23-08-2017

Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

UNIT
STRENGTH OF Concept of Stress

• The main objective of the study of mechanics of

MATERIALS materials is to provide the future engineer with the

1 Text: Mechanics of Materials

Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
[Lecture Notes by:
J. Walt Oler
Introduction -
definition of normal
stress, shear stress,
means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve

the determination of stresses and deformations. This
bearing stress
Texas Tech University] chapter is devoted to the concept of stress.
Adapted for:
MEE 214 Strength of Materials
VIT University
D. S. Mohan Varma
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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Review of Statics Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and
• The structure is designed to the loads and reaction forces are indicated
support a 30 kN load

 M C  0  Ax 0. 6 m   30 kN 0.8 m 

• Conditions for static equilibrium:
• The structure consists of a
Ax  40 kN
boom and rod joined by pins

 Fx  0 Ax  C x
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
Cx   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the Ay  C y  30 kN
reaction forces at the supports
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from
these equations

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Component Free-Body Diagram Method of Joints

• In addition to the complete structure, each • The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
component must satisfy the conditions for the members are subjected to only two forces
static equilibrium which are applied at member ends

 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom: • For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
Ay  0 equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN • Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
form of a force triangle:
 FB  0


 
Reaction forces are directed along boom FAB FBC 30 kN
and rod 4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Analysis Design

Can the structure safely support the 30 kN • Design of new structures requires selection of
load? appropriate materials and component dimensions
• From a statics analysis to meet performance requirements
FAB = 40 kN (compression) • For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,

aluminum sall= 100 MPa). What is an

FBC = 50 kN (tension) etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from

• At any section through member BC, the appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
50 103 N
 all  A   500 106 m 2
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
 all 100106 Pa
P P
or stress of
50 10 N
A
 BC    159 MPa
3
dBC = 20 mm P
A 314 10-6 m 2 A
d2

 
4

4 500106 m 2
• From the material properties for steel, the
d   2.52 102 m  25.2 mm
 
allowable stress is 4A
 all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is • An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
adequate
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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Axial Loading: Normal Stress Shearing Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially • Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
loaded member is normal to a section cut member AB.
perpendicular to the member axis. • Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress. • The resultant of the internal shear force
F
  lim  ave 
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
 A 0 A
P
A and is equal to the load P.

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be • The corresponding average shear stress is,
 ave 
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the P
stress distribution must satisfy A
P   ave A   dF    dA • Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
A member surfaces to maximum values that may be
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically much larger than the average value.
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
alone.
be uniform.
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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Shearing Stress Examples Bearing Stress in Connections

Single Shear Double Shear • Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b  
P P
A td
 ave    ave  
P F P F
A A A 2A

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Analysis & Design Example Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• Would like to determine the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is sBC = +159

stresses in the members and • At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
connections of the structure
shown. MPa.

• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

• From a statics analysis:
A  20 mm 40 mm  25 mm   300 106 m 2
area occurs at the pin centerline,
FAB = 40 kN (compression)

50 103 N
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
 BC , end    167 MPa
P
A 300 10 6 m 2
• Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and • The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40
BC, and the shearing stress kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection • The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pin Shearing Stresses Pin Shearing Stresses

• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B, • Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
and C, the section with the largest shear force,
 25 mm  PE  15 kN
A   r2    6 2
  491 10 m
2

 2  PG  25 kN (largest)

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC, • Evaluate the corresponding average

50 103 N
shearing stress,
 C, ave    102 MPa
P
A 49110  6 m 2  B, ave    50.9 MPa
PG 25 kN
A 49110 6 m 2

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
 A, ave    40. 7 MPa
P 20 kN
A 491106 m 2

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pin Bearing Stresses Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, member result in only normal
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm, stresses on a plane cut

b 
perpendicular to the member axis.
  53. 3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 
P 40 kN

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
or pin axis.
b    32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 
P 40 kN

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problems for practice : Problems for practice

1. Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B
and loaded as shown. Knowing that the average normal stress
must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in rod BC,
determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and d2.

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problems for practice Problems for practice

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Strength of Materials Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Problems for practice

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