out MATHEMATICS
Expected value

The expected value is calculated using the formula

𝑬 𝑿 = ෍ 𝒙. 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙)

Given the following .Find the expected value.

1. Suppose for a particular advertisement there is a 10% chance of receiving a R15 return, a
30% chance of receiving a -R2 return and a 60% chance of receiving a R8 return.

2. Suppose in a cards game there is a 5% chance of winning R10, a 50% chance of winning R0,
and a 45% chance of losing R40.
3. Find the expected value of rolling a die.
Solutions to expected value
Suppose for a particular advertisement there is a 10% chance of
receiving a R15 return, a 30% chance of receiving a -R2 return and a
60% chance of receiving a R8 return.
Solutions to expected value
Suppose in a cards game there is a 5% chance of winning R10, a 50%
chance of winning R0, and a 45% chance of losing R40.
Solutions to expected value
Find the expected value of rolling a die.
Conditional Probability
1. Given:

𝑃 𝐴 = 0.6, 𝑃 𝐵 = 0.4.
If event 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be independent. Calculate 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 , 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵
and 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 .

2. Given:
𝑃 𝐵 = 0.45 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 0.5
Determine 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 . If event A and B are dependent.

3. A bag contains 6 blue books and 4 yellow books.

If this first book is found to be yellow and it is retained on one side, find the
probability that a second selected will be a blue book.
1. Solutions to conditional probability
Given:
𝑃 𝐴 = 0.6, 𝑃 𝐵 = 0.4.
If event 𝐴 and 𝐵 are said to be independent. Calculate
𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 , 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 and 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 .
2. Solutions to conditional probability
Given:
𝑃 𝐵 = 0.45 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 0.5
Determine 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 . If event A and B are dependent.
Solutions to conditional probability
A bag contains 6 blue books and 4 yellow books.
If this first book is found to be yellow and it is retained on one side, find
the probability that a second selected will be a blue book.
 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−𝑥
𝑃 𝑋=𝑥 = 𝑝 𝑞
𝑥

Binomial Distribution
1. Find the probability of more than 3 successes in 5 trials with success
probability p = 0.4.
2. Calculate P(X ≤ 2) for a binomial distribution with n = 10 and p = 0.3.
3. Determine the expected number of successes in 8 trials with
success probability p = 0.6.
4. The Nite car hire company has a fleet of rental cars that includes BMW.
Experience has shown that three in four clients requests to hire an BMW.
• If 10 reservations are randomly selected from today’s bookings, what is the
probability (or likelihood) that exactly two clients will have requested a
BMW?
• What is the probability that more than 5 BMW cars will be requested?
5. Determine the probability of flipping at least 3 heads in 5 coin flips.
6. . Find the probability of at least 4 successes in 6 trials of a binomial
experiment with p = 0.6
Solutions to Binomial distribution
Find the probability of more than 3 successes in 5
trials with success probability p = 0.4.
Solutions to Binomial distribution
Calculate P(X ≤ 2) for a binomial distribution with
n = 10 and p = 0.3.
Solutions to Binomial distribution
Determine the expected number of successes in 8
trials with success probability p = 0.6.
1. Solutions to Binomial distribution
The Nite car hire company has a fleet of rental cars that includes BMW.
Experience has shown that three in four clients requests to hire an BMW.
If 10 reservations are randomly selected from today’s bookings, what is the
probability (or likelihood) that exactly two clients will have requested a BMW?
What is the probability that more than 5 BMW cars will be requested?
Solutions to Binomial distribution
Determine the probability of flipping at least 3
heads in five coin flips.
 𝑥−𝜇
Normal Distribution 𝑧=
𝛿
1. Compute the probability P(X < 2) for a normal distribution with mean µ = 0 and standard
deviation 𝜎 = 1.
2. Calculate 𝑃(−1 < 𝑋 < 1) for a normal distribution with
µ = 2 and 𝜎 = 3.
3. Solve the problem: If X ∼ 𝑁(100, 25), find 𝑃(𝑋 > 110).
4. Compute 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.5) for a standard normal distribution Z.
5. A set of data with a mean of 45 and a standard deviation of 8.3 is normally distributed. Find
each value, given its distance from the mean:
• +1 standard deviation from the mean
• –2 standard deviations from the mean
6. Test scores are normally distributed with a mean of 76 and a standard deviation of 10.
• In a group of 230 tests, how many students score above 96?
7. On a standardized test, Phyllis scored 84, exactly one standard deviation above the mean. If
the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the mean score for the test?
8. A set of scores with a normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 7.
Approximately what percent of the scores fall in the range 36-64?
Solutions to Normal distribution
Compute the probability P(X < 2) for a normal distribution with mean
µ = 0 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 1.
1. Solutions to Normal distribution
Calculate 𝑃(−1 < 𝑋 < 1) for a normal distribution with
µ = 2 and 𝜎 = 3.
Solutions to Normal distribution
Solve the problem:
If X ∼ 𝑁(100, 25), find 𝑃(𝑋 > 110).
Solutions to Normal distribution
. A set of data with a mean of 45 and a standard deviation of 8.3 is
normally distributed. Find each value, given its distance from the mean:
+1 standard deviation from the mean
Solutions to Normal distribution
Test scores are normally distributed with a mean of 76 and a standard
deviation of 10.
In a group of 230 tests, how many students score above 96?
Solutions to Normal distribution
On a standardized test, Phyllis scored 84, exactly one standard deviation
above the mean. If the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the
mean score for the test?
Solutions to Normal distribution
A set of scores with a normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a
standard deviation of 7. Approximately what percent of the scores fall in
the range 36-64?
HASHING AND LOAD BALANCING
1. In a distributed database system, data items are hashed to a set of
servers using a hash function. If there are 20 servers and 4600 data
items, what is the expected number of data items assigned to each
server?
2. If we have 24 servers and 13824 data items. What is the expected
data items assigned to each server?
Solution to Hashing and Load balancing
In a distributed database system, data items are hashed to a set of
servers using a hash function. If there are 20 servers and 4600 data
items, what is the expected number of data items assigned to each
server?
Solution to Hashing and Load balancing
If we have 24 servers and 13824 data items that are hashed. What is
the expected data items assigned to each server?