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Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing Theory Methods
and Applications 1st Edition Kenneth E. Barner Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Kenneth E. Barner, Gonzalo R. Arce
ISBN(s): 9780849314278, 0849314275
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 8.74 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
Nonlinear
Signal
and Image
Processing
Theory, Methods, and Applications
 THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
AND APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIES
Edited by Alexander Poularikas

The Advanced Signal Processing Handbook:

Theory and Implementation for Radar, Sonar,
and Medical Imaging Real-Time Systems
Stergios Stergiopoulos
The Transform and Data Compression Handbook
K.R. Rao and P.C. Yip
Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion
David Hall and James Llinas
Handbook of Neural Network Signal Processing
Yu Hen Hu and Jenq-Neng Hwang
Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications
Lal Chand Godara
Noise Reduction in Speech Applications
Gillian M. Davis
Signal Processing Noise
Vyacheslav P. Tuzlukov
Digital Signal Processing with Examples in MATLAB®
Samuel Stearns
Applications in Time-Frequency Signal Processing
Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola
The Digital Color Imaging Handbook
Gaurav Sharma
Pattern Recognition in Speech and Language Processing
Wu Chou and Biing-Hwang Juang
Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design
Robert K. Crane
Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications
Kenneth E. Barner and Gonzalo R. Arce

Forthcoming Titles
Smart Antennas
Lal Chand Godara
Soft Computing with MATLAB®
Ali Zilouchian
 Forthcoming Titles (continued)
Signal and Image Processing in Navigational Systems
Vyacheslav P. Tuzlukov
Wireless Internet: Technologies and Applications
Apostolis K. Salkintzis and Alexander Poularikas
Nonlinear
Signal
and Image
Processing
Theory, Methods, and Applications

Edited by
Kenneth E. Barner
Gonzalo R. Arce

CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
1427_Discl.fm Page 1 Monday, October 20, 2003 12:02 PM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nonlinear signal and image processing / edited by Kenneth E. Barner, Gonzalo R. Arce.
p. cm. — (Electrical engineering & applied signal processing)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1427-5 (alk. paper)
1. Signal processing—Digital techniques. 2. Image processing—Digital techniques. I.
Barner, Kenneth E. II. Arce, Gonzalo R. III. Electrical engineering and applied signal
processing series.

TK5102.9N66 2003
621.382¢2—dc22 2003055587

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Dedication

To the students and colleagues

who make working in the dynamic field of nonlinear signal processing so much fun
and whose efforts made this book possible.
Preface

Nonlinear signal processing methods continue to grow in popularity and

use. This growth is due to one factor—performance. While it is true that lin-
ear methods continue to dominate in current practice, nonlinear methods are
making steady progress in moving from theoretical explorations to practi-
cal implementations. Clearly, the advances in computing performance have
accelerated this progress by making nonlinear methods more practical. Addi-
tionally, nonlinear theory continues to grow and yield a firm foundation upon
which nonlinear methods can be developed, optimized, and analyzed. Non-
linear methods are thus being applied to address many of the most interesting
and challenging signal processing problems of the day.
This book details recent advances in nonlinear theory and methods. A
wide array of contemporary applications in which nonlinear methods are
being applied to address challenging open problems are also presented. Al-
though there is no single theory under which nonlinear methods are unified—
these approaches are defined simply by what they are not, namely, linear—
significant advances have been made in recent years in several branches of
nonlinear theory. The first set of chapters in the book is therefore focused on
recent advances in nonlinear signal processing theory. This set of chapters
targets three critical areas of theory: (1) filter analysis, (2) nonlinear filter class
design, and (3) signal analysis.
The filter analysis presented utilizes new nonlinear approaches to analyz-
ing the performance of adaptive filters. By utilizing nonlinear analysis, adap-
tive filters can be characterized in terms of a state-space model that lends
greater insight. Although no single theory unites the large number of nonlin-
ear approaches reported in the literature, approaches founded on maximum
likelihood principles define large filter classes that can address many chal-
lenging problems. Here, we present two such filter classes: fuzzy ordering
theory-based filters and myriad filters. Fuzzy ordering unites the theories
of rank ordering and fuzzy relations to yield a broad class of robust filters.
Myriad filters are also a robust class of filters designed specifically, in this
case, to address applications with stable distributions statistics. The signal
analysis presented here is based on time-frequency distributions. Although
time-frequency distributions have been studied for some time, the current
results presented here show that the Wigner distribution can be represented
as a dynamic equation, the solution of which is an ordinary or partial differ-
ential equation. The advantage of this approach is the insight into the nature
x Preface

of the solution provided by the analysis. Although this first set of chapters is
focused primarily on theory, each includes numerous examples and applica-
tions illustrating the advantages of nonlinear approaches.
The remainder of the book focuses on the application of nonlinear methods
to a wide array of contemporary applications. Nonlinear approaches, once
used only in niche problems, are now becoming ubiquitous across the broad
spectrum of applications that have signal processing components. Of the nu-
merous important applications now dominating researcher efforts, we have
chosen to focus on applications in communications and networking, imaging
and video, and genomics.
Within the area of communications and networking, methods and results
are presented for data traffic modeling, echo cancellation in mobile termi-
nals, and blind and semiblind channel estimation. Imaging and video, nat-
ural applications for nonlinear approaches due to the nonstationarity of the
signals and the nonlinearity of the human visual system, are addressed in sev-
eral chapters. Specifically, current results on image and video enhancement,
wavelet domain statistical image modeling and processing, image informa-
tion organization and retrieval, and color image processing are presented.
While imaging applications have, for some time, been addressed through
nonlinear approaches, an increasingly important, but less mature, applica-
tion certain to benefit from nonlinear approaches is the growing field of ge-
nomics. The application of nonlinear methods to select genomic applications
is presented in a chapter on genetic regulatory networks.
Each of the chapters was contributed by leading researchers in the field of
nonlinear signal processing. Without their hard work, a book covering such
a wide array of applications simply would not be possible. Although the full
depth of the contributions can only be appreciated by a thorough reading of
the chapters, we attempt to summarize the main contributions in each chapter
here so that researchers, practicing engineers, students, and any other readers
of this book can go directly to the chapter of most relevance to their particular
needs. The chapters can be read alone, but a fuller appreciation of current
nonlinear methods, or at least those presented here, requires the reading of
related chapters. The thorough reader is encouraged to explore these topics in
greater depth. Further exploration can be started by examining the extensive
reference list at the end of each chapter.
The set of chapters on nonlinear signal processing theory begins with Chap-
ter 1, Energy Conservation in Adaptive Filtering, by Ali H. Sayed, Tareq Y. Al-
naffouri, and Vitor H. Nascimento, which analyzes adaptive filter perfor-
mance under a unified energy-conservation approach. This approach leads
to a tractable analysis that provides not only information about stability and
convergence behavior of the filter, but its steady-state performance as well.
The next two chapters, Fuzzy Methods in Nonlinear Signal Processing: Part I—
Theory and Part II—Applications, by Kenneth E. Barner, Yao Nie, and Yuzhong
Shen, cover fuzzy extensions to rank-order and spatial-order based meth-
ods. In Part I, the importance of spatial order and rank order in filtering is
Preface xi

derived from a maximum likelihood approach. Fuzzy extensions to the order-

ing concepts are derived that incorporate sample diversity; these extensions
are applied, in Part II, to several signal, imaging, and communications prob-
lems.
Chapter 4, Time-Frequency Wigner Distribution Approach to Differential Equa-
tions, by Lorenzo Galleani and Leon Cohen, presents methods enabling one
to cast the solution to an ordinary or partial differential equation, such as the
Schrödinger equation, as a dynamical equation for the Wigner distribution.
The advantage of this approach is that one gains considerable insight into the
nature of the solution, and it leads to new analysis and approximations to the
original equation. The set of chapters focused primarily on theory concludes
with Chapter 5, Weighted Myriad Filters, by Gonzalo R. Arce, Juan G. Gonza-
lez, and Yinbo Li. This chapter considers the processing of stable processes,
and focuses on the theory of M-estimation, which, for the special case of the
Cauchy distribution, leads to the class of weighted myriad filters. Fast imple-
mentations, filter design, and optimization procedures are presented along
with imaging and equalization applications.
The remainder of the book concentrates on critical contemporary appli-
cations that are being increasingly addressed through nonlinear methods.
This look at applications begins with a set of three chapters addressing im-
portant problems in communications. The first chapter in this set, Chapter
6, Data Traffic Modeling—A Signal Processing Perspective, by Athina P. Petrop-
ulu and Xueshi Yang, concentrates on statistical analysis and modeling of
broadband heterogeneous data-network traffic. This chapter develops math-
ematical tools to characterize the self-similar and impulsive nature of data
traffic. The presented statistical characterizations provide insights into the
physical understanding of data traffic.
Giovanni L. Sicuranza, Alberto Carini, and Andrea Fermo address the im-
portant problem of acoustic echo cancellation in Chapter 7, Nonlinear Adap-
tive Filters for Acoustic Echo Cancellation in Mobile Terminals. The increasing
use of mobile communications terminals has made echo cancellation a crit-
ical component in the development of high-quality mobile communications
services. This chapter shows that effective echo cancellation is achieved with
polynomial, or Volterra, filtering. The authors present computationally effi-
cient implementations and develop the optimization and tracking algorithms
necessary for Volterra echo cancellers to be introduced into practical handset
devices. The final communications-focused contribution, Chapter 8, Blind and
Semiblind Channel Estimation, by Visa Koivunen, Mihai Enescu, and Marius
Sirbu, develops nonlinear channel equalization methods for multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Channel equalization is critical to improv-
ing the spectral efficiency of communications systems and the authors cover
blind and semiblind methods for the widely used GSM, DS-CDMA, and
OFDM wireless systems.
Perhaps the area within which nonlinear methods found their earliest ac-
ceptance and enjoy the greatest dominance is the field of image processing.
xii Preface

Indeed, nonlinear methods dominate in nearly all aspects of image-based ap-

plications. The nonstationarity of images, the importance of visual cues such
as edges, and the nonlinearity of the human visual system all contribute to
the success of nonlinear methods in imaging applications. In recognition of
the importance of nonlinear methods in imaging applications, the next four
chapters focus on various aspects of the image processing field.
The set of chapters on imaging applications begins with the problem of im-
age enhancement, addressed by Richard R. Schultz and Robert L. Stevenson
in Chapter 9, Bayesian Image and Video Enhancement Using a Non-Gaussian Prior.
The enhancements addressed here cover the key problems of image magni-
fication, removal of block-DCT compression artifacts, and the superresolu-
tion enhancement of digital video. The statistical modeling and processing of
images are addressed in Chapter 10, Statistical Image Modeling and Processing
Using Wavelet Domain Hidden Markov Models, by Guoliang Fan and Xiang-Gen
Xia. This chapter shows that the problems of image denoising and segmen-
tation, as well as texture analysis and synthesis, can be effectively addressed
through wavelet domain HMMs.
Self-organization is an important concept in nonlinear methods that, while
applicable to many applications, can be used to address several fundamental
imaging applications. In Chapter 11, Self-Organizing Maps and Their Applica-
tions in Image Processing, Information Organization, and Retrieval, by Constantine
Kotropoulos and Ioannis Pitas, the theory, learning algorithms, and analysis
of SOMs are presented along with their application in image quantization,
segmentation, and document organization and retrieval. The final chapter
on imaging applications, Chapter 12, Nonlinear Techniques for Color Image Pro-
cessing, by Bogdan Smolka, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, and Anastasios N.
Venetsanopoulos, addresses the particular challenges and opportunities that
arise when processing color images. A new digital paths approach, which
utilizes the connection between image pixels rather than traditional filtering
window structures, is presented for the filtering of color images. This ap-
proach is an extension of adaptive noise reduction filtering and anisotropic
diffusion techniques and is shown to have advantages over traditional meth-
ods.
We end the book with a chapter on genetic regulatory networks, which
are an important and rapidly developing research area in computational ge-
nomics. Authors Ilya Shmulevich and Edward R. Dougherty of Chapter 13,
Genetic Regulatory Networks: A Nonlinear Signal Processing Perspective, present
Boolean network approaches to the modeling and analysis of genetic regula-
tory networks. This chapter shows that the nonlinear signal processing theory
originally developed to address filtering problems can play an important role
in the modeling and inference of genetic networks as well as the analysis of
gene expression data.
We wish to thank all of the researchers that contributed to this work, as
a book on the broad topics of nonlinear signal processing theory, methods,
and applications could not have been compiled without their expertise and
Preface xiii

considerable efforts. The presented work is, of course, but a fraction of the
dynamic and ever-expanding body of work on nonlinear signal processing.
We hope readers find the selected topics representative, interesting, and infor-
mative. For those interested in a deeper investigation of the presented topics,
the extensive bibliography at the end of each chapter serves as an excellent
link to current references.
As a final note, we would like to point out that much of the presented work
had its origins in the 2001 Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing (NSIP)
workshop held in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, which we had the honor of co-
chairing. It has been a privilege to work with CRC Press and the contributing
authors since the NSIP workshop on the concept, development, and final
completion of this book. We also welcome feedback from readers, who can
contact us at [email protected] and [email protected].

Kenneth E. Barner
Gonzalo R. Arce
Editors

Kenneth E. Barner received a B.S.E.E. degree (magna cum laude) from Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, PA, in 1987 and M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the
University of Delaware, Newark, in 1989 and 1992, respectively. For his disser-
tation “Permutation Filters: A Group Theoretic Class of Non-Linear Filters,”
Dr. Barner received the Allan P. Colburn Prize in Mathematical Sciences and
Engineering for the most outstanding doctoral dissertation in the engineering
and mathematical disciplines.
Dr. Barner was the duPont Teaching Fellow and a visiting lecturer at the
University of Delaware in 1991 and 1992, respectively. From 1993 to 1997 he
was an assistant research professor in the Department of Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering at the University of Delaware and a research engineer at
the duPont Hospital for Children. He is currently an associate professor in
the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of
Delaware. Dr. Barner is the recipient of a 1999 NSF Career award. He was
the co-chair of the 2001 IEEE-EURASIP Nonlinear Signal and Image Process-
ing (NSIP) Workshop and a guest editor for a special issue of the EURASIP
Journal of Applied Signal Processing on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing.
Dr. Barner is a member of the Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing Board
and is a senior member of the IEEE. He is also serving as an associate editor
of the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, the IEEE Signal Processing Maga-
zine, and the IEEE Transaction on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering.
Dr. Barner is also a member of the Editorial Board of the EURASIP Journal of
Applied Signal Processing. His research interests include signal and image pro-
cessing, robust signal processing, nonlinear systems, communications, haptic
and tactile methods, and universal access.
Gonzalo R. Arce received a Ph.D. degree from Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, in 1982. Since 1982 he has been with the faculty of the Depart-
ment of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Delaware
where he is the Charles Black Evans Professor and department chairman.
Funded broadly by federal agencies and industry, his research interests in-
clude statistical and nonlinear signal processing, multimedia security, elec-
tronic imaging, and signal processing for communications and networks.
Dr. Arce received the NSF Research Initiation Award. He is a Fellow of the
IEEE for his contributions on nonlinear signal processing and its applica-
tions. Dr. Arce was the co-chair of the 2001 EUSIPCO/IEEE Workshop on
xvi Editors

Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing (NSIP’01), co-chair of the 1991 SPIE’s
Symposium on Nonlinear Electronic Imaging, and the co-chair of the 2002
and 2003 SPIE ITCOM conferences. Dr. Arce has served as associate editor for
the IEEE Transactions for Signal Processing, senior editor of the Applied Signal
Processing Journal, guest editor for the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
and guest editor for Optics Express. He is co-author of the textbook Digital
Halftoning (Marcel Dekker, 2001). Dr. Arce is a frequent consultant to indus-
try in the areas of image printing and digital video and he holds five U.S.
patents.
Contributors

Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford

University, Stanford, California

Gonzalo R. Arce Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Kenneth E. Barner Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Alberto Carini Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engi-

neering, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Leon Cohen Department of Physics, Hunter College, City University of

New York, New York, New York

Edward R. Dougherty Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M

University, College Station, Texas

Mihai Enescu Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering,

Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

Guoliang Fan School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma

State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

Andrea Fermo Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineer-

ing, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Lorenzo Galleani Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino,

Italy

Juan G. Gonzalez NameTech, LLC, Weston, Florida

Visa Koivunen Department of Electrical and Communications Engineer-

ing, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland
xviii Contributors

Constantine Kotropoulos Department of Informatics, Aristotle University

of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Yinbo Li Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University

of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Vitor H. Nascimento Department of Electrical Engineering, University of

Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Yao Nie Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University

of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Athina P. Petropulu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ioannis Pitas Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessa-

loniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Konstantinos N. Plataniotis The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Elec-

trical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Ali H. Sayed Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Califor-

nia, Los Angeles, California

Richard R. Schultz Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North

Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota

Yuzhong Shen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Ilya Shmulevich Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D.

Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Giovanni L. Sicuranza Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer

Engineering, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Marius Sirbu Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering,

Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

Bogdan Smolka Department of Automatic Control, Silesian University of

Technology, Gliwice, Poland

Robert L. Stevenson Department of Electrical Engineering, University of

Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
Contributors xix

Anastasios N. Venetsanopoulos Faculty of Applied Science and Engineer-

ing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Xiang-Gen Xia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware

Xueshi Yang Seagate Research, Seagate Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva-

nia
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 MONUMENT AT YELLOW TAVERN
Marking the place where Stuart was wounded

The shaft at Yellow Tavern is twenty-two feet high and

stands on a knoll about thirty feet from the spot where
Stuart was wounded. Upon it are the following
inscriptions:

Face: Upon this field, Major-Genl. J. E. B. Stuart,

Commander Confederate Cavalry A. N. Va.,
received his mortal wound, May 11, 1864.
 Right: He was fearless and faithful, pure and
powerful, tender and true.

Left: This stone is erected by some of his comrades

to commemorate his valor.

Rear: He saved Richmond, but he gave his life.

Born Feb. 6, 1833, died May 12, 1864.

In 1891, the “Veteran Cavalry Association of the Army of 199

Northern Virginia” was organized for the purpose of
marking the grave of General Stuart with a suitable
monument; but it was afterwards decided that, with the
aid of the city of Richmond, the association would erect
an equestrian statue. The city donated the site on
Monument avenue, near the equestrian statue of
General Lee, and also contributed a large sum of
money, so that the association was enabled to erect the
statue.

The sculptor, Mr. Fred Moynihan, designed and executed

a statue, which is an excellent likeness of General Stuart
and a striking example of the sculptor’s skill. In 1907,
the memorial was unveiled in the presence of an
immense concourse of people, including large numbers
of veterans from all parts of the South. Chief among the
guests of honor were Miss Mary Custis Lee, Mrs.
Stonewall Jackson, and Mrs. J. E. B. Stuart.

Fully ten thousand men marched in the column which

took over an hour to pass a given point. Veterans who
were too feeble to endure the fatigue of the march went
early to the monument, and joined the great multitude
that crowded the sidewalks and even the housetops.
When the parade reached the monument, the crowd 200
was so dense that it was with difficulty that the police
made way for the orator and distinguished guests. The
multitude was called to order by Major Andrew R.
Venable, of Farmville, Virginia, a member of the staff of
General Stuart, who introduced Rev. Walter Q. Hullihen,
of Staunton, Virginia, another member of Stuart’s staff,
who made the dedicatory prayer. Major Venable then
introduced the orator of the day, Judge Theodore S.
Garnett of Norfolk, Virginia, another member of the staff
of General Stuart.

It was indeed a remarkable incident that three of

General Stuart’s staff officers presided at the unveiling
of his statue forty-three years after his death.

Judge Garnett in an eloquent speech reviewed the life

and campaigns of Stuart, paying glowing tributes to the
general, to the “ever-glorious and gallant” Stuart Horse
Artillery, and to his comrades of Mosby’s Battalion. He
closed with these words: “To the city of Richmond, as its
faithful guardian, we commit this monument, in whose
care and keeping it will henceforth stand in token of a
people’s gratitude and in perpetual memory of his heroic
name.”

201
 STUART STATUE
On Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va.
The veil was then drawn from the monument by the 202
hand of little Virginia Stuart Waller, General Stuart’s
granddaughter. As the canvas fell from the heroic figure
of General Stuart mounted on his powerful horse, the
guns of the Howitzers boomed a salute and the
cheering of the vast throng arose in billows of sound.

“Stuart was again riding with Lee.”

203
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS

Chapter I

Give three incidents to prove that Stuart inherited his

spirit of patriotism and devotion to duty.

Tell an interesting story connected with his

grandmother, Bethenia Letcher Pannill.

What do you know of Stuart’s life at Laurel Hill?

Tell what you can about his early education.

Give an account of his life at West Point.

What do you know of his religious feelings and

convictions?

Tell about his choice of a profession and his equipment

for it.

Chapter II
How did Stuart win distinction in his first military
service?

What good qualities for a soldier and leader did he show

in this adventure?

What two events of deep personal interest happened to

Stuart in the fall of 1855?

Tell about the political trouble in Kansas at this time.

Who was “Ossawatomie” Brown?

Tell about Stuart’s being wounded in a fight with

Indians.

What qualities did he show in leading the party back to

Fort Kearny?

What was the reason for his visit to Washington in

1859?

What interesting and important outcome did this visit 204

have?

What feelings were aroused in the country by the John

Brown Raid and the hanging of Brown?

Chapter III

What was Stuart’s first cavalry commission under the

Confederate government?
What kind of troops did he have, and what was his
work?

Tell about his wonderful capture at Falling Waters.

What did General Joseph E. Johnston say about Stuart?

Tell about Stuart’s part in the First Battle of Manassas.

Tell about the visits paid Stuart by his family at his

outpost near Washington.

What did General Longstreet write President Davis

about Stuart?

Chapter IV

See if you can paint a word-picture of Stuart when he

was made a brigadier general.

Why did the soldiers still keep their confidence in Stuart

after his defeat at the battle of Dranesville?

What was the Peninsular Campaign? What was Stuart’s

part in it, up to the time that General Lee was made
commander of the Army of Northern Virginia?

Describe the Chickahominy Raid. Why is this raid one of

the most wonderful cavalry achievements in history?

Tell two interesting incidents connected with the capture

of the Federal supply depot at the White House.

Tell about the close of the Peninsular Campaign.

 205

Chapter V

What was Stuart’s reward for his services in the

Peninsular Campaign?

Tell about the reörganization of the cavalry.

Give an account of life at Dundee. What brought it to a

close?

Tell about the capture of Stuart’s hat.

Give an account of the adventure in which he “made the

Yankees pay for that hat.”

What was Stuart’s part in the Second Battle of

Manassas?

Chapter VI

Tell about the capture of Fairfax Courthouse.

Tell a story to show how the people of this section felt

toward General Stuart and the cause for which he
fought.

Describe the crossing of the cavalry into Maryland.

Do you think the Maryland people were glad to welcome

the Confederates into their State? Why?
Tell about the ball at Urbana.

How did the Confederates treat the Unionists in

Frederick?

Describe Stuart’s retreat from Frederick to South

Mountain.

What were the principal mountain passes and why was

it necessary for the cavalry to hold them until the
capture of Harper’s Ferry?

What did General Jackson say about General Stuart at

the battle of Antietam?

How did the cavalry help General Lee to get his army
back safely into Virginia?

Tell about “the girl of Williamsport.”

Tell about Stuart and Von Borcke’s narrow escape from 206
being captured on a reconnoitering expedition.

Tell about Bob Sweeny and camp life at The Bower.

Chapter VII

Would you have been proud of being one of the soldiers

chosen by Stuart to accompany him on the
Chambersburg Raid? Why?

Give a brief account of the raid.

To whom did Stuart assign all the glory and honor?

What was the effect of the raid on the North? On the
South?

Why was Stuart sometimes called “Knight of the Golden

Spurs?”

Chapter VIII

Tell about McClellan’s campaign in the autumn of 1862

and the retreat of the cavalry toward Culpeper.

What exciting adventure did Stuart have at Ashby’s

Gap?

What qualities as a man and a soldier did Stuart show

during the illness and after the death of his “little
Flora”?

When and how did Stuart lose a part of his mustache?

What was the condition of Stuart’s cavalry at the time

that Burnside took McClellan’s place as commander of
the Federal army?

Tell about the snowball fight in the Confederate camp at

Fredericksburg.

What part did Stuart and his cavalry take in the battle of
Fredericksburg?

How did Pelham, the young chief of the Stuart Horse

Artillery, distinguish himself in this battle?
Tell about the Dumfries Raid and the joke that Stuart 207
played on the Federal quartermaster at Washington.

Tell about the friendship between Stuart and Jackson.

What changes took place in the Federal army in the

early spring of 1863?

Chapter IX

Tell about the death of young Pelham and Stuart’s love

for him.

Give an account of Stuart’s encounters with the Federal

cavalry just before the battle of Chancellorsville.

How did Stuart and his cavalry assist Jackson in

surprising the Federal left flank?

When Jackson was wounded, what did he say about

Stuart?

How did Stuart fulfill Jackson’s trust?

Tell about Stoneman’s raid and its result.

Chapter X

Describe the Culpeper cavalry review.

Draw a diagram showing how the Federals gave Stuart
a double surprise in the battle of Fleetwood Hill, or
Brandy Station, attacking him from both the front and
the rear.

Describe the final combat for the possession of the hill.

Chapter XI

Why did Lee’s plan prevent Stuart’s following up

Pleasanton’s retreat?

Why did not Stuart follow the route of the remainder of 208
the army when he started into Pennsylvania to join Early
at York?

Describe his march from Seneca Ford to Carlisle.

In the light of what he knew, would it have been wise

for Stuart to abandon his captured wagons? Give a
reason for your opinion.

How long did his saving the wagons delay his march?

Do you think that he would have kept the wagons if he

had known what was happening at Gettysburg?

What part did Stuart and his cavalry take in the third
day’s battle?

Tell about the work of Stuart and his cavalry in covering

the retreat of General Lee’s army.
Tell the incident about Stuart and the hard-boiled eggs.
Explain his conduct on this occasion.

Chapter XII

Tell about General Lee’s position and Stuart’s encounter

with Buford and Kilpatrick at Jack’s Shop.

What was the “Bristoe Campaign?”

Tell how Stuart drove the Federals a second time from

Fleetwood Hill.

What narrow escape did Stuart and his cavalry have

near Catlett’s Station?

Tell about Virginia Pelham Stuart.

What northern general took command of all the Federal

armies in the spring of 1864?

Tell about the Battle of the Wilderness. What interesting

anecdote is told about Stuart when he was on his way
to this battle?

Tell about the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse.

How did General Stuart try to save Major McClellan from 209
danger in this battle?

Describe the cavalry raid that General Grant planned in

order to take Richmond.
How did Stuart beat Sheridan in the race to Yellow
Tavern?

Tell about Stuart’s being wounded and borne from the

field.

What was his last command to his men?

What impressed you most when you read the account

of Stuart’s death?

Why is such a death as this glorious and inspiring?

Repeat the lines from “Horatius” that apply to the death

of Stuart.

Chapter XIII

What tribute did Fitz Lee pay his dead commander?

What private and public tributes were paid by General

Robert E. Lee?

How did the city of Richmond show her grief at the time
of Stuart’s death?

What later tributes has she given to her hero and

defender?

210
 THE ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY

The Federal and Confederate armies in the War of

Secession were organized in practically the same way.
There were a few points of difference, and in active
service the numbers and arrangement of military forces
varied and were changed.

INFANTRY

Squad: any small number of men, usually 7, under

command of a corporal.
Platoon: a subdivision, usually half, of a company under
a lieutenant.
Company: from 83 to 125 men under a captain.
Battalion: 2 or more, usually four, companies under a
major.
Regiment: 10 companies—or 3 battalions of 4
companies each—under a colonel or a lieutenant-
colonel.
Brigade: 3 to 5 regiments under a brigadier-general.
Division: 2 to 5 brigades under a major-general.
Army corps: 2 or more divisions under a major-general
or a lieutenant-general,—organized as a complete
army and sufficient in itself for all the operations of
war.
 CAVALRY

Squad: any small number of men, usual 7, under a

corporal.
Platoon: a sub-division, usually half, of a company under
a lieutenant.
Troop: 2 to 6 platoons, 76 to 100 men, under a captain.
Squadron: 2 to 4 troops under a senior captain or a
major.
Regiment: 10 troops—or 4 to 6 squadrons—under a
colonel.
Brigade: 3 or 4 regiments under a brigadier-general.
Division: 2 to 4 brigades under a major-general.

ARTILLERY

Battery: usually 144 men with 4 guns and 2 howitzers,

under a captain.
Battalion: 3 to 4 batteries under a major.
Regiment: 2 to 8 battalions under a colonel.

When infantry regiments are combined into brigades,

brigades into divisions, and divisions into army corps,—
cavalry, artillery, and certain other auxiliary troops, such
as engineers, signal corps, etc., are joined with them in
such proportions as are necessary. Every unit, from the
company up, has its own supply and ammunition
wagons, field hospitals, etc.

211
 WORD LIST

Ab o li′tion party: a political party, founded by

Garrison about 1833, the object of which was to free all
slaves in the United States.

ad vănçe′: forward movement of a military force.

advance guard: troops which march in front, in order

to secure a military force against surprise.

āid′-dē-cămp: an officer who assists a general by

sending orders, collecting information, etc.

āide: a military or naval officer who assists a superior

officer.

A pä′che: a warlike Indian tribe originally located in

New Mexico and Arizona.

är′se nal: a place for the storage or manufacture of

arms and military equipment.

ar tĭl′ler y: cannon, large or small; that branch of the

service which handles the cannon.

as sa̤ ult′: attack of a military force on the works or

position of an enemy, in the effort to carry it by a single
charge.

bāse: a place from which the operations of an army

proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are
furnished, etc.

bat tăl′ion: See page 210.

bat′ter y: See page 210.

bĭv′ouac (-wăk): a temporary encampment of soldiers,

usually without tents.

bri gāde′: See page 210.

brŭnt: the shock of an attack or onset.

bṳoy′ant: cheerful, light-hearted.

cāis′ son: a strong four-wheeled wagon, consisting of

two parts, the body and the limber, that carries
ammunition chests or boxes.

căn′is ter: cannon shot consisting of a metal cylinder 212

which bursts when fired, discharging the bullets with
which it is filled.

cär′bine: a short, light rifle used chiefly by cavalry.

căs′ca bel: a knob or projection in the rear of the

breech of a muzzle-loading cannon.

căv′al ry: that part of the army consisting of mounted

soldiers.

Çheȳ ĕnne′: an Indian tribe formerly inhabiting South

Dakota, Wyoming, and Nevada.

com man dänt′: the commanding officer of a place or

of a body of men.

cóm′pa ny: See page 210.

corps (cōr): See page 210.

coun′ter movement: a movement by which a body of

troops marches back over ground it has recently
occupied or marched over.

cŭl′mi nat ed: reached a final result.

di vĭ′sion: See page 210.

en cămped: formed a camp.

en trĕnch′: fortify with defensive works as with a

trench or ditch and a wall.

en trĕnch′ments: fortifications consisting of a parapet

of earth and the ditch or trench from which the earth
was taken.

flănk: the side of an army, either in column or in line.

grāpe′shot: a cluster of iron balls arranged in an iron

framework to be discharged from a cannon. Formerly
grapeshot was inclosed in a canvas bag so quilted as to
look like a bunch of grapes.

guī′dons: small flags carried by cavalry and field

artillery.

hăv′er sack: a bag or case in which a soldier carries 213

provisions on a march.

Ho rā′tius: a hero of ancient Rome who with two

others defended the bridge across the Tiber against an
advancing army. Read Lord Macaulay’s poem “Horatius.”

how′itz er: a cannon for throwing shells.

ĭm′ mi nent: threatening; dangerous and close at
hand.

in dŏm′i ta ble: unyielding; unconquerable.

ĭn′fan try: foot soldiers armed with rifles and bayonets;

one of the three chief divisions of an army, the other
two being cavalry and artillery.

in vĕst′ing: surrounding with troops; laying siege to.

ir rĕp′a ra ble: not capable of being repaired or

remedied.

lăr′i at: a long, small rope used for catching or for

picketing cattle or horses.

lĭm′ber: the fore part of a gun carriage, consisting of a

chest mounted on two wheels and having a pole for the
horses. See caisson.

ma neū′vers: movements or changes of position of

troops or war-vessels for tactical purposes or for display.

ma rïnes′: naval troops; soldiers serving on war-

vessels.

mär′tial law: the military administration which when

proclaimed takes the place of civil law in time of war or
disorder.

mĭl′i ta ry law: the laws by which an army and its

affairs are governed. Military law differs from martial
law in that the former is a permanent code for the
government of the army and the latter is the application
of the laws of war to all the people in a certain district.
mīne: an explosive charge, sunken in the earth or 214
under water, for the purpose of destroying an enemy
passing over it,—formerly exploded by contact or by a
fuse, but now usually exploded by electricity.

ôrd′nance: military supplies.

ŏr′i flămme: a standard or ensign in battle, especially

the ancient royal banner of France.

out′post: a post or station outside the limits of a camp,

for observation or to guard against surprise.

pa rōled′: set at liberty on parole, or word of honor not

to bear arms against the captors.

pĕr′emp to ry: authoritative; not admitting of debate

or question.

pĭck′ets: soldiers stationed on the outskirts of a camp

to warn against the enemy’s approach.

pīkes: soldiers’ weapons, consisting of wooden staves

with steel points. In recent warfare, pikes have been
superceded by bayonets.

pla tōōn′: See page 210.

pon tōōn′: a vessel, such as a flat-bottomed boat or a

canvas-covered frame, used in the construction of a
floating bridge.

pre dĭc′a ment: a difficult or trying condition or

situation.

prō′vost (vō) guard: a body of soldiers detailed for

police duties.
qua̤ r′ter master: a staff officer of a regiment or other
body of troops, whose duty it is to provide quarters,
arrange transportation, and provide and issue food,
clothing, and other supplies.

rănk: grade of official standing in the army or navy.

rēar guard: troops which march in the rear of a body 215

of forces in order to protect it.

re᷵ cŏn′na᷵is sănçe: an examination of territory or

of an enemy’s position for the purpose of gaining
information,—sometimes involving an attack for the
purpose of discovering the enemy’s position and
strength.

rĕg′i ment: See page 210.

re trēat′: the withdrawal, especially in an orderly

manner, of troops from an exposed or dangerous
position.

rī′fled: having the bore rifled, or grooved spirally, in

order to give a rotary motion to the bullet.

shĕll: a hollow projectile for cannon, which contains an

explosive charge.

sīde arms: weapons worn at the side or in the belt, as

sword, pistol, bayonet, etc., especially sword.

Sĭd′ney, Sir Philip: a famous English soldier and

author of the sixteenth century, the model of unselfish
courage. He was mortally wounded in battle of Zulphen,
in 1586.

sī mul tā′ne ous: happening at the same time.

spȳ: a soldier not in uniform who penetrates the
enemy’s camp or zone of operations, for the purpose of
gaining information.

tăl′ma: a style of long cape or cloak worn by men and

women during the first half of the nineteenth century.

un lĭm′ber ed: removed from the limber. See limber

and caisson.

Zoṳ äves̝ ′: infantry wearing a brilliant oriental uniform,

consisting of leggins, baggy trousers, short jacket, and
tasselled cap or turban.
 Transcriber’s Notes

Copyright notice provided as in the original—this e-text

is public domain in the country of publication.
Created cover and spine images based on elements of
the printed book.
In the text versions, delimited italics text in
_underscores_ (the HTML version reproduces the font
form of the printed book.)
This book contains unusual diacritical marks: diaeresis
below; and uptack both above and below. These UTF
characters are omitted from the Latin-1 versions and
may not be supported by some UTF fonts.
Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard
spellings and dialect unchanged.
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