:ABSTARCT:

In the present-day scenario, Transportation is a major need for human life. There is a
need to develop a Machine which is run on that kind of energy which is easily can be
produced by us. our goal is reduced pollution from car and gasoline and make transport
more fun. We plan to do this by making all new means of travel. this invention reduces
the use of gasoline so the pollution can be controlled. We plan to do create this
environmentally safe “Solar Electrical Bicycle”. By using this technology, we will
create a fun and safe invention that will the change the meaning of transportation.

An electric powered skateboard was designed and built for testing and development
of an innovative hub motor propulsion system and motor controller. The electric
skateboard prototype is able to reach speeds of over 50km/h and achieve a range of
over 35km on a single battery charge. The prototype weighs 8.6kg and can easily be
carried by the user. This mode of transport has potential uses in recreational use, motor
sports
(racing), short commutes, and most notably, in ‘the last mile’ of public transport – getting
to and from a train station, bus stop, etc. to the user’s final destination.

Typical electric powered skateboards use external motors(s) requiring a power

transmission assembly to drive the wheels. The hub motor design places the motor(s)
inside the skateboard wheels and drives the wheels directly. This removes the need for
power transmission assemblies therefore reductions in size, weight, cost, audible noise,
and maintenance are realized. The hub motor built for this prototype has proven to be
a highly feasible option over typical drive systems and further improvements to the
design are discussed in this report.

Advances in the processor capability of low-cost microcontrollers has allowed for

advanced motor control techniques to be implemented on low-cost consumer level
motor controllers which, until recent times, have been using the basic ‘Six-Step
Control’ technique to drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. The custom-built
motor controllers allow for firmware to be flashed to the microcontroller. Firmware
was written for the basic motor control technique, Six-Step Control and for the

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 advanced motor control technique, ‘Field Oriented Control’ (FOC). This allowed for
the two control techniques to be tested and compared using identical hardware for each.
Six-Step Control drives a three-phase motor by controlling the inverter output to six
discrete states. The states are stepped through sequentially. This results in a square
wave AC waveform. Theory Electrical Skateboard Page 2 shows that this is not optimal
as the magnetic flux produced in the stator is not always perpendicular to the magnet
poles but rather aligned to the nearest 60°. FOC addresses this by controlling the
magnetic flux to always be perpendicular to the magnet poles in order to maximize
torque. The inverter is essentially controlled to produce a continuously variable voltage
vector output in terms of both magnitude and direction (vector control).

Bench testing of the control techniques was performed using two motors coupled
together with one motor driving and the other motor running as a generator. The
generator motor was shown to provide a highly consistent and repeatable load on the
driving motor under test and therefore comparisons could be made between the
performance of the motor while controlled under Six-Step Control and FOC. This test
indicated that FOC was able to drive the motor more efficiently than Six- Step Control,
however the FOC implementation requires further development to achieve greater
efficiency under high load demands. Furthermore, on-road testing was performed
using the motor controllers in the electric skateboard prototype to compare the
performance of the two control techniques in a real-world application. The results from
this test were inconclusive due to large variation in the results between repeated tests.

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 ::: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :::

Project work, lays the foundation of student’s career today. The satisfaction that comes with
successful completion of task would be but incomplete without the mention of the people who
made it possible. It gives us immense pleasure to acknowledge all those who have extended
their valuable guidance and magnanimous help.

It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege to have this Project report entitled:

“Solar Electrical Bicycle”

With a deep sense of gratitude, we wish to express sincere thanks to my honourable guide
Mrs. Grishma Pipaliya (Lecturer, Electrical Engineering, VGEC) who has the attitude and
substance of a genius and has been a great source of inspiration throughout the project. We
fortunate to be given the opportunity of working under her. In spite of a tight schedule, she
always found time for my difficulties and patiently answered to all my queries. She not only
provided the necessary guidance and support, but also continuously motivated me to give my
best in this advanced project.

We would be our proud privilege to tender the lexes of appreciation in respect of Head of
Department, Electrical, Mr. S.N. Pandya for his encouragement, guidance and kind support.
We would be grateful in thanking Department of Electrical, VGEC College, Chandkheda, for
providing us with all the mandatory requirements as and when needed.

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 INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT 1.

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3.

3. INTRODUCTION 5.

4. DEFINATION OF PROJECT 6.

5. DESIGN OF PROJECT 7.

6. ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS 9.

7. CONCLUSION 11.

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 CHAPTER: 1
NEED OF PROJECT

 AIM OF PROJCET:

The aim of project may be described as follows:

 To Environmentally Safe, Fun & Needful Transportation.

 To Reduce the Air Pollution.
 To Save The Fuel.

 Introduction:

Electric powered vehicles are becoming an increasingly popular and highly viable
form of transport, particularly for short distances such as daily commutes to work or
school. There are a number of factors driving this expansion; primarily the development of
technology used in electric vehicles, making them an attractive option in many cases.
Development of battery technologies, specifically Lithium chemistry batteries, has
resulted in batteries being produced that have much higher energy density than previously.
The discharge and recharge rates of Lithium chemistry batteries is far superior to other
battery chemistries.
Power electronics are becoming more efficient, powerful, and in smaller packages
allowing for greater power density in motor controllers with less power loss through the
inverter. Microprocessors with greater processing capacity allow for more efficient motor
control algorithms and the use of AC motors instead of DC motors.
With the ever-increasing cost fossil fuels – a non-renewable resource that will be
depleted in the not-so-distant future, and advances in technology, electric powered vehicles
are becoming an increasingly feasible option.
There are many advantages of using electric motors over internal combustion engines;
the running cost is very low, they can achieve near silent operation, and there are no
emissions.

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 CHAPTER: 2
DEFINATION OF PROJECT

 Definition of Projects:

A project should enable students to experience some of the knowledge and/or skill
developed to think research prospective for some scientific problems where engineering
skill is required. It helps to understand and approach a problem and find a solution. The
project should have a single solution and in the process of arriving at a particular
solution the students must be required to make a number of decisions after the
alternative on information he has accumulated the result for al decision taken.

 TYPES OF PROJECTS:

In general projects are of the following types.

1. Feasibility study.
2. Design
3. Market survey
4. Design, Make, Test and evaluate
5. Advance experiment work requiring in the development of existing Equipment.
6. Advance experiment work requiring in the development of existing equipment.
7. Advance experiment work discovering new relation between ranges of Variable.
This would probably require new equipment to be used and developed

8. Fieldwork this could include surveys using equipment or charting data Information
from visual observation.

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 CHAPTER: 4

Design Of Project

 Step 1: Materials

Here’s a foldable electric vehicle that is very easy and fun to ride! This project was based
off our previous instructible the electric long bicycle. However, the electric bicycle lacked
some key features, like a built-in charging system, a proper on/off switch, and a Bluetooth
smartphone controller. The electric bicycle was also too large and thus it could not be
used as an everyday commuting device. This has all of these features, and it’s also way
shorter, which makes it an even better option for commuting.

This bicycle has a maximum speed of 30km/h, and a range of 30km when going full
speed. You can get an even greater range if you go slowly, because this electric motor is
motor efficient at lower speeds. The acceleration is good and the motor has enough torque
to handle moderate temperature.

The design of the drive system has been charged slightly. The plastic gear has been
replaced with an aluminium one a washer has been removed and I also changed the
design from using wheels to smaller more rapidly available to wheel.

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 ESTIMATION AND COSTING:

SR NO. MATERIAL QUANTITY COST TOTAL

(NOS.) (Rs) COST(Rs)
CYCLE 1Nos 11800 RS 11800 RS
1.
GEAR MOTOR 1 Nos 3000 RS 3000 RS
2. 250W
3. THROTTLE 1 Nos 350 RS 350 RS
4. CONTROLLER 1 Nos 550 RS 550 RS
5. BATTERY 2 Nos 650 RS 1300 RS
6. SOLAR PLATE 1 Nos 700 RS 700 RS
7. GEAR 1 Nos 50 RS 50 RS
8. CHAIN 1 Nos 70 RS 70 RS
9. CONSTANT 1 Nos 40 RS 40 RS
VOLRAGE
CIRCUIT
10. CLAMPS AS 20 RS 300 RS
REQUIRED
11. CONTROLLER 1 Nos 10 RS 10 RS
BOX
12. BATTERY 1 Nos 300 RS 300 RS
CHARGER
13. MOTOR FITTING 1 Nos 150 RS 150 RS
PLATE
14. BRAKES 2 Nos 180 RS 360 RS
15. AXEL 1 Nos 100 RS 100 RS
16. POWER LOCK 1 Nos 110 RS 110 RS
17. CHARGING 1 Nos 20 RS 20 RS
SOCKET
18. HEAD LIGHT 1 Nos 500 RS 500 RS
TOTAL COST 19,710 RS

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 CHAPTER: 5
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
Advantages & Applications:

▪ Advantages:
Bicycle with low cost and using electrical energy sources which help us to reduce the
pollution to meet the clean air future.

1. By using electrical bicycle environmentally safe transportation is done.

2. Fun transportation.
3. Only One time Investment.
4. Rechargeable battery.
5. Maintenance is too less.
6. Low weighted vehicle.

▪ Applications:
1. This technique can be used in all the city and malls for transportation.
2. Bicycle Power source can be produced easily.
3. Bicycle is can be use easily by everyone like kids, teenagers, aged.
4. To reduce the level of pollution.

 PROCESS PLANNING:

Process planning is the fundamental of industries activities an efficient economy

planning leads the firm and to success planning. We can know that problems which cause actual
production.

We know that for the manufacture of a part there are many methods and process we should
choose cheaper and process theme consumed during this process should be less and wastage
should be less.

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  Advantages of Process Planning:

1. It determines the most economical process from all possible processes.

2. It determines that sequence of operation to be performed.
3. It helps in estimating and costing.
4. Process planning helps to prepare delivery schedule

 Operation Planning:

No operation sequence should be accepted blindly. First of all, we should make the list
of all the operation, which we have to perform during the project work.

Operation planning is section of the best of the method manufacturing so wastage

of material, man power and machine power can be eliminated to get more production
with least wastage the best operation sequence should be selected for each operation
which has to be manufactures.

Establishment of the operation sequence is possible of the engineer is provided with

following information.
1. List the available machine in workshop.
2. List of available general-purpose tool.
3. Capacity of equipment.
4. Machine load chart.
5. Plan layout maybe product type or process type.
6. Manual operation of each machine.
7. Standard date.
8. Availability of different type of gauge for inspection of product.
9. Proper safety precaution.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the integration of solar technology into electric bicycles represents a remarkable
stride towards sustainable and eco-friendly transportation solutions. The solar electric bicycle
not only harnesses clean energy from the sun but also exemplifies the synergy between
renewable power and modern mobility. With reduced environmental impact and enhanced
energy efficiency, this innovative vehicle stands as a promising step towards a greener and
more sustainable future for urban commuting. In conclusion, the solar electric bicycle marks a
significant advancement in sustainable transportation. By harnessing the power of the sun, it
not only offers an eco-friendly alternative but also exemplifies the fusion of renewable energy
with everyday mobility. The solar electric bicycle not only addresses environmental concerns
but also serves as a practical and forward-thinking solution for individuals seeking a cleaner
and more energy-efficient means of commuting. As we embrace this innovative technology,
we take a positive stride towards a greener and more sustainable future.

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