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The paper discusses an innovative material-technology system aimed at reducing environmental pollution caused by salts during wet leather processing. It presents experimental results showing a significant reduction of chloride and sulphate levels in wastewater, achieving reductions of 60% and 45% respectively. The study concludes that the new multifunctional materials used in retanning provide comparable physical properties to traditional methods while significantly decreasing processing time and resource consumption.

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5 views6 pages

2y_III_Systems_and_Technologies_01

The paper discusses an innovative material-technology system aimed at reducing environmental pollution caused by salts during wet leather processing. It presents experimental results showing a significant reduction of chloride and sulphate levels in wastewater, achieving reductions of 60% and 45% respectively. The study concludes that the new multifunctional materials used in retanning provide comparable physical properties to traditional methods while significantly decreasing processing time and resource consumption.

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saravanan.mc670172
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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th

ICAMS 2012 – 4 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems

REDUCTION OF ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION WITH SALTS IN WET


LEATHER PROCESSING PHASES

MARIAN CRUDU1, CARMEN GAIDAU1, ANDRA CRUDU1, MARIANA POPESCU2,


MARCEL IONESCU3, VIRGILIJUS VALEIKA4, VIKTORIIA PLAVAN5
1
INCDTP - Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu, 031215,
Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
2
S.C. PIELOREX SA, Jilava., Romania, [email protected]
3
SC EUROPLASTIC LTD, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
4
Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu, Kaunas, Lithuania, [email protected]
5
National University of Technologies and Design, Kiev, Ukraine

This paper presents the results of testing an innovative material-technology system for reduction of
environmental pollution with salts in wet leather processing phases. Deliming and wet finishing
experiments on leather were performed using new multifunctional (maleic copolymers) and
compact (retanning blends) materials with effects on reduction of ammonium salts and sulphates
from wastewaters.
Keywords: wet leather processing, salt reduction, bovine hides.

INTRODUCTION
The term salt in the tanning industry is typically used to refer to the two commonly
used salts, namely sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. It is quite typical in the tanning
industry to consider both of these inorganic salts together using the simple term salt.
These two inorganic salts in the effluent are clearly the most difficult form of pollution
to be dealt with in the leather industry. Both are very soluble in water and chemically
stable, making it effectively impossible to remove them from a mixed effluent in waste
water treatment plants by typical processes such as: sedimentation, oxidation,
precipitation or flocculation like most other pollutants.
The salts used in leather processing (inorganic) and the salts formed during this
process constitute over 60% of the total chemical substances used in leather processing,
which is enough to justify research for rationalization of chemical processes for the
purpose of reducing environmental pollution with salts.
This paper presents the results of testing an innovative material-technology system
for reduction of environmental pollution with salts in wet finishing leather processing
phases.

EXPERIMENTAL
Leather retaining is a key multistep operation in leather processing which requires
the use of chemically complex auxiliary materials difficult to biodegrade and which
contain large amounts of salts. Most products are wet finishing powders and may
contain significant amounts of sodium sulfate as inert salt standards. As an alternative to
classical retaining a series of blend type materials with dyeing fatliquoring and
retanning function have been developed are used in one dose, after hide neutralization.
Designing new products is based on the latest knowledge on compatible materials
with good stability over time, ability to penetrate the porous dermis structure and to
interact with functional groups of collagen.
Reduction of Environmental Pollution with Salts in Wet Leather Processing Phases

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials
• tanned bovine hides (20-25 kg) with basic chromium salts or free of chrome
tanned, split, shaved (1.2-1.4 mm) and completely neutralized;
• new wet finishing (black and brown);
• common auxiliaries for leather wet finishing.

Methods
The skins were classified into three groups and retanned (wet finishing) according to
the experimental design given in Figure 1 and Table 1.

Figure 1. Experimental design of the retanning processes

Table 1. Experimental design of the retanning (wet finishing) processes


Trial no. Type of treatment
WB WBM Wet blue classical retanned
WBP Wet blue compact retanned with wet finishing product (black)
WWO WWOM Organic wet white classical retanned (oxazolidine)
WWOP Organic wet white compact retanned with wet finishing product
(black) (oxazolidine)
WWI WWIM Inorganic wet white classical retanned (titanium aluminium)
WWIP Inorganic wet white classical compact retanned with wet finishing
product (black) (titanium aluminium)
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ICAMS 2012 – 4 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems

The classic multistep retanning chrome bovine hides (or free chrome tanned) were
processed according to Table 2.

Table 2. Classic multistep retanning chrome bovine hides


Process Parameters
Dyeing 100% water 55oC
2% days (black) 20-60'
Fixation +1% formic acid (1:10) 15-20'
control
Draining
Fatliquoring 100-150% water 55-60oC
8-19% fatliquors compound 40-60'
control
Draining
Retanning + 100-150% water 35oC
2-3% synthetic resins 20-30'
5-8% natural tanning (mimosa, 40-50'
quebracho control
Fixation 0.5-1% formic acid 1:10 15-20'
Control
pH=3.8-4.2
Draining

The new compact retanning hides with new composite blends were processed
according to Table 3.

Table 3. Compact retanning with new composite products


Process Parameters
Compact retanning 8-100% water 35-38oC
(dyeing, fatliquoring, 11-13% compact 40-60'
retanning) control
Fixing + 0.5-1% formic acid 1:10 10-15'
control
pH=3.8-4.2
Draining

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


Physical test results of the leather samples after retanning processes are given in
Table 4.
Results of chemical analysis performed on retanned samples are given in Table 5.
Results of salt content in the leather wet finishing effluents are given in Table 6.
Balance of salts in effluents from compact retanning of bovine hides chrome tanned
compared to the classical multistep process is presented in Figure2.
Reduction of 60% chloride and 45% sulphates was achieved. Chromium salts from
effluents are completely reduced in the case of compact retanning of free of chrome
leather.
Balance of salts in effluents from compact retanning of bovine hides free of chrome
tanned (organic and inorganic) compared to the classical multistep process is presented
in Figure 3.
Reduction of Environmental Pollution with Salts in Wet Leather Processing Phases

Table 4. Physical test results of leather after compact retanning process


Trial no. Tensile Amounts Elongation Amounts Tear Amounts
strength required at (break %) required strength required
(N/mm2) under the under the (N/mm) under the
standard standard standard
WBM 19.20 Min.16 61.50 Max.79 52.10 Min.27
WBP 22.31 67.20 53.20
WWOM 19.05 51.30 31.04
WWOP 21.15 56.20 35.21
WWIM 23.10 53.40 30.05
WWIP 28.80 58.00 29.40

Table 5. Results of chemical analysis


Trial no. Fat % pH Ash % Cr2O3 % Shrinkage temperature °C
WBM 7.3 3.95 5.9 3.8 101
WBP 7.5 4.16 5.8 3.5 98
WWOM 7.4 4.21 2.8 - 84
WWOP 4.3 2.5 7.6 - 85
WWIM 3.62 7.9 7.4 - 89
WWIP 4.01 6.9 7.9 - 92

Table 6. Salt content in the effluent


Trial Salt content mg/dm3
no. Chloride Sulphates Cr2O3 Ash
WBM 1418 11324 607 6900
WBP 567 6151 580 2800
WWOM 920 4020 - 950
WWOP 405 1005 - 502
WWIM 1030 12500 - 6500
WWIP 460 5800 - 2600

Figure 2. Reduction of salts and chromium content in retanning effluents from bovine
hide chrome tanned
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ICAMS 2012 – 4 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems

Figure 3. Balance of salts in effluents from compact retanning of bovine hides free of
chrome tanned

Salts content from retanning effluents of free chrome tanned bovine hides are
reduced by 47% - 60%.

CONCLUSIONS
- Wet multifunctional materials were obtained and tested for wet finishing of hides
with retanning, fatliquoring and dyeing properties;
- Reduction of sulphates in the effluents from compact retanning was 45%-75% and
reduction of chloride 55%-60%;
- Chromium salts from effluents are completely reduced in the case of compact FOC
(free of chrome) leather;
- Reduction of ash content in the effluents from compact retanning was 47%-60%;
- The leather wet finishing with newly multifunctional materials gave comparable
physical properties to classical retanning.
- The economic effects to applying compact materials and technologies of bovine
leather wet finishing are significant and refer to reducing processing time by 45%, water
consumption by 30%, labour by 40%, auxiliary materials by 30%.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for
Scientific Research, CNDI–UEFISCDI, EUREKA project number 307/2011.

REFERENCES
Csnaka, H. (1995), UNIDO, Ljubljana.
Munz, K.H. (1993), XXII IULTCS Congress, Brasil, 363.
Papa Konstantinau, D. (2001), “Salt Free High Stability Organic Tanning for the Production of High-Tech
Upperleather”, Tecnologie Conciane, March-April, 83-85.
Rajamani, S. and Ramasami, T. (2007), “Salinity-related Issues in India”, World Leather, May, 37-39.
TFL Eco Guidelines (2011), Salt & Nitrogen Reduction in the Leather Making Process, [email protected].
*** (2007), “A Compendium of Salinity Related Information”, Word Leather, May, 33-35.
Reduction of Environmental Pollution with Salts in Wet Leather Processing Phases

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