What is CASE Tools?

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the implementation of computer-facilitated

tools and methods in software development. CASE is used to ensure high-quality and defect-free
software. CASE ensures a check-pointed and disciplined approach and helps designers,
developers, testers, managers, and others to see the project milestones during development. The
essential idea of CASE tools is that in-built programs can help to analyze developing systems in
order to enhance quality and provide better outcomes.

Types of CASE Tools:

1.​ Diagramming Tools: It helps in diagrammatic and graphical representations of the data and
system processes. It represents system elements, control flow and data flow among different
software components and system structures in a pictorial form.
2.​ Computer Display and Report Generators: These help in understanding the data
requirements and the relationships involved.
3.​ Analysis Tools: It focuses on inconsistent, incorrect specifications involved in the diagram
and data flow. It helps in collecting requirements, automatically check for any irregularity,
imprecision in the diagrams, data redundancies, or erroneous omissions.
4.​ Central Repository: It provides a single point of storage for data diagrams, reports, and
documents related to project management.
5.​ Documentation Generators: It helps in generating user and technical documentation as per
standards. It creates documents for technical users and end users.
For example, Doxygen, DrExplain, Adobe RoboHelp for documentation.
6.​ Code Generators: It aids in the auto-generation of code, including definitions, with the help
of designs, documents, and diagrams.
7.​ Tools for Requirement Management: It makes gathering, evaluating, and managing
software needs easier.
8.​ Tools for Analysis and Design: It offers instruments for modelling system architecture and
behaviour, which helps throughout the analysis and design stages of software development.
9.​ Tools for Database Management: It facilitates database construction, design, and
administration.
10.​Tools for Documentation: It makes the process of creating, organizing, and maintaining
project documentation easier.

What is UML?
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized visual modeling language that is a
versatile, flexible, and user-friendly method for visualizing a system’s design. Software system
artifacts can be specified, visualized, built, and documented with the use of UML.

.Why do we need UML?

We need UML (Unified Modeling Language) to visually represent and communicate complex
system designs, facilitating better understanding and collaboration among stakeholders.
●​ Complex applications need collaboration and planning from multiple teams and hence
require a clear and concise way to communicate amongst them.
●​ Businessmen do not understand code. So UML becomes essential to communicate with
non-programmers about essential requirements, functionalities, and processes of the system.
●​ A lot of time is saved down the line when teams can visualize processes, user interactions,
and the static structure of the system.

Primary UML diagrams:

Class Diagram:
The most widely use UML diagram is the class diagram. It is the building block of all object
oriented software systems. We use class diagrams to depict the static structure of a system by
showing system’s classes, their methods and attributes.

Object Diagram:
An Object Diagram can be referred to as a screenshot of the instances in a system and the
relationship that exists between them. Since object diagrams depict behaviour when objects have
been instantiated, we are able to study the behaviour of the system at a particular instant.

Component Diagram:
Component diagrams are used to represent how the physical components in a system have been
organized. We use them for modelling implementation details.Component Diagrams depict the
structural relationship between software system elements and help us in understanding if
functional requirements have been covered by planned development.

Deployment Diagram:
Deployment Diagrams are used to represent system hardware and its software. It tells us what
hardware components exist and what software components run on them.We illustrate system
architecture as distribution of software artifacts over distributed targets.

Package Diagram:
We use Package Diagrams to depict how packages and their elements have been organized. A
package diagram simply shows us the dependencies between different packages and internal
composition of packages.Packages help us to organise UML diagrams into meaningful groups
and make the diagram easy to understand.

State Machine Diagrams:

A state diagram is used to represent the condition of the system or part of the system at finite
instances of time. It’s a behavioral diagram and it represents the behavior using finite state
transitions.State diagrams are also referred to as State machines and State-chart Diagrams.

Activity Diagrams:
We use Activity Diagrams to illustrate the flow of control in a system. We can also use an
activity diagram to refer to the steps involved in the execution of a use case. We model
sequential and concurrent activities using activity diagrams.An activity diagram focuses on
condition of flow and the sequence in which it happens.
 Use Case Diagrams:
Use Case Diagrams are used to depict the functionality of a system or a part of a system. They
are widely used to illustrate the functional requirements of the system and its interaction with
external agents(actors).A use case is basically a diagram representing different scenarios where
the system can be used.
Sequence Diagram:
A sequence diagram simply depicts interaction between objects in a sequential order i.e. the
order in which these interactions take place.Sequence diagrams describe how and in what order
the objects in a system function.These diagrams are widely used by businessmen and software
developers to document and understand requirements for new and existing systems.

Communication Diagram:
A Communication Diagram (known as Collaboration Diagram in UML 1.x) is used to show
sequenced messages exchanged between objects.A communication diagram focuses primarily on
objects and their relationships.We can represent similar information using Sequence diagrams,
however communication diagrams represent objects and links in a free form.
Argouml:
ArgoUML is an open-source application that helps users model software systems using Unified
Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. It's written in Java and is available on any platform that
supports Java SE.
Features:
●​ Diagram types: Supports all UML 1.4 diagrams, including multiple language support
●​ Design assistance: Includes features like code generation, reverse engineering, and
design notes
●​ User interface: Has four panels, including a hierarchical view of the project file, an
editor, a to-do list, and details of the selected object
●​ Explorer perspectives: Provides nine different perspectives that can be customized or
replaced
Java:
Java is a popular programming language used for many applications, including scientific apps,
big data processing, and enterprise software development.
Key reasons why Java is preferred:
●​ Platform independence
 ●​ Object-oriented programming
●​ Large community and support
●​ Ease of learning
●​ Robustness and reliability
●​ Wide range of applications

What is Selenium?
Selenium is an open-source, automated testing tool used to test web applications across various
browsers. Selenium can only test web applications, unfortunately, so desktop and mobile apps
can’t be tested. However, other tools like Appium and HP’s QTP can be used to test software and
mobile applications.

Why Selenium is Widely Used as a Testing Tool?

●​ Selenium is easy to use since it’s primarily developed in JavaScript

●​ Selenium can test web applications against various browsers like Firefox, Chrome,
Opera, and Safari
●​ Tests can be coded in several programming languages like Java, Python, Perl, PHP, and
Ruby
●​ Selenium is platform-independent, meaning it can deploy on Windows, Linux, and
Macintosh
●​ Selenium can be integrated with tools like JUnit and TestNG for test management