Mathematics 110 – Calculus of one variable

Trent University 2001-2002

Skeletal Solutions to the Quizzes

Quiz #1. Friday, 21 September, 2001. [15 minutes]

1. Sketch the graph of a function f(x) with domain (−1, 2) such that lim f(x) = 1 but
x→2
lim f(x) does not exist. [4]
x→−1
2. Use the  − δ definition of limits to verify that lim 3 = 3. [6]
x→π

Solutions.
1. The graph here does the job:

This is the graph of f(x) = 3

x+1 for −1 < x < 2, which does the job since lim 3
=∞
x→−1− x+1
and lim 3
= 3
= 1. 
x→2+ x+1 3

2. We need to check that for any ε > 0 there is some δ > 0 such that if |x − π| < δ, then
|3 − 3| < ε. Now, given any ε > 0, |3 − 3| = 0 < ε, so any δ > 0 does the job 
Quiz #2. Friday, 28 September, 2001. [15 minutes]
Evaluate the following limits, if they exist.
x+1 x+1
1. lim [5] 2. lim [5]
x→−1 x2 − 1 x→1 x2 − 1

Solutions.
x+1 x+1 1 1 1
1. lim 2 = lim = lim = =− 
x→−1 x − 1 x→−1 (x − 1)(x + 1) x→−1 x − 1 −1 − 1 2
2 −1 = lim (x−1)(x+1) = lim x−1 = ±∞ (The ± depends on whether x ap-
2. lim xx+1 x+1 1
x→1 x→1 x→1
proaches 1 from the right or the left.) Hence lim x+1
does not exist. 
x→1 x −1
2

Quiz #3. Friday, 5 October, 2001. [20 minutes]

 2
 x − 6x + 9
x 6= 3
1. Is g(x) = x−3 continuous at x = 3? [5]

0 x=3
13
2. For which values of c does lim exist? [5]
x→∞ cx2 + 41

1
Solutions.
x2 −6x+9
1. This boils down to checking whether lim x−3 = 0 or not.
x→3

x2 − 6x + 9 (x − 3)2
lim = lim = lim x − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0
x→3 x−3 x→3 x − 3 x→3

It follows that f(x) is continuous at x = 3. 

13 13 13
2. First, if c = 0, lim 2
= lim = . Second, if c 6= 0, then lim cx2 + 41 =
x→∞ cx + 41 x→∞ 41 41 x→∞
13
±∞, depending on whether c > 0 or c < 0, but then lim = 0.
x→∞ cx2 + 41
13
Either way, lim 2
exists no matter what the value of the constant c happens
x→∞ cx + 41
to be. 
Quiz #4. Friday, 12 October, 2001. [10 minutes]
5
1. Use the definition of the derivative to find f 0 (x) if f(x) = . [10]
7x
Solutions.
1.
5·7x−5·7(x+h)
7(x+h) − 7x
5 5
0 f(x + h) − f(x) 7(x+h)·7x
f (x) = lim = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
35x − 35x − 35h −35h −5 5
= lim = lim = lim =− 2 
h→0 49xh(x + h) h→0 49xh(x + h) h→0 7x(x + h) 7x

Quiz #5. Friday, 19 October, 2001. [17 minutes]

dy
Compute for each of the following:
dx
2x + 1
1. y = [3] 2. y = ln (cos(x)) [3] 3. y = (x + 1)5 e−5x [4]
x2

Solutions.
dy 2 · x2 − (2x + 1) · 2x 2x2 − 4x2 − 2x −2x(x + 1) −2(x + 1)
1. = 4
= 4
= 4
= 
dx x x x x3
dy 1 d 1 sin(x)
2. = · cos(x) = · (− sin(x)) = − = − tan(x) 
dx cos(x) dx cos(x) cos(x)
3.
dy
= 5(x + 1)4 · e−5x + (x + 1)5 · (−5)e−5x
dx
= 5(x + 1)4 e−5x − 5(x + 1)5 e−5x
= 5(x + 1)4 e−5x (1 − (x + 1))
= −5x(x + 1)4 e−5x 

2
Quiz #6. Friday, 2 November, 2001. [20 minutes]
dy
Find ...
dx
1. . . . at the point that y = 3 and x = 1 if y 2 + xy + x = 13. [4]
2. . . . in terms of x if exy = x. [3]
3. . . . in terms of x if y = x3x . [3]
Solutions.
1. We’ll use implicit differentiation. Differentiating both sides of y 2 + xy + x = 13 with
dy
respect to x and solving for dx gives:

dy dy
2y+ 1y + x +1 = 0
dx dx
dy
⇐⇒(2y + x) + (y + 1) = 0
dx
dy −(y + 1)
⇐⇒ =
dx 2y + x

When y = 3 and x = 1, we get:

dy 3+1 4
=− =− 
dx x=1 & y=3 2·3+1 7

2. In the case of exy = x, it is easiest to solve for y first . . .

ln(x)
exy = x ⇐⇒ xy = ln(x) ⇐⇒ y =
x

. . . and then differentiate using the quotient rule:

dy 1
· x − ln(x) · 1 1 − ln(x)
= x
2
= 
dx x x2

3. y = x3x is a job for logarithmic differentiation. First,

y = x3x ⇐⇒ ln(y) = ln x3x = 3xln(x) ,

and differentiating both sides gives

  
d d d dy 1
ln(y) = 3xln(x) ⇐⇒ ln(y) = 3 · lnx + 3x ·
dx dx dy dx x
1 dy
⇐⇒ · = 3ln(x) + 3 .
y dx

3
 dy
Solving for and substituting back for y now gives:
dx

dy
= 3y(ln(x) + 1) = 3x3x (ln(x) + 1) 
dx

Quiz #7. Friday, 9 November, 2001. [13 minutes]

1. Find all the maxima and minima of f(x) = x2 e−x on (−∞, ∞) and determine which
are absolute. [10]
Solutions.
1. First,


f 0 (x) = 2x · e−x + x2 · −e−x = 2xe−x − x2 e−x = x(2 − x)e−x ,
which equals 0 exactly when x = 0 or x = 2. (Note that e−x > 0 for all x.) When x < 0,
x < 0 and 2 − x > 0, so f 0 (x) < 0; when 0 < x < 2, 2 − x > 0 and x > 0, so f 0 (x) > 0;
and when x > 2, 2 − x < 0 and x > 0, so f 0 (x) < 0. Thus

x x<0 x=0 0<x<2 x=2 2<x

0
f (x) <0 0 >0 0 <0
f(x) decreasing local min increasing local max decreasing

so f(0) = 0 is a local minimum and f(2) = 4/e2 is a local maximum.

It remains to check whether either local extreme point is an absolute extreme point of
the function. This can be done by taking the limit of f(x) as x → ∞ and as x → −∞, but
that is overkill for this problem. It is enough to note that f(x) = x2 e−x ≥ 0 for all x, so
f(0) = 0 is an absolute minimum, but that f(−4) = (−4)2 e−(−4) = 16e4 > 4/e2 = f(2),
so f(2) = 4/e2 is not an absolute maximum. 
Quiz #8. Friday, 23 November, 2001. [15 minutes]
1. A spherical balloon is being inflated at a rate of 1 m3 /s. How is the diameter of the
balloon changing at the instant that the radius of the balloon is 2 m? [10]
[The volume of a sphere of radius r is V = 43 πr3 .]
Solution.
1. Since V = 43 πr3 ,
   
dV dV dr d 4 3 dr 4 dr dr
1= = · = πr · = π · 3r2 · = 4πr2 · .
dt dr dt dt 3 dt 3 dt dt

It follows that dr 1 dr 1
dt = 4πr2 . At the instant in question, r = 2, so we have dt = 4π22 = 16π .
1

Since the diameter, call it s, is twice the radius of the sphere, i.e. s = 2r, it follows
that at the instant that r = 2 m, the diameter is changing at a rate of ds d
dt = dt (2r) =
dt = 2 · 16π = 8π m/s. 
2 dr 1 1

4
Quiz #9. Friday, 30 November, 2001. [20 minutes]
R3

1. Use the Right-hand Rule to compute 2x2 + 1 dx. [6]
0
P
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
[You may need to know that i2 = .]
i=1 6
R2
2. Set up and evaluate the Riemann sum for (3x + 1)dx corresponding to the partition
0
x0 = 0, x1 = 2
3, x2 = 4
3, x3 = 2, with x∗1 = 13 , x∗2 = 1, and x∗3 = 53 . [4]
Solutions.
1. The Right-hand Rule comes down to the formula:
Z X
n  
b
b−a b−a
f(x) dx = lim f a+i ·
a n→∞ n n
i=1

In this problem, f(x) = 2x2 + 1, a = 0, and b = 3:

Z 
2 !
3
X
n
3−0 3−0
2
2x + 1 dx = lim 2 0+i +1 ·
0 n→∞ n n
i=1
 
3X
n
9i2
= lim 2 2 +1
n→∞ n n
i=1
" n   X #
3 X 18i2
n
= lim + 1
n→∞ n n2
i=1 i=1
" #
3 18 X 2
n
= lim i +n
n→∞ n n2
i=1
 
3 18 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim · +n
n→∞ n n2 6
 
3 3
= lim (n + 1)(2n + 1) + n
n→∞ n n
 
3 3 2


= lim 2n + 3n + 1 + n
n→∞ n n
 
3 3
= lim 6n + 9 + + n
n→∞ n n
 
3 3
= lim 7n + 9 +
n→∞ n n
 
27 9
= lim 21 + + 2
n→∞ n n
= 21 + 0 + 0 = 21

5
One could skip the odd step here or there . . . 
R2
2. The Riemann sum for (3x + 1)dx for the given partition and choice of points is (and
0
evaluates to):

X
3 X
3
f (x∗i ) · (xi − xi−1 ) = (3x∗i + 1) · (xi − xi−1 )
i=1 i=1
       
1 2 4 2 5 4
= 3· +1 − 0 + (3 · 1 + 1) − + 3· +1 2−
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 4 8 12 4 + 8 + 12 24
=2 · + 4 · + 6 · = + + = = =8 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Quiz #10. Friday, 7 December, 2001. [20 minutes]

R4 R4
Given that x dx = 7.5 and x2 dx = 21, use the properties of definite integrals to:
1 1
R4
1. Evaluate (x + 1)2 dx. [5]
1
R4
2. Find upper and lower bounds for x3/2 dx. [5]
1

Solutions.
1. Using the given data and some properties of definite integrals:
Z Z
4
2
4

(x + 1) dx = x2 + 2x + 1 dx
1 1
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
2
= x dx + 2x dx + 1 dx
1 1 1
Z 4
= 21 + 2 x dx + 1 · (4 − 1)
1
= 21 + 2 · 7.5 + 3
= 21 + 15 + 3 = 39 

2. First, note that x ≤ x3/2 ≤ x2 when x ≥ 1. Using the given data and the order
properties of definite integrals gives:
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
7.5 = x dx ≤ x 3/2
dx ≤ x2 dx = 21
1 1 1

R4
Thus 7.5 is a lower bound and 21 is an upper bound for x3/2 dx. 
1

6
Quiz #11. Friday, 11 January, 2002. [15 minutes]
R 2
3
1. Compute the indefinite integral x + x + 1 (4x + 2) dx. [5]
2. Find the area under the graph of f(x) = sin(x) cos(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ π
2
. [5]
Solutions.
1. We will use the substitution u = x2 + x + 1 to compute the integral; note that
du = (2x + 1)dx.
Z Z
2

3
3
x +x+1 (4x + 2) dx = x2 + x + 1 2(2x + 1) dx
Z
u4 1 1 2
4
= u3 2du = 2 + c = u4 + c = x +x+1 +c 
4 2 2

2. First, note that both sin(x) and cos(x), and hence also sin(x) cos(x), are non-negative
for 0 ≤ x ≤ π2 . Hence the area under the graph of f(x) = sin(x) cos(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ π2
R
π/2
is given by the definite integral sin(x) cos(x) dx. We will compute this integral
0
using the substitution u = sin(x), so du = cos(x)dx. Note also that u = 0 when x = 0
and u = 1 when x = π2 .
Z π/2 Z 1 1
u2 12 02 1
sin(x) cos(x) dx = u du = = − = 
0 0 2 0 2 2 2

Quiz #12. Friday, 18 January, 2002. [15 minutes]

Re ln(x2 )
1. Compute x dx. [5]
1
2. Find the area of the region between the curves y = x3 − x and y = x − x3 . [5]
Solutions.
1. We’ll
compute the integral using the substitution u = ln(x), so du = x1 dx. Note that
ln x2 = 2ln(x), and that u = 0 when x = 1 and u = 1 when x = e.
Z e

Z e Z 1 1
ln x2 2ln(x) u2 1
dx = dx = 2u du = 2 = u2 0
= 12 − 02 = 1 
1 x 1 x 0 2 0

2. First, we need to find the points where these curves intersect:

x3 − x = x − x3 ⇔ 2x3 = 2x ⇔ x3 = x

x = 0 is one solution to x3 = x; when x 6= 0, we can divide the equation by x to get x2 = 1,

so x = −1 and x = 1 are the other solutions to x3 = x. From −1 to 0, x3 − x ≥ x − x3 ,
and from 0 to 1, x − x3 ≥ x3 − x. (This can be done with some algebra and knowledge of

7
inequalities, or you can just test each expression at some points in between, e.g. x = − 12
and x = 12 .)
The area between the two curves is then given by:
Z Z
0 

 1 


x − x − x − x3 dx +
3
x − x3 − x3 − x dx
−1 0
Z Z
0   1  
= 2x3 − 2x dx + 2x − 2x3 dx
−1 0
 4 0  2 1
x x2 x x4
= 2 −2 + 2 −2
4 2 −1 2 4 0
 4 0  1
x x4
= −x2
+ x −2
2 −1 2 0
 4       
0 (−1)4 14 04
= −0 −
2
− (−1) 2
+ 1 −
2
− 0 −
2
2 2 2 2
    
1 1
= 0− − + −0
2 2
1 1
= + =1 
2 2

Quiz #13. Friday, 25 January, 2002. [19 minutes]

1. Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region in the first quadrant
bounded by y = x1 , y = x, and x = 2 about the x-axis. [10]
Solution.
1. First, we find where the curves intersect. y = x1 and y = x intersect when x1 = x, i.e.
when x2 = 1. Since we are looking for a region in the first quadrant, we discard the
root x = −1 and keep x = 1; plugging into either
equation for y gives us the point
(1, 1). y = x1 and x = 2 intersect at the point 2, 12 , and y = x and x = 2 intersect at
(2, 2). It is not too hard — if one is careful! — to deduce that the region is bounded
above by y = x and below by y = x1 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Rotating this region about the
x-axis gives the solid sketched below.

8
 We will find the volume of this solid using the washer method. (A typical washer
for this solid is also drawn in the sketch.) Since we rotated about a horizontal line, the
washers will be stacked along this line (the x-axis) and so we will need to integrate with
respect to x. Note that the outer radius of the washer at x is R = x and the inner radius
is r = x1 , so the volume is given by:

Z Z  
2
2
1
πR − πr
2 2
dx = π x − 2 dx
2
1 1 x
 3 2
x −1
=π −
3 x 1
 3 2
x 1
=π +
3 x 1
   
8 1 1
=π + − +1
3 2 3
11
= π 
6

Quiz #14. Friday, 1 February, 2002. [17 minutes]

1. Suppose the region bounded above by y = 1 and below by y = x2 is revolved about
the line x = 2. Sketch the resulting solid and find its volume. [10]

Solution.
1. y = 1 intersects y = x2 when x2 = 1, i.e. when x = ±1. The region between y = 1
and y = x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, when revolved about x = 2, gives the solid sketched below.

We will find the volume of this solid using the shell method. (A typical cylindrical
shell for this solid is also drawn in the sketch.) Since we rotated about a vertical line, the
shell will be nested around this line (x = 2) and so we will need to integrate with respect
to x in order to integrate in a direction perpendicular to the shells. Note that the radius

9
of the shell at x is r = 2 − x and the height is h = 1 − x2 , so the volume is given by:
Z Z
1 1

2πrh dx = 2π(2 − x) 1 − x2 dx
−1 −1
Z 1

=π 4 − 2x − 4x2 + 2x3 dx
−1
 1
4 3 1 4
= π 4x − x − x + x
2
3 2 −1
   
4 1 4 1
=π 4−1− + − −4 − 1 + +
3 2 3 2
16
= π 
3

Quiz #15. Friday, 15 February, 2002. [25 minutes]

Evaluate each of the following integrals.

Z π/4 Z p
2
1. tan (x) dx [4] 2. x2 + 4x + 5 dx [6]
0

Solution.
1.
Z Z
π/4 π/4

2
tan (x) dx = sec2 (x) − 1 dx
0 0
 π π
π/4
= (tan(x) − x)|0 = 1 − − (0 − 0) = 1 − 
4 4

2.
Z p Z p
x2 + 4x + 5 dx = (x + 2)2 + 1 dx

Let w = x + 2, so dw = dx.
Z p
= w2 + 1 dw

Let w = tan(t), so dw = sec2 (t)dt.

Z q Z p
2
= 2
tan (t) + 1 sec (t) dt = sec2 (t) sec2 (t) dt
Z
= sec3 (t) dt

10
 We will use integration by parts to compute this trig integral. Let u = sec(t) and
dv = sec2 (t)dt, so du = sec(t) tan(t)dt and v = tan(t). Then
Z Z
sec (t) dt = sec(t) tan(t) − sec(t) tan2 (t) dt
3

Z


= sec(t) tan(t) − sec(t) sec2 (t) − 1 dt
Z


= sec(t) tan(t) − sec3 (t) − sec(t) dt
Z Z
= sec(t) tan(t) − sec (t) dt + sec(t) dt
3

It follows that Z Z
3
2 sec (t) dt = sec(t) tan(t) + sec(t) dt ,
so
Z  Z 
3 1
sec (t) dt = sec(t) tan(t) + sec(t) dt
2
1 1
= sec(t) tan(t) + ln (sec(t) + tan(t)) + C .
2 2
R
(It really helps to have memorized that sec(t) dt = ln (sec(t) + tan(t)) + C . . . )
It remains for us to substitute back to put the answer in terms of x:
Z p Z
x2 + 4x + 5 dx = sec3 (t) dt
1 1
= sec(t) tan(t) + ln (sec(t) + tan(t)) + C
2 2
1 p 1  p 
= w 1 + w2 + ln w + 1 + w2 + C
2 2 p
. . . since when tan(t) = w, sec(t) = 1 + w2 .
1 p 1  p 
= (x + 2) 1 + (x + 2)2 + ln (x + 2) + 1 + (x + 2)2 + C 
2 2

Quiz #16. Friday, 1 March, 2002. [25 minutes]

1. Evaluate the following integral:
Z
x2 − 2x − 6
dx
(x2 + 2x + 5) (x − 1)

Solution. This is a job for partial fractions. First, note that the quadratic factor in the
denominator is irreducible since x2 + 2x + 5 = x2 + 2x + 1 + 4 = (x + 1)2 + 4 > 0 for all
x. Thus
x2 − 2x − 6 Ax + B C
= 2 +
(x + 2x + 5) (x − 1)
2 x + 2x + 5 x − 1

11
for some constants A, B, and C. Putting the right-hand side of the equation above over a
common denominator of x(x − 1)2 would give a numerator equal to the numerator of the
left-hand side:

x2 − 2x − 6 = (Ax + B)(x − 1) + C(x2 + 2x + 5)

= Ax2 − Ax + Bx − B + Cx2 + 2Cx + 5C
= (A + C)x2 + (−A + B + 2C)x + (−B + 5C)

Thus A+ C = 1, −A+ B + 2C = −2, and −B + 5C = −6, which equations we need to solve

for A, B, and C. From the first and third of these equations we get that A = 1 − C and
B = 6+5C. Plugging these into the second equation gives −2 = −(1−C)+(6+5C)+2C =
5 − 8C, so C = −7/8. It follows that A = 15/8 and B = 13/8. Hence:
Z Z  
x2 − 2x − 6 15
8 x+ 8
13
− 78
dx = + dx
(x2 + 2x + 5) (x − 1) x−1
x2 + 2x + 5
Z Z
1 15x + 13 7 1
= dx − dx
8 2
x + 2x + 5 8 x−1
If u = x2 + 2x + 5, then du = (2x + 2)dx = 2(x + 1)dx, so we want to split 15x + 13 into
a multiple of x + 1 plus a constant.
Z
1 15(x + 1) − 2 7
= dx − ln(x − 1)
8 x2 + 2x + 5 8
Z Z
1 15(x + 1) 1 −2 7
= dx − dx − ln(x − 1)
8 x2 + 2x + 5 8 x2 + 2x + 5 8

Use the substitution u = x2 + 2x + 5 in the first part, and complete the square in the
second part. Z Z
15 1 1 2 1 7
= du + 2
dx − ln(x − 1)
8 u 2 8 (x + 1) + 4 8
Use the substitution w = x + 1, so dw = dx, in the second part.
Z
15 1 1 7
= ln(u) + dw − ln(x − 1)
16 4 w2 + 4 8

Substitute back in the first part, and substitute w = 2s, so dw = 2ds in the second.
Z
15
1 1 7
= ln x2 + 2x + 5 + 2
2ds − ln(x − 1)
16 4 4s + 4 8
Z
15
1 2 1 7
= ln x2 + 2x + 5 + · 2
ds − ln(x − 1)
16 4 4 s +1 8
15
1 7
= ln x2 + 2x + 5 + arctan(s) − ln(x − 1) + K
16 8 8

12
. . . where K is a constant.

15
1 w  7
= ln x2 + 2x + 5 + arctan − ln(x − 1) + K
16 8 2 8
15
1 x−1 7
= ln x2 + 2x + 5 + arctan − ln(x − 1) + K
16 8 2 8

Whew! 

Quiz #17. Friday, 8 March, 2002. [25 minutes]

1. Evaluate the following integral:

Z ∞
1
dx
2 x(x − 1)2

Solution. Note that x(x − 1)2 6= 0 for all x with 2 ≤ x < ∞, so we don’t have to worry
about the integral being improper except by way of the upper limit of ∞. By definition,

Z ∞ Z t
1 1
dx = lim dx
2 x(x − 1)2 t→∞ 2 x(x − 1)2

Rt 1
which leaves us with the task of integrating 2 x(x−1) 2 dx and then evaluating the limit as

t → ∞.
1
Computing the integral requires us to decompose x(x−1) 2 using partial fractions. Note

that the numerator has degree less than the degree of the denominator, but that we do
have a repeated factor in the denominator. Thus

1 A B C
= + +
x(x − 1)2 x x − 1 (x − 1)2

for some constants A, B, and C. Putting the right-hand side of the equation above over a
common denominator of x(x − 1)2 would give a numerator equal to the numerator of the
left-hand side:

1 =A(x − 1)2 + Bx(x − 1) + Cx

=A x2 − 2x + 1 + B x2 − x + Cx
=(A + B)x2 + (−2A − B + C)x + A .

Thus A + B = 0, −2A − B + C = 0, and A = 1, from which it quickly follows that A = 1,

13
B = −1, and C = 1. Hence
Z ∞ Z t
1 1
dx = lim dx
2 x(x − 1)2 t→∞ 2 x(x − 1)
2
Z t 
1 −1 1
= lim + + dx
t→∞ 2 x x − 1 (x − 1)2
Z t Z t Z t 
1 1 1
= lim dx − dx + dx
2 x−1 2 (x − 1)
2
t→∞ 2 x
" #
t
t t −1
= lim ln(x)|2 − ln(x − 1)|2 +
t→∞ (x − 1) 2
  
−1 −1
= lim (ln(t) − ln(2)) − (ln(t − 1) − ln(2 − 1)) + −
t→∞ (t − 1) (2 − 1)
 
1 1
= lim ln(t) − ln(t − 1) − − ln(2) + ln(1) +
t→∞ (t − 1) 1
   
t 1
= lim ln − − ln(2) + 0 + 1
t→∞ t−1 (t − 1)
= 1 − ln(2)
 
t 1 1 t 1
since lim t−1 = lim 1−1/t = 1−0 = 1, so lim ln t−1 = ln(1) = 0, while lim = 0.
t→∞ t→∞ t→∞ t→∞ (t−1)

Quiz #18. Friday, 15 March, 2002. [18 minutes]
Determine whether each of the following series converges or diverges.
∞ 
X  X∞
1 3n 253
1. + n [4] 2. n
[6]
n=0
n+1 3 +1 n=0
3 +1

Solutions.
1. We will apply the Divergence Test.
     
1 3n 1 3n 3n 1/3n
lim + = lim + lim n = 0 + lim n ·
n→∞ n + 1 3n + 1 n→∞ n + 1 n→∞ 3 + 1 n→∞ 3 + 1 1/3n
1 1
= lim = = 1 6= 0
n→∞ 1 + 1/3n 1+0

It follows that the given series diverges. 

2. We will apply the Comparison Test. Note that

253 253
0< < n
3n +1 3

14
 P
∞
for all n ≥ 0, because reducing the denominator increases the fraction. The series 253
3n
n=0
is a geometric series with a = 253 and r = 13 , and since 13 < 1, it converges. It follows by
the Comparison Test that the given series converges as well. 
Bonus Quiz. Monday, 18 March, 2002. [15 minutes]
Compute any two of 1–3.
Z ∞ ∞
X
−t −t 1
1. lim te [5] 2. te dt [5] 3. [5]
t→∞ 0 n=0
n2 + 3n + 2

Solutions.
d
t dt t 1
1. lim te−t = lim = lim d t
= lim = 0, using l’Hôpital’s Rule and the fact
t→∞ et t→∞ et
dt e
t→∞ t→∞

that lim e = ∞. 
t
t→∞
2. We’ll need l’Hôpital’s Rule and the fact that lim es = ∞ again:
s→∞

Z ∞ Zs
−t
te dt = lim te−t dt
0 s→∞
0
Use integration by parts with u = t and dv = e−t dt,
so du = dt and v = −e−t .
 Z s 
−t s −t


= lim −te 0 − −e dt
s→∞ 0


s
= lim −se−s − −0e−0 − e−t 0
s→∞


= lim −se−s − e−s − e−0
s→∞
 
= lim −se−s − e−s + 1
s→∞
 
s 1
= lim − s − s + 1
s→∞ e e
" #
d
s
= lim − dds s − 0 + 1
s→∞
ds
e
 
1
= lim − s + 1
s→∞ e
= −0 + 1
=1 

3. Note that n2 + 3n + 2 = (n + 1)(n + 2) and that, using the usual partion fraction
1 1 1
nonsense, 2 = − . Thus the kth partial sum of the given series
n + 3n + 2 n+1 n+2

15
 is

X
k Xk  
1 1 1
Sk = = −
n=0
n2 + 3n + 2 n=0 n + 1 n + 2
     
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ··· + −
0+1 0+2 1+1 1+2 k+1 k+2
       
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − + ··· + −
1 2 2 3 3 4 k+1 k+2
1
=1− ,
k+2

so
∞
X  
1 1
2 + 3n + 2
= lim Sk = lim 1 − = 1 − 0 = 1. 
n=0
n k→∞ k→∞ k + 2

Quiz #19. Friday, 22 March, 2002. [20 minutes]

Determine whether each of the following series converges or diverges.

X∞ ∞
X
1 4n + 12
1. [5] 2. [5]
n=1
nn n=0
n2 + 6n + 13

Solutions.
1. We will use the Comparison Test. Note that for all n > 2, nn > 2n , so

1 1
0< < .
nn 2n

X∞
1 1 1
n
is the geometric series with a = and r = , and it converges because
n=1
2 2 2
X∞
1 1
|r| = < 1. It follows by the Comparison Test that n
converges as well.
2 n=1
n
One could also conveniently use the Limit Comparison Test. 
X∞
1
2. We will use the Limit Comparison Test, comparing the given series to . (Why
n=0
n
compare the given series to this one? Note that the terms of the given series are
rational functions of n in which the top power in the numerator is one less than the
1
top power in the denominator. is the simplest rational function with this pattern.)
n

16
 Now:
1
1 n2 + 6n + 13
lim n
= lim ·
n→∞ 24n+12 n→∞ n 4n + 12
n +6n+13
n2 + 6n + 13
= lim
n→∞ 4n2 + 12n
n2 + 6n + 13 1/n2
= lim ·
n→∞ 4n2 + 12n 1/n2
1 + n6 + n132
= lim
n→∞ 4 + 12n
1+0+0 1
= =
4+0 4

X∞
1
Since 0 < 1
4 < ∞, it follows by the Limit Comparison Test that the series and
n=0
n
∞
X X1 ∞
4n + 12
2 + 6n + 13
both converge or both diverge. Since is known to diverge, it
n=0
n n=0
n
X∞
4n + 12
myst be the case that 2 + 6n + 13
diverges as well.
n=0
n
This problem could also be done using the Comparison Test or (very conveniently)
the Integral Test. 
Quiz #20. Tuesday, 2 April, 2002. [10 minutes]
X∞
(−1)n + cos(nπ)
1. Determine whether the series converges absolutely, converges
n=0
n+1
conditionally, or diverges. [10]
Solution. The key here is that cos(nπ) = (−1)n since cos is equal to 1 at even multiples
of π and −1 at odd multiples of π. Hence

X∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−1)n + cos(nπ) X (−1)n + (−1)n X 2 · (−1)n X (−1)n
= = =2 ,
n=0
n + 1 n=0
n + 1 n=0
n + 1 n=0
n + 1

X
∞
(−1)n
so the given series will converge (or not) exactly as does. However, this is a
n=0
n + 1
series beaten to death in class and the text in very slight disguise:

X∞ ∞
X ∞
X
(−1)n 1 1 1 1 (−1)k−1 (−1)k
= − + − + ··· = = (−1)
n=0
n+1 1 2 3 4 k k
k=1 k=1

(Note that the indices are related via k = n + 1.)

17
 X∞
(−1)k
We know already that converges – we showed that in class using the Al-
k
k=1
X∞
1
ternating Series Test. It does not converge absolutely because does not converge
k
k=1
– we showed that, in effect using the Integral Test, on Assignment #6. Thus the series
X∞
(−1)k
, and hence given series too, converges conditionally. 
k
k=1

Quiz #21. Friday, 5 April, 2002. [10 minutes]

3x2
1. Find a power series which, when it converges, equals f(x) = 2. [10]
(1 − x3 )
d

Solution. Note that the derivative of part of the denominator f(x), 1 − x3 = −3x2 ,
dx
is a constant multiple to the numerator, 3x2 . This makes it easy to integrate f(x) using
the substitution u = 1 − x3 (so du = −3x2 dx and (−1)du = 3x2 dx):
Z Z Z Z
3x2 1
f(x) dx = 2 dx = (−1)du = − u−2 du
(1 − x )
3 u 2

1 1
= − −u−1 + C = + C = +C
u 1 − x3

The point here is that it is easy to find a power series representation of the antiderivative
1
of f(x) because is the sum of the geometric series with a = 1 and r = x3 . Thus:
1 − x3
Z X∞ X∞
1

3 n
f(x) dx = +C = x = x3n
1 − x3 n=0 n=0

R
The power series of f(x) is the derivative of the power series for f(x) dx (at least for
those x for which this series converges absolutely):

∞
! ∞ ∞
3x2 d X X d 3n X
f(x) = 2 = x3n = x = 3nx3n−1
(1 − x3 ) dx n=0 n=0
dx n=0

Note that the first term, for n = 0, has a coefficient of 3 · 0 = 0, so it doesn’t matter that
the corresponding power of x is negative. 

18