The CENTRE for EDUCATION

in MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING

cemc.uwaterloo.ca

Euclid Contest
Wednesday, April 2, 2025
(in North America and South America)
Thursday, April 3, 2025
(outside of North America and South America)

Time: 2 12 hours c 2025 University of Waterloo

Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.
Number of questions: 10 Each question is worth 10 marks
Calculating devices are allowed, provided that they do not have any of the following
features: (i) internet access, (ii) the ability to communicate with other devices, (iii)
information previously stored by students (such as formulas, programs, notes, etc.),
(iv) a computer algebra system, (v) dynamic geometry software.

Parts of each question can be of two types:

1. SHORT ANSWER parts indicated by
• worth 3 marks each
• full marks given for a correct answer which is placed in the box
• part marks awarded only if relevant work is shown in the space provided

2. FULL SOLUTION parts indicated by

• worth the remainder of the 10 marks for the question
• must be written in the appropriate location in the answer booklet
• marks awarded for completeness, clarity, and style of presentation
• a correct solution poorly presented will not earn full marks
WRITE ALL ANSWERS IN THE ANSWER BOOKLET PROVIDED.
• Extra paper for your finished solutions supplied by your supervising teacher must be
inserted into your answer booklet. Write your name, school name, and question number
on any inserted pages.
• Express answers as simplified
p exact numbers except where otherwise indicated.
For example, ⇡ + 1 and 1 2 are simplified exact numbers.

Do not discuss the problems or solutions from this contest online for the next 48 hours.

The name, grade, school and location, and score range of some top-scoring students will be
published on our website, cemc.uwaterloo.ca. In addition, the name, grade, school and location,
and score of some top-scoring students may be shared with other mathematical organizations
for other recognition opportunities.
 NOTE:
1. Please read the instructions on the front cover of this booklet.
2. Write all answers in the answer booklet provided.

3. For questions marked , place your answer in the appropriate box in the answer
booklet and show your work.

4. For questions marked , provide a well-organized solution in the answer booklet.

Use mathematical statements and words to explain all of the steps of your solution.
Work out some details in rough on a separate piece of paper before writing your finished
solution.
5. Diagrams are not drawn to scale. They are intended as aids only.
6. While calculators may be used for numerical calculations, other mathematical steps must
be shown and justified in your written solutions, and specific marks may be allocated for
these steps. For example, while your calculator might be able to find the x-intercepts
of the graph of an equation like y = x3 x, you should show the algebraic steps that
you used to find these numbers, rather than simply writing these numbers down.

A Note about Bubbling

Please make sure that you have correctly coded your name, date of birth and grade on
the Student Information Form, and that you have answered the question about residency.

412 2 22L 41
1. (a) If 4(x 2) = 2(x 4), what is the value of x? 431 8 23L 8
(b) If 2x = 9, what is the value of 26x 23 ?
631 27 227 23 24 16
(c) Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines with equations

Ii 出 器 7 10 0
y = 3x + 7 and y = 7x + 3.

2.
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(a) There is one positive integer k for which 3 <
p
k2 + 4 < 4. What is this positive
integer k?
个 4

(c) In the diagram, 4BDF is equilateral and

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(b) What is the sum of the 20 smallest odd positive integers?

管
品
16
B 8 C
\F AB = \BCD = \DEF = 90 . Also,
AB = 16, BC = 8, DE = 5, and A
F A = 13. Determine the perimeter of
hexagon ABCDEF . 13

F D

1 3 5 7 9 11 13t15
5
117 E 19t
21 23 25 27129 31 33 35 37
3g
40

景点 否烫品品
1
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Perimeter
otABCDEFiiiiiinitiiE.tsFE.tnn
3. (a) Suppose that p + q + r = 18 and p + q = 5 and q + r = 9. What is the value of q?

5iqtr 9 ir 9
95tqqEg
(b) The line with equation 6x + y = 24 has its x-intercept at point P and its
y-intercept at point Q. What is an equation of the parabola whose y-intercept is
at Q and whose only x-intercept is at P ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) Suppose that = = and + + = . Determine the value of
2w 3y 4z 2w 3y 4z 24
w + y + z.

4.
的 it
(a) Terry’s bicycle has a larger front wheel with
radius 15 cm and a smaller rear wheel with
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符 radius 9 cm, as shown. Terry ties a ribbon

to the top of each wheel, and then starts to
ride forward. Terry travels d cm forward and
×
×
stops. Both ribbons are again at the top of
the wheels. What is the integer closest to the 15 cm 9 cm
smallest possible value of d with d > 0?

(b) In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle with 24

A

iiiiiiiiiiiiiih.n
B
AB = 24 and AD = 18. Also, E is on

T ALiisT43 L
BC with EC = 6. If segments DE and AC 18
intersect at F , determine the length of CF . F E
D C

5.
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(a) Alice has a lock whose combination consists of three integers a, b, c which need
n
to be entered in that order. The three integers satisfy the following:

• each of a, b and c is between 1 and 40, inclusive;

• a, b and c are all di↵erent;

• b is less than a, and b is less than c; and Es

器
• one of the integers is 20 and another of the integers is 30.

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How many possible combinations satisfy these conditions?

(b) For some angles ✓, the three numbers 2 2 cos ✓, 1 + sin ✓, 2 + 2 cos ✓ form a
geometric sequence in that order. Determine all possible exact values of cos ✓.
(A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained
from the previous term by multiplying it by a non-zero constant. For example,
3, 6, 12 is a geometric sequence with three terms.)

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58
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1
6. (a) Twelve points are equally spaced around the entire circumference of a circle. In
how many ways can three of these points be chosen so that the triangle that they
form has at least two sides of equal length? B
(b) In the diagram, quadrilateral ABCD has 33
\ABC = \CDA = 90 , AB = 56, BC = 33, C
CD = 39, and DA = 52. Point P is on AD so 56
that BP is perpendicular to AD. Determine 39
the exact length of BP .
P
A D
52

7. (a) The functions f and g are defined by the tables of values below:

x f (x) x g(x)
1 5 1 3
2 3 2 1
3 4 3 4
4 1 4 5
5 2 5 2

The functions f 1 and g 1 are the inverse functions of f and g, respectively. If

f 1 (g 1 (a)) = 3, what is the value of a?
(b) Determine all pairs (x, y) of real numbers that satisfy the following system of
equations:

x2 8xy + 16y 2 = 0
(log10 x)2 + 2(log10 x)(log10 y) + (log10 y)2 = 4

8. (a) Leilei, Jerome and Farzad write a test independently. The probability that Leilei
3
passes the test and Jerome fails the test is 20 . The probability that Jerome
1
passes and Farzad fails is 4 . The probability that Leilei and Farzad both pass
is 25 . Determine the probability that at least one of Leilei, Jerome and Farzad
fails the test.
(b) The integer 7447 is a palindrome because it reads the same forwards and
backwards. Suppose that positive integers m and n are palindromes between
1001 and 9999, inclusive, with m > n. Determine the number of pairs (m, n) for
which the di↵erence m n is a multiple of 35.

9. Suppose that p(x) = qx3 rx2 sx + t for some positive integers q < r < s < t
which form an arithmetic sequence.
(a) Show that x = 1 is a root of p(x).
(b) Suppose that the average of q, r, s, t is 19 and that p(x) has three rational roots.
Determine the roots of p(x).
(c) Prove that, for every positive integer n > 3, there are at least two arithmetic
sequences of positive integers q < r < s < t with common di↵erence 2n for which
p(x) has three rational roots.
(An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained
from the previous term by adding a constant, called the common di↵erence. For
example, 3, 5, 7, 9 are the first four terms of an arithmetic sequence.)
10. An equilateral triangle is formed using n rows of coins. There is 1 coin in the first
row, 2 coins in the second row, 3 coins in the third row, and so on, up to n coins in
the nth row. Initially, all of the coins show heads (H). Carley plays a game in which,
on each turn, she chooses three mutually adjacent coins and flips these three coins
over. To win the game, all of the coins must be showing tails (T) after a sequence
of turns. An example game with 4 rows of coins after a sequence of two turns is
shown.
Below (a), (b) and (c), you will find instructions about how to refer to these turns
in your solutions.

T T

H T T
H H T T

(a) If there are 3 rows of coins, give a sequence of 4 turns that results in a win.
(b) Suppose that there are 4 rows of coins. Determine whether or not there is a
sequence of turns that results in a win.
(c) Determine all values of n for which it is possible to win the game starting with
n rows of coins.

Note: For a triangle with 4 rows of coins, there are 9 possibilities for the set of
three coins that Carley can flip on a given turn. These 9 possibilities are shown as
shaded triangles below:

T(1,1)

T(2,2)
T(2,1) T(2,3)

T(3,2) T(3,4)
T(3,1) T(3,3) T(3,5)

Participants should use the names for these moves shown inside the 9 shaded
triangles when answering (b). Participants should adapt this naming convention
in a suitable way when answering parts (a) and (c).
 (English)
Contest
Euclid
2025
The CENTRE for EDUCATION
in MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING
cemc.uwaterloo.ca

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