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CHAPTER 7
SAMPLING METHODS AND THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
2. Cluster (LO7-2)
4. Stratified (LO7-2)
1 Chapter 7
7 12,15,20 47 15.67
8 12,15,20 47 15.67
9 12,14,20 46 15.33
10 12,14,20 46 15.33
b. X (12.66 13.0...15.33 15.33) / 10 14.6
=(12 +12 + 14 + 15 + 20)/5 = 14.6
c. The dispersion of the population is greater than that of the sample means. The sample
means vary from 12.67 to 16.33 whereas the population varies from 12 to 20. (LO7-
4)
9. a. 20 found by 6 C3
b. Sample Cases Sum Mean
Ruud,Austin,Sass 3,6,3 12 4.0
Ruud,Sass,Palmer 3,3,3 9 3.0
Ruud,Palmer,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Ruud,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Austin,Sass,Palmer 6,3,3 12 4.0
Austin,Palmer,Wilhelms 6,3,0 9 3.0
Austin,Wilhelms,Schueller 6,0,1 7 2.33
Sass,Palmer,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Sass,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Palmer,Wilhelms,Schueller 3,0,1 4 1.33
Austin, Sass, Wilhelms 6,3,0 9 3.00
Ruud,Austin,Palmer 3,6,3 12 4.0
Ruud,Austin,Wilhelms 3,6,0 9 3.0
Ruud,Austin,Schueller 3,6,1 10 3.33
Ruud,Sass,Wilhelms 3,3,0 6 2.0
Ruud,Sass,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33
Ruud,Palmer,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33
Austin,Sass,Schueller 6,3,1 10 3.33
Austin,Palmer,Schueller 6,3,1 10 3.33
Sass,Palmer,Schueller 3,3,1 7 2.33
53.33
c. X 2.66 7 =(3 + 6 + 3 + 3 + 1+0)/6 = 2.667 They are equal
20
Chapter 7 2
d.
Population Values
Probability 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 u 3 4 5 6
# of Cases
More of a dispersion in population compared to sample means. The sample means vary from
1.33 to 4.0. The population varies from 0 to 6.
0.25
0.2
Probability
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.33 1.5 2.00 2.33 2.5 3.00 3.33 3.5 4.00
Sample Means # of Cases
(LO7-4)
3 Chapter 7
Population
3
Number of Sales 2
Reps
1
0
4 6 8 10
Cars sold
d.
S ample Means
Number of Means
4
3
2
1
0
4 5 6 7 8 9
C ars sold
(LO7-4)
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1...9
11. a. 4.5
10
b. Sample Sum X
1 11 2.2
2 31 6.2
3 21 4.2
4 24 4.8
5 21 4.2
6 20 4.0
7 23 4.6
8 29 5.8
9 35 7.0
Chapter 7 4
2.5
2
Frequency 1.5
1
0.5
0
2.2 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.8 5.4 5.8 6.2 7.0
Values
10 27 5.4
The mean of the 10 sample means is 4.84, which is close to the population mean of 4.5.
The sample means range from 2.2 to 7.0, whereas the population values range from 0 to
9. From the above graph, the sample means tend to cluster between 4 and 5. (LO7-
5)
12. a.
10
8
Frequency
6
4
2
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units Sold
2 3...5
b. 3.3
20
5 Chapter 7
2.5
2
Frequency
1.5
1
0.5
0
2.6 3.2 3.6 4.0
Sample Means
There is less dispersion in the sample means than the population. (LO7-5)
63 60
15. a. z= 0.75 So the probability is 0.2266, found by 0.5000 0.2734.
12 / 9
56 60
b. z 1 So the probability is 0.1587, found by 0.5000 0.3413
12 / 9
c. 0.6147, found by 0.3413 + 0.2734. (LO7-7)
74 75
16. a. z= 1.26 So probability is 0.1038, found by 0.5000 0.3962.
5 / 40
76 75
b. z= 1.26 So probability is 0.7924, found by 2(0.3962).
5 / 40
77 75
c. z= 2.53 So probability is 0.0981, found by 0.4943 0.3962
5 / 40
d. 0.0057, found by 0.5000 0.4943 (LO7-7)
950 1200
17. z= 7.07 So probability is very close to 1 or virtually certain. (LO7-7)
250 / 50
80
18. a. sx 12.649
40
320 330
b. z= 0.79 So probability is 0.7852, found by 0.2852 + 0.5000.
80 / 40
350 330
c. z= 1.58 So probability is 0.7281, found by 0.2852 + 0.4429.
80 / 40
d. 0.0571, found by 0.5000 0.4429.
e. No assumptions are necessary as n > 30. (LO7-7)
Chapter 7 6
.45(1 .45)
19. = 0.035178 (LO7-8)
200
.09(1 .09)
20. = 0.04047 (LO7-8)
50
.02(1 .02)
21. z = (.06 - .02)/ = 2.02; then 0.5 - .4783 = 0.0217 (LO7-8)
50
.30(1 .30)
22. z = (.35 - .30)/ = 2.78; then 0.5 - .4973 = 0.0027 (LO7-8)
650
.75(1 .75)
23. z = (.80 - .75)/ = 2; then 0.5 + 0.4772 = 0.9772 (LO7-8)
300
.25(1 .25)
24. z = (.20 - .25)/ = -2.58; then 0.5 - 0.4951 = 0.0049 (LO7-8)
500
26. Answers will vary. One possible answer is to sample every 50th family. This would be a
systematic random sample. (LO7-2)
27. The difference between a sample statistic and the population parameter. Yes, the difference could
be zero. The sample mean and the population parameter are equal. (LO7-3)
29. a. The standard error of the mean declines as the sample size grows because the sample size
is in the denominator and as the denominator increases the proportion decreases.
b. If the sample size is increased, the Central Limit theorem guarantees the distribution of
the sample means becomes more normal.
7 Chapter 7
c. The shape of the distribution becomes narrower since the dispersion is less and estimates
of the mean are more precise. (LO7-4)
31. Use of either a proportional or nonproportional stratified random sample would be appropriate.
For example, suppose the number of banks in the financial district were as follows:
Assets Number Percent of Total
$500 million and more 20 2.0
$100-499 million 324 32.4
less than $100 million 656 65.6
1000 100
For a proportional stratified sample, if the sample size is 100, then two banks worth assets of
$500 million would be selected, 32 medium-sized banks and 66 small banks. For a
nonproportional sample, 10 or even all-20 large banks could be selected and fewer medium and
small size banks and the sample results weighted by the appropriate percentages of the total.
(LO7-2)
32. A simple random sample would be appropriate, but this means each 10-foot length would have to
be numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 720. A faster method would be to (1) select a pipe from the first say, 20
pipes produced, and (2) select every 20th pipe produced thereafter and measure its inside
diameter. Thus, the sample would include about 36 PVC pipes. (LO7-2)
33. a. We selected 60, 104, 75, 72, and 48. Answers will vary.
b. We selected the third observation. So the sample consists of 75, 72, 68, 82, 48. Answers
will vary.
c. Use a stratified random sample. (LO7-4)
Chapter 7 8
35. a. 15 found by 6 C2
b. Sample Value Sum Mean
1 79,64 143 71.5
2 79,84 163 81.5
3 79,82 161 80.5
4 79,92 171 85.5
5 79,77 156 78.0
6 64,84 148 74.0
7 64,82 146 73.0
8 64,92 156 78.0
9 64,77 141 70.5
10 84,82 166 83.0
11 84,92 176 88.0
12 84,77 161 80.5
13 82,92 174 87.0
14 82,77 159 79.5
15 92,77 169 84.5
1195.0
1195
c. X 79.67 =478/6 = 79.67 They are equal
15
d. No, the student is not graded on all available information. He/she is as likely to get a
lower grade based on the sample as a higher grade. By dropping a lower grade, the
average is 82.8. This is preferable. (LO7-4)
9 Chapter 7
36. a. 10, found by 5 C2
b. Sample Value Sum Mean
1 2,3 5 2.5
2 2,5 7 3.5
3 2,3 5 2.5
4 2,5 7 3.5
5 3,5 8 4.0
6 3,3 6 3.0
7 3,5 8 4.0
8 5,3 8 4.0
9 5,5 10 5.0
10 3,5 8 4.0
36.0
c. X 36 / 10 3.6 =18/5 = 3.6 They are equal (LO7-4)
c. X (35
. 4.5...2.5) / 10 3.4 =(4 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 2)/5 = 3.4
The two means are equal.
d. The population values are uniform in shape. The distribution of the sample means tends
toward normality. See the following charts. (LO7-4)
Histogram Histogram
45 35
40 30
35
25
30
Percent
Percent
25 20
20 15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
0
0
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Data Mean
Chapter 7 10
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49 2 0.1333
50 3 0.2000
51 5 0.3333
52 3 0.2000
53 2 0.1333
d. =51 X 51
e. Tending toward normal
Histogram
35
30
25
Percent
20
15
10
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Data
35
30
25
Percent
20
15
10
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
49
50
51
52
53
54
Mean
(LO7-4)
11 Chapter 7
128 135
d. z 3.5 So probability is very close to 1.0.
8 16
e. 0.9938, found by 0.5000 + 0.4938. (LO7-7)
335 350
41. z 2.11 So probability is 0.9826, found by 0.5000 + 0.4826. (LO7-
45 40
7)
40,000
42. a. sx 5656.85
50
b. The distribution will be normal
112, 000 110, 000
c. z 0.35 So probability is 0.3632, found by 0.5000 - 0.1368.
40, 000 50
100, 000 110, 000
d. z 1.77 So probability is 0.9616, found by 0.5000 + 0.4616.
40, 000 50
e. 0.5984, found by 0.4616 + 0.1368. (LO7-7)
31.5 30.6
43. z = 2.79. So probability is 0.9974, found by 0.5000 + 0.4974. (LO7-
2.5 60
7)
20 21 23 21
44. a. z1 1.11 and z2 2.21 So probability is 0.8529,
3.5 15 3.5 15
found by 0.3665 + 0.4864.
b. Since the sample size is small, you assume the population is normally distributed. (LO7-
7)
900 947
47. z 1.78 So probability is 0.0375, found by 0.5000 - 0.4625. (LO7-
205 60
7)
48. a. 36
b.
Sample 1st roll 2nd roll Mean
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1.5
Chapter 7 12
3 1 3 2
4 1 4 2.5
5 1 5 3
6 1 6 3.5
7 2 1 1.5
8 2 2 2
9 2 3 2.5
10 2 4 3
11 2 5 3.5
12 2 6 4
13 3 1 2
14 3 2 2.5
15 3 3 3
16 3 4 3.5
17 3 5 4
18 3 6 4.5
19 4 1 2.5
20 4 2 3
21 4 3 3.5
22 4 4 4
23 4 5 4.5
24 4 6 5
25 5 1 3
26 5 2 3.5
27 5 3 4
28 5 4 4.5
29 5 5 5
30 5 6 5.5
31 6 1 3.5
32 6 2 4
33 6 3 4.5
34 6 4 5
35 6 5 5.5
36 6 6 6
c.
13 Chapter 7
6
4
Frequency
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
4
Frequency
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
d. Both means are 3.5. The standard deviation of individual rolls is 1.708, while the
standard deviation of sample means is 1.208. (LO7-4)
73 69
49. z = 2.26
12.5 50
Area = 0.0119 found by 0.5 – 0.4881 (LO7-7)
.35(1 .35)
50. z = (.5 - .35)/ = 2.04; then 0.5 - .4793 = 0.0207 (LO7-8)
42
.25(1 .25)
51. z = (.3 - .25)/ = 1.63; then 0.5 + 0.4484 = 0.9484 (LO7-8)
200
.05(1 .05)
52. a. z = (.10 - .05)/ = 1.62; then 0.5 - 0.4474 = 0.0526
50
Chapter 7 14
.05(1 .05)
b. z = (.01 - .05)/ = -1.30; then 0.5 - 0.4032 = 0.0968
50
c. .0526 + .0968 = .1494 (LO7-8)
.90(1 .90)
53. a. z = (.85 - .90)/ = -2.892; then 0.5 + 0.4981 = 0.9981
300
.90(1 .90)
b. z = (.92 - .90)/ = 1.15; then 0.5 - 0.3749 = 0.1251
300
c. 0.4981 + 0.3749 = 0.8730 (LO7-86)
2.1
54. a. x 0.2333
81
6 6 .5 7 6 .5
b. z1 2.14 and z 2 2.14
2 .1 2 .1
81 81
Probability is 0.9676, found by 0.4838 + 0.4838.
6.25 6.5 6.75 6.5
c. z1 1.07 and z 2 1.07
2 .1 2 .1
81 81
Probability is 0.7154, found by 0.3577 + 0.3577.
100
58. a. x 12.91
60
477 502 527 502
b. z1 1.94 and z 2 1.94
100 100
60 60
So probability is 0.9476, found by 0.4738 + 0.4738.
15 Chapter 7
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