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Linear State Space Control Systems 1st Edition Robert L.
Williams Ii Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Robert L. Williams II, Douglas A. Lawrence
ISBN(s): 0471735558
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.60 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
 LINEAR STATE-SPACE
CONTROL SYSTEMS

Robert L. Williams II
Douglas A. Lawrence
Ohio University

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

Linear State-Space Control Systems. Robert L. Williams II and Douglas A. Lawrence

Copyright  2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-73555-7
Copyright  2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Williams, Robert L., 1962-

Linear state-space control systems / Robert L. Williams II and Douglas A.
Lawrence.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-471-73555-8 (cloth)
1. Linear systems. 2. State-space methods. 3. Control theory. I.
Lawrence, Douglas A. II. Title.
QA402.W547 2007
629.8
32—dc22
2006016111

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Lisa, Zack, and especially Sam, an aspiring author.—R.L.W.

To Traci, Jessica, and Abby.—D.A.L.

 CONTENTS

Preface ix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Perspective and Scope / 1
1.2 State Equations / 3
1.3 Examples / 5
1.4 Linearization of Nonlinear Systems / 17
1.5 Control System Analysis and Design using
MATLAB / 24
1.6 Continuing Examples / 32
1.7 Homework Exercises / 39

2 State-Space Fundamentals 48
2.1 State Equation Solution / 49
2.2 Impulse Response / 63
2.3 Laplace Domain Representation / 63
2.4 State-Space Realizations Revisited / 70
2.5 Coordinate Transformations / 72
2.6 MATLAB for Simulation and Coordinate
Transformations / 78
2.7 Continuing Examples for Simulation
and Coordinate Transformations / 84
2.8 Homework Exercises / 92
v
vi CONTENTS

3 Controllability 108
3.1 Fundamental Results / 109
3.2 Controllability Examples / 115
3.3 Coordinate Transformations
and Controllability / 119
3.4 Popov-Belevitch-Hautus Tests for
Controllability / 133
3.5 MATLAB for Controllability and Controller Canonical
Form / 138
3.6 Continuing Examples for Controllability
and Controller Canonical Form / 141
3.7 Homework Exercises / 144

4 Observability 149
4.1 Fundamental Results / 150
4.2 Observability Examples / 158
4.3 Duality / 163
4.4 Coordinate Transformations and Observability / 165
4.5 Popov-Belevitch-Hautus Tests for Observability / 173
4.6 MATLAB for Observability and Observer Canonical
Form / 174
4.7 Continuing Examples for Observability and Observer
Canonical Form / 177
4.8 Homework Exercises / 180

5 Minimal Realizations 185

5.1 Minimality of Single-Input, Single Output
Realizations / 186
5.2 Minimality of Multiple-Input, Multiple Output
Realizations / 192
5.3 MATLAB for Minimal Realizations / 194
5.4 Homework Exercises / 196

6 Stability 198
6.1 Internal Stability / 199
6.2 Bounded-Input, Bounded-Output Stability / 218
6.3 Bounded-Input, Bounded-Output Stability Versus
Asymptotic Stability / 220
6.4 MATLAB for Stability Analysis / 225
 CONTENTS vii

6.5 Continuing Examples: Stability Analysis / 227

6.6 Homework Exercises / 230

7 Design of Linear State Feedback Control Laws 234

7.1 State Feedback Control Law / 235

7.2 Shaping the Dynamic Response / 236
7.3 Closed-Loop Eigenvalue Placement via State
Feedback / 250
7.4 Stabilizability / 263
7.5 Steady-State Tracking / 268
7.6 MATLAB for State Feedback Control Law Design / 278
7.7 Continuing Examples: Shaping Dynamic Response
and Control Law Design / 283
7.8 Homework Exercises / 293

8 Observers and Observer-Based Compensators 300

8.1 Observers / 301

8.2 Detectability / 312
8.3 Reduced-Order Observers / 316
8.4 Observer-Based Compensators and the Separation
Property / 323
8.5 Steady-State Tracking with Observer-Based
Compensators / 337
8.6 MATLAB for Observer Design / 343
8.7 Continuing Examples: Design of State
Observers / 348
8.8 Homework Exercises / 351

9 Introduction to Optimal Control 357

9.1 Optimal Control Problems / 358

9.2 An Overview of Variational Calculus / 360
9.3 Minimum Energy Control / 371
9.4 The Linear Quadratic Regulator / 377
9.5 MATLAB for Optimal Control / 397
9.6 Continuing Example 1: Linear Quadratic
Regulator / 399
9.7 Homework Exercises / 403
viii CONTENTS

Appendix A Matrix Introduction 407

A.1 Basics / 407
A.2 Matrix Arithmetic / 409
A.3 Determinants / 412
A.4 Matrix Inversion / 414

Appendix B Linear Algebra 417

B.1 Vector Spaces / 417
B.2 Subspaces / 419
B.3 Standard Basis / 421
B.4 Change of Basis / 422
B.5 Orthogonality and Orthogonal Complements / 424
B.6 Linear Transformations / 426
B.7 Range and Null Space / 430
B.8 Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Related Topics / 435
B.9 Norms for Vectors and Matrices / 444

Appendix C Continuing MATLAB Example m-file 447

References 456

Index 459
 PREFACE

This textbook is intended for use in an advanced undergraduate or first-

year graduate-level course that introduces state-space methods for the
analysis and design of linear control systems. It is also intended to serve
practicing engineers and researchers seeking either an introduction to or
a reference source for this material. This book grew out of separate lec-
ture notes for courses in mechanical and electrical engineering at Ohio
University. The only assumed prerequisites are undergraduate courses in
linear signals and systems and control systems. Beyond the traditional
undergraduate mathematics preparation, including calculus, differential
equations, and basic matrix computations, a prior or concurrent course
in linear algebra is beneficial but not essential.
This book strives to provide both a rigorously established foundation
to prepare students for advanced study in systems and control theory and
a comprehensive overview, with an emphasis on practical aspects, for
graduate students specializing in other areas. The reader will find rigor-
ous mathematical treatment of the fundamental concepts and theoretical
results that are illustrated through an ample supply of academic examples.
In addition, to reflect the complexity of real-world applications, a major
theme of this book is the inclusion of continuing examples and exercises.
Here, practical problems are introduced in the first chapter and revisited in
subsequent chapters. The hope is that the student will find it easier to apply
new concepts to familiar systems. To support the nontrivial computations
associated with these problems, the book provides a chapter-by-chapter
ix
x PREFACE

tutorial on the use of the popular software package MATLAB and the associ-
ated Control Systems Toolbox for computer-aided control system analysis
and design. The salient features of MATLAB are illustrated in each chapter
through a continuing MATLAB example and a pair of continuing examples.
This textbook consists of nine chapters and three appendices organized
as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the state-space representation for lin-
ear time-invariant systems. Chapter 2 is concerned primarily with the
state equation solution and connections with fundamental linear systems
concepts along with several other basic results to be used in subsequent
chapters. Chapters 3 and 4 present thorough introductions to the impor-
tant topics of controllability and observability, which reveal the power of
state-space methods: The complex behavior of dynamic systems can be
characterized by algebraic relationships derived from the state-space sys-
tem description. Chapter 5 addresses the concept of minimality associated
with state-space realizations of linear time-invariant systems. Chapter 6
deals with system stability from both internal and external (input-output)
viewpoints and relationships between them. Chapter 7 presents strate-
gies for dynamic response shaping and introduces state feedback control
laws. Chapter 8 presents asymptotic observers and dynamic observer-
based compensators. Chapter 9 gives an introduction to optimal control,
focusing on the linear quadratic regulator. Appendix A provides a sum-
mary of basic matrix computations. Appendix B provides an overview of
basic concepts from linear algebra used throughout the book. Appendix
C provides the complete MATLAB program for the Continuing MATLAB
Example.
Each chapter concludes with a set of exercises intended to aid
the student in his or her quest for mastery of the subject matter.
Exercises will be grouped into four categories: Numerical Exercises,
Analytical Exercises, Continuing MATLAB Exercises, and Continuing
Exercises. Numerical Exercises are intended to be straightforward
problems involving numeric data that reinforce important computations.
Solutions should be based on hand calculations, although students are
strongly encouraged to use MATLAB to check their results. Analytical
Exercises are intended to require nontrivial derivations or proofs of facts
either asserted without proof in the chapter or extensions thereof. These
exercises are by nature more challenging than the Numerical Exercises.
Continuing MATLAB Exercises will revisit the state equations introduced
in Chapter 1. Students will be called on to develop MATLAB m-files
incrementally for each exercise that implement computations associated
with topics in each chapter. Continuing Exercises are also cumulative
and are patterned after the Continuing Examples introduced in Chapter
1. These exercises are based on physical systems, so the initial task will
 PREFACE xi

be to derive linear state equation representations from the given physical

descriptions. The use of MATLAB also will be required over the course of
working these exercises, and the experience gained from the Continuing
MATLAB Exercises will come in handy .
 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces the state-space representation for linear time-

invariant systems. We begin with a brief overview of the origins of
state-space methods to provide a context for the focus of this book. Fol-
lowing that, we define the state equation format and provide examples to
show how state equations can be derived from physical system descrip-
tions and from transfer-function representations. In addition, we show
how linear state equations arise from the linearization of a nonlinear state
equation about a nominal trajectory or equilibrium condition.
This chapter also initiates our use of the MATLAB software package
for computer-aided analysis and design of linear state-space control sys-
tems. Beginning here and continuing throughout the book, features of
MATLAB and the accompanying Control Systems Toolbox that support each
chapter’s subject matter will be presented and illustrated using a Continu-
ing MATLAB Example. In addition, we introduce two Continuing Examples
that we also will revisit in subsequent chapters.

1.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND SCOPE

Any scholarly account of the history of control engineering would have

to span several millennia because there are many examples throughout

Linear State-Space Control Systems. Robert L. Williams II and Douglas A. Lawrence

Copyright  2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-73555-7
1
2 INTRODUCTION

ancient history, the industrial revolution, and into the early twentieth
century of ingeniously designed systems that employed feedback mech-
anisms in various forms. Ancient water clocks, south-pointing chariots,
Watt’s flyball governor for steam engine speed regulation, and mecha-
nisms for ship steering, gun pointing, and vacuum tube amplifier stabiliza-
tion are but a few. Here we are content to survey important developments
in the theory and practice of control engineering since the mid-1900s in
order to provide some perspective for the material that is the focus of this
book in relation to topics covered in most undergraduate controls courses
and in more advanced graduate-level courses.
In the so-called classical control era of the 1940s and 1950s, systems
were represented in the frequency domain by transfer functions. In addi-
tion, performance and robustness specifications were either cast directly in
or translated into the frequency domain. For example, transient response
specifications were converted into desired closed-loop pole locations or
desired open-loop and/or closed-loop frequency-response characteristics.
Analysis techniques involving Evans root locus plots, Bode plots, Nyquist
plots, and Nichol’s charts were limited primarily to single-input, single-
output systems, and compensation schemes were fairly simple, e.g., a
single feedback loop with cascade compensation. Moreover, the design
process was iterative, involving an initial design based on various sim-
plifying assumptions followed by parameter tuning on a trial-and-error
basis. Ultimately, the final design was not guaranteed to be optimal in
any sense.
The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a fundamental paradigm shift from the
frequency domain to the time domain. Systems were represented in the
time domain by a type of differential equation called a state equation.
Performance and robustness specifications also were specified in the time
domain, often in the form of a quadratic performance index. Key advan-
tages of the state-space approach were that a time-domain formulation
exploited the advances in digital computer technology and the analysis
and design methods were well-suited to multiple-input, multiple-output
systems. Moreover, feedback control laws were calculated using analytical
formulas, often directly optimizing a particular performance index.
The 1980’s and 1990’s were characterized by a merging of frequency-
domain and time-domain viewpoints. Specifically, frequency-domain per-
formance and robustness specifications once again were favored, coupled
with important theoretical breakthroughs that yielded tools for handling
multiple-input, multiple-output systems in the frequency domain. Further
advances yielded state-space time-domain techniques for controller syn-
thesis. In the end, the best features of the preceding decades were merged
into a powerful, unified framework.
 STATE EQUATIONS 3

The chronological development summarized in the preceding para-

graphs correlates with traditional controls textbooks and academic curric-
ula as follows. Classical control typically is the focus at the undergraduate
level, perhaps along with an introduction to state-space methods. An in-
depth exposure to the state-space approach then follows at the advanced
undergraduate/first-year graduate level and is the focus of this book. This,
in turn, serves as the foundation for more advanced treatments reflecting
recent developments in control theory, including those alluded to in the
preceding paragraph, as well as extensions to time-varying and nonlinear
systems.
We assume that the reader is familiar with the traditional undergrad-
uate treatment of linear systems that introduces basic system properties
such as system dimension, causality, linearity, and time invariance. This
book is concerned with the analysis, simulation, and control of finite-
dimensional, causal, linear, time-invariant, continuous-time dynamic sys-
tems using state-space techniques. From now on, we will refer to members
of this system class as linear time-invariant systems.
The techniques developed in this book are applicable to various types of
engineering (even nonengineering) systems, such as aerospace, mechani-
cal, electrical, electromechanical, fluid, thermal, biological, and economic
systems. This is so because such systems can be modeled mathematically
by the same types of governing equations. We do not formally address
the modeling issue in this book, and the point of departure is a linear
time-invariant state-equation model of the physical system under study.
With mathematics as the unifying language, the fundamental results and
methods presented here are amenable to translation into the application
domain of interest.

1.2 STATE EQUATIONS

A state-space representation for a linear time-invariant system has the

general form
ẋ(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t)
x(t0 ) = x0 (1.1)
y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t)

in which x(t) is the n-dimensional state vector

 
x1 (t)
 x2 (t) 
x(t) = 
 ... 


xn (t)
4 INTRODUCTION

whose n scalar components are called state variables. Similarly, the

m-dimensional input vector and p-dimensional output vector are given,
respectively, as
   
u1 (t) y1 (t)
 u2 (t)   y2 (t) 
u(t) =  .
 .. 
 y(t) =  . 
 .. 
um (t) yp (t)
Since differentiation with respect to time of a time-varying vector quan-
tity is performed component-wise, the time-derivative on the left-hand side
of Equation (1.1) represents
 
ẋ1 (t)
 ẋ2 (t) 
ẋ(t) = 
 ... 


ẋn (t)
Finally, for a specified initial time t0 , the initial state x(t0 ) = x0 is a
specified, constant n-dimensional vector.
The state vector x(t) is composed of a minimum set of system variables
that uniquely describes the future response of the system given the current
state, the input, and the dynamic equations. The input vector u(t) contains
variables used to actuate the system, the output vector y(t) contains the
measurable quantities, and the state vector x(t) contains internal system
variables.
Using the notational convention M = [mij ] to represent the matrix
whose element in the ith row and j th column is mij , the coefficient
matrices in Equation (1.1) can be specified via
A = [aij ] B = [bij ] C = [cij ]
D = [dij ]
having dimensions n × n, n × m, p × n, and p × m, respectively. With
these definitions in place, we see that the state equation (1.1) is a compact
representation of n scalar first-order ordinary differential equations, that is,
ẋi (t) = ai1 x1 (t) + ai2 x2 (t) + · · · + ain xn (t)
+ bi1 u1 (t) + bi2 u2 (t) + · · · + bim um (t)
for i = 1, 2, . . . , n, together with p scalar linear algebraic equations
yj (t) = cj 1 x1 (t) + cj 2 x2 (t) + · · · + cjn xn (t)
+ dj 1 u1 (t) + dj 2 u2 (t) + · · · + dj m um (t)
 EXAMPLES 5

D
x0

u(t) + x(t) x(t) + + y(t)

B ∫ C
+

FIGURE 1.1 State-equation block diagram.

for j = 1, 2, . . . , p. From this point on the vector notation (1.1) will

be preferred over these scalar decompositions. The state-space descrip-
tion consists of the state differential equation ẋ(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) and
the algebraic output equation y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t) from Equation (1.1).
Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram for the state-space representation of
general multiple-input, multiple-output linear time-invariant systems.
One motivation for the state-space formulation is to convert a cou-
pled system of higher-order ordinary differential equations, for example,
those representing the dynamics of a mechanical system, to a coupled
set of first-order differential equations. In the single-input, single-output
case, the state-space representation converts a single nth-order differen-
tial equation into a system of n coupled first-order differential equations.
In the multiple-input, multiple-output case, in which all equations are of
the same order n, one can convert the system of k nth-order differential
equations into a system of kn coupled first-order differential equations.

1.3 EXAMPLES

In this section we present a series of examples that illustrate the construc-

tion of linear state equations. The first four examples begin with first-
principles modeling of physical systems. In each case we adopt the strat-
egy of associating state variables with the energy storage elements in the
system. This facilitates derivation of the required differential and algebraic
equations in the state-equation format. The last two examples begin with
transfer-function descriptions, hence establishing a link between transfer
functions and state equations that will be pursued in greater detail in later
chapters.

Example 1.1 Given the linear single-input, single-output, mass-spring-

damper translational mechanical system of Figure 1.2, we now derive the
6 INTRODUCTION

y(t)

m f(t)
c

FIGURE 1.2 Translational mechanical system.

ky(t)

m f (t)
cy(t)

FIGURE 1.3 Free-body diagram.

system model and then convert it to a state-space description. For this

system, the input is force f (t) and the output is displacement y(t).
Using Newton’s second law, the dynamic force balance for the free-
body diagram of Figure 1.3 yields the following second-order ordinary
differential equation
mÿ(t) + cẏ(t) + ky(t) = f (t)
that models the system behavior. Because this is a single second-order
differential equation, we need to select a 2 × 1 state vector. In general,
energy storage is a good criterion for choosing the state variables. The
total system energy at any time is composed of potential spring energy
ky(t)2 /2 plus kinetic energy mẏ(t)2 /2 associated with the mass displace-
ment and velocity. We then choose to define the state variables as the
mass displacement and velocity:
 
x1 (t) x1 (t) = y(t)
x(t) =
x2 (t) x2 (t) = ẏ(t) = ẋ1 (t)
Therefore,
ẏ(t) = x2 (t)
ÿ(t) = ẋ2 (t)
Substituting these two state definitions into the original system equation
gives
mẋ2 (t) + cx2 (t) + kx1 (t) = f (t)
 EXAMPLES 7

The original single second-order differential equation can be written as

a coupled system of two first-order differential equations, that is,
ẋ1 (t) = x2 (t)
c k 1
ẋ2 (t) = − x2 (t) − x1 (t) + f (t)
m m m
The output is the mass displacement

y(t) = x1 (t)

The generic variable name for input vectors is u(t), so we define:

u(t) = f (t)

We now write the preceding equations in matrix-vector form to get a

valid state-space description. The general state-space description consists
of the state differential equation and the algebraic output equation. For
Example 1.1, these are
State Differential Equation
ẋ(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t)
   
  0 1   0
ẋ1 (t) x (t)
= k c  1 +  1  u(t)
ẋ2 (t) − − x2 (t)
m m m
Algebraic Output Equation
y(t) = Cx(t) + Du(t)
 
x1 (t)
y(t) = [ 1 0 ] + [0]u(t)
x2 (t)
The two-dimensional single-input, single-output system matrices in this
example are (with m = p = 1 and n = 2):
   
0 1 0
A=  k c  B= 1  C = [1 0]
− −
m m m
D=0
In this example, the state vector is composed of the position and
velocity of the mass m. Two states are required because we started with
one second-order differential equation. Note that D = 0 in this example
because no part of the input force is directly coupled to the output.

8 INTRODUCTION

Example 1.2 Consider the parallel electrical circuit shown in

Figure 1.4. We take the input to be the current produced by the
independent current source u(t) = i(t) and the output to be the capacitor
voltage y(t) = v(t).
It is often convenient to associate state variables with the energy
storage elements in the network, namely, the capacitors and inductors.
Specifically, capacitor voltages and inductor currents, while not only
directly characterizing the energy stored in the associated circuit element,
also facilitate the derivation of the required differential equations. In this
example, the capacitor voltage coincides with the voltage across each
circuit element as a result of the parallel configuration.
This leads to the choice of state variables, that is,

x1 (t) = iL (t)
x2 (t) = v(t)

In terms of these state variables, the inductor’s voltage-current relationship

is given by
x2 (t) = Lẋ1 (t)

Next, Kirchhoff’s current law applied to the top node produces

1
x2 (t) + x1 (t) + C ẋ2 (t) = u(t)
R
These relationships can be rearranged so as to isolate state-variable
time derivatives as follows:
1
ẋ1 (t) = x2 (t)
L
1 1 1
ẋ2 (t) = − x1 (t) − x2 (t) + u(t)
C RC C

iL(t) +
i(t) R L C v(t)
−

FIGURE 1.4 Parallel electrical circuit.

 EXAMPLES 9

This pair of coupled first-order differential equations, along with the

output definition y(t) = x2 (t), yields the following state-space description
for this electrical circuit:
State Differential Equation
   
  1  
0 0
ẋ1 (t)  L  x1 (t)  1  u(t)
= 1 1  +
ẋ2 (t) x2 (t)
− − C
C RC
Algebraic Output Equation
 
x1 (t)
y(t) = [ 0 1 ] + [0]u(t)
x2 (t)

from which the coefficient matrices A, B, C, and D are found by inspec-

tion, that is,
   
1
0 0
 L  1
A= 1 1  B = C = [0 1]
− − C
C RC
D=0

Note that D = 0 in this example because there is no direct coupling

between the current source and the capacitor voltage.

Example 1.3 Consider the translational mechanical system shown in

Figure 1.5, in which y1 (t) and y2 (t) denote the displacement of the asso-
ciated mass from its static equilibrium position, and f (t) represents a
force applied to the first mass m1 . The parameters are masses m1 and
m2 , viscous damping coefficient c, and spring stiffnesses k1 and k2 . The
input is the applied force u(t) = f (t), and the outputs are taken as the
mass displacements. We now derive a mathematical system model and
then determine a valid state-space representation.
Newton’s second law applied to each mass yields the coupled second-
order differential equations, that is,

m1 ÿ1 (t) + k1 y1 (t) − k2 [y2 (t) − y1 (t)] = f (t)

m2 ÿ2 (t) + cẏ2 (t) + k2 [y2 (t) − y1 (t)] = 0

Here, the energy-storage elements are the two springs and the two masses.
Defining state variables in terms of mass displacements and velocities
10 INTRODUCTION

y1(t) y2(t)

f(t)

k1 k2 c
m1 m2

FIGURE 1.5 Translational mechanical system.

yields
x1 (t) = y1 (t)
x2 (t) = y2 (t) − y1 (t)
x3 (t) = ẏ1 (t)
x4 (t) = ẏ2 (t)

Straightforward algebra yields the following state equation representa-

tion:
State Differential Equation
   
0 0 1 0
    0
ẋ1 (t)  0 0 −1 1  x1 (t)  0 
 
 ẋ2 (t)   k1 k2   x2 (t)   
 ẋ (t)  =  − 0 0   + 1  u(t)

3  m1 m1  x3 (t)  m1 
ẋ4 (t)  −k2 c  x4 (t)
0 0 − 0
m2 m2
Algebraic Output Equation
 
   x1 (t)
  
y1 (t) 1 0 0 0  x2 (t)  0
= +
0  x3 (t) 
u(t)
y2 (t) 1 1 0 0
x4 (t)
from which the coefficient matrices A, B, C, and D can be identified.
Note that D = [ 0 0 ]T because there is no direct feedthrough from the
input to the output.
Now, it was convenient earlier to define the second state variable as
the difference in mass displacements, x2 (t) = y2 (t) − y1 (t), because this
relative displacement is the amount the second spring is stretched. Instead
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 Halford, C. H.
Webster, Sir A. F. W. E., Bart.
Lethbridge, Sir W. P. C., Bart.
Coventry, St. J. H.
Glyn, A. St. L.
Loftus, D. F.
Vaughan, E. N. E. M.
Lygon, Hon. R., M.V.O.
Cary, Hon. L. P.
Needham, Hon. F. E.

Lieutenants—
Stewart, W. A. L.
Harcourt-Vernon, G. C. FitzH.
Cecil, A. W. J.
Ward, E. S.
Stanhope, Hon. R. P.
Pearson-Gregory, P. J. S.
Kenyon-Slaney, R. O. R.
Sitwell, F. O. S.
Williams, M.
Graham, H. A. R.
Duckworth-King, Sir G. H. J., Bart.
St. Aubyn, F. C.
Mildmay, A. S. L. St. J.
Westmacott, G. R.
Cary, Hon. P. P.
Parker-Jervis, T.
Rumbold, H. C. L.
Eyre, J. B.
Asquith, R.
Walker, P. M.

Second Lieutenants—
Llewelyn, H.
Loftus, F. P.
 Crosland, C.
Yorke, Hon. A. E. F.
Charteris, Hon. I. A.
Sloane-Stanley, G. C.
Sloane-Stanley, H. H.
Miller, E. E.
Combe, T. A.
Parker, R. W.
Chapman, M.
North, J. B.
Farquhar, R.
Joicey-Cecil, J. F. J.
Bonham-Carter, F. G.
Manners, the Hon. F. H.
Alexander, H.
Gordon-Lennox, V. C. H.
Irvine, A. F.
Nairn, E. W.
Kendall, R. Y. T.
Worsley, J. F.
Hopley, F. J. V. B.
Benyon, J. W. A.

Adjutant—
Hon. L. P. Cary.

Quartermaster—
Rolinson, J.

In February 1916 Lieut.-Colonel G. D. White left to take up a Staff

appointment in France, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Colonel G. C.
Hamilton, D.S.O. From January 1916 until the end of the war, the
Battalion was organised on a nine-company basis in the following
manner: the first four companies were composed of recruits who
were being trained to feed the Battalions at the front. No. 5
Company consisted of men employed on various duties, and the
remaining four companies, six to nine, comprised sick and wounded
men from France.
On May 29, 1916, Lieut.-General Sir Francis Lloyd, commanding
the London Districts, inspected the Battalion, and expressed himself
much pleased with its appearance on parade. General Sir George
Higginson also paid a visit to the Battalion that year, and both
officers and men much appreciated this attention from a veteran
Grenadier, who had fought in the Crimean War. In September a duty,
somewhat out of the ordinary routine, was assigned to the Reserve
Battalion. During an air raid over London, one of the German
Zeppelins was brought down in flames in Essex, and the Battalion
was ordered to provide a guard over what was left of it during the
two following days. In December Lieut.-Colonel Hamilton was given
command of the 4th Battalion in France, and was succeeded by
Lieut.-Colonel Lord Francis Montagu-Douglas-Scott, D.S.O.
Nothing of interest occurred until 1918, when, owing to the large
numbers of men who joined in consequence of the protected trades
being brought under the Military Enlistment Act, a Provisional
Battalion was formed at Tadworth. This Battalion, under the
command of Lieut.-Colonel Maitland, D.S.O., proceeded to Aldershot
four companies strong, leaving behind two companies under Captain
Lord Forbes. A month later Lieut.-Colonel Maitland was succeeded by
Lieut.-Colonel G. E. C. Rasch. Throughout the war the Reserve
Battalion found the public duties in London, and on several occasions
provided guards of honour, notably at the funeral of Field-Marshal
Earl Roberts at St. Paul's Cathedral on November 19, 1914.
Field training was carried out by one company at a time at
Basildon Park, lent by Captain J. A. Morrison, during the autumn of
1914, and at Bovingdon Green Camp, Marlow, during the summer of
1915, and after that at Tadworth Camp. In addition, there were
specialist courses: bombing at Southfields and Godstone, Musketry
at Rainham and Hythe, Machine Gun courses and Gas Instruction at
Chelsea.
 The arduous and somewhat thankless task of continually training
men as quickly as possible, to feed the battalions in France, was
successfully carried on during the four years of the war, and letters
from the four Commanding Officers bear ample testimony to the
efficiency of the Battalion organisation. The greater part of the work
fell on the Commanding Officer, Adjutant, and the senior Captains,
whose untiring efforts will ever be gratefully remembered by the
regiment. Day in and day out, during four long years, these officers
strived to maintain with each draft the high standard of the
regiment, and this result could not have been effected without the
invaluable assistance of the warrant officers and sergeants.
 CHAPTER XXXIX
THE BAND
In the first year of the war it does not appear to
have occurred to any one that the Battalions at the The 18.
Band. 1914-

front would wish to have a band, but when the

Guards Division was formed in 1915 the lack of music was much felt,
and it was decided that the regimental bands of the five Guards
Regiments should be sent out in turn. The Grenadier Guards Band
was naturally sent out for the first tour of duty at the front, and was
therefore fortunate enough to earn the distinction of being the only
band that received the 1914-1915 Star. It embarked on October 22,
with Captain A. Williams in command, and proceeded to France.
While in mid-Channel, the ship on which it crossed over collided with
a four-masted Norwegian vessel, and sank her. A thorough search
was made in the darkness for any survivors, and eventually nine of
the Norwegian crew were picked up. The British ship itself was badly
damaged, and for some hours there was great uncertainty whether
it would ever reach port, but it eventually arrived at Havre some six
hours overdue.
On arrival the band at once proceeded to Harfleur, which it
reached in time to play the National Anthem, when the King, on one
of his periodical visits, inspected the Guards depot. Later it moved
up to Sailly-la-Bourse, and was warmly welcomed by all ranks of the
Guards Division. Captain Williams at once set to work to organise
concerts, and to make arrangements to play at each Battalion
Headquarters. Two and even three performances were given daily,
and visits were paid to the troops in rest billets and in the clearing
stations. The people of Paris, anxious to take advantage of the
presence of this famous band in France, invited Captain Williams to
give a concert at the Hippodrome in aid of the French Red Cross.
This proved to be a remarkably successful performance, and a sum
of no less than £650 was raised. In January 1916 the band was
relieved by the Coldstream band, and returned to London.
A second tour of duty in France was undertaken in 1917, when
the Guards Division was on the Somme, and three months were
spent at Mericourt l'Abbé.
A third visit to the front took place in August 1918, just at the
time when the German last effort had spent itself, and the Allied
Armies were making a general advance. On the night of August 21,
when the Guards Division was commencing its advance, the
Germans bombed the whole area in which it was throughout the
entire night. Among the many casualties were three Grenadier
bandsmen, and although none of their wounds proved fatal, the solo
clarinettist, a very fine musician, lost his arm, and thereby his
livelihood.
In July 1918 the band attended the French Fêtes in Paris, and
remained there for the celebration of the Belgian Independence.
This function took place in the grounds at Versailles, and was
attended by the principal bands of Great Britain, France, America,
and Belgium. On another occasion in August 1918 the band played
in the Tuileries Gardens in Paris in aid of the American Red Cross
Society.
 CHAPTER XL
REGIMENTAL FUNDS AND ASSOCIATIONS
"Grenadiers look after themselves" has become
an accepted axiom not only in war but also in peace Regimental Funds
and Associations.
time. A short time before the commencement of the
war the Old Comrades Association was instituted under the auspices
of Colonel Scott-Kerr, who commanded the Regiment at that time,
and its object was to ensure that no Grenadier after he had left the
Regiment was ever in want. This Association proved a great success,
and although two years' service was a necessary qualification for
membership, the officers, non-commissioned officers, and men who
joined soon rose to a considerable number.
Another tradition in the Regiment was that those who remained
behind should look after those who went to fight. In the South
African war especially the custom of sending out comforts to the
Battalions in the field was brought to a pitch of perfection, and
during the two years that campaign lasted the 2nd and 3rd
Battalions were well provided for. When the war broke out in 1914,
the first care of the regimental authorities was to see that the men
in the Expeditionary Force wanted for nothing, and also that their
families were adequately provided for. Colonel Gordon-Gilmour, who
was temporarily in command of the Regiment in August 1914, came
to the conclusion that the mass of routine work was as much as the
Regimental Orderly Room could cope with, and that if a Comforts
Fund was to be a success, it would be necessary to invoke the aid of
an old officer. He therefore asked Major-General Sir Reginald Thynne
(an old Commanding Officer of the 3rd Battalion) to undertake the
arduous task. At that time all existing organisations were being
strained to their utmost to cope with the vast numbers of men who
were flocking to the army.
 As soon as Sir Reginald Thynne grasped the immensity of the task
he had undertaken, he sent round an appeal to all officers past and
present, and raised a substantial sum for the initial expenses. Two
funds were started: the Comforts Fund and the Families Relief Fund.
The former was entirely for men at the front, and was managed by
Sir Reginald Thynne himself. The latter was under the direction of Sir
Reginald Thynne as Treasurer and Colonel C. Rowley as Secretary
until November 1915, when Lieut.-Colonel Viscount Colville became
Treasurer and Mrs. Stucley, Secretary. In September 1914 a small
Committee, consisting of the wives of officers and presided over by
Lady Florence Streatfeild, was formed, and the whole organisation
was put on a thoroughly business-like footing, but the number of
men who joined the Regiment increased with such rapidity that it
was found necessary to enlarge the Committee.
The following ladies eventually formed the Committee:
Lady Ardee, the Hon. Mrs. Wilfred Smith, Mrs. Fisher-Rowe, the
Hon. Mrs. Corry (who resigned later on account of illness), the Hon.
Mrs. Dalrymple-White, the Hon. Mrs. Earle (who resigned later and
went to Switzerland to join her husband), Mrs. Montgomerie, the
Hon. Mrs. G. Legh, Mrs. Ricardo, Viscountess St. Cyres, Lady Helen
Seymour, Mrs. Barrington-Kennett, Mrs. St. Leger Glyn, and Mrs.
Stucley.
When the Committee first started it was decided to look after
families only on the married roll, leaving the others to be dealt with
by the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association, to which the
Regiment sent a subscription of £100; but it was found that families
were so well provided for by Separation Allowances, that it was only
in special cases that assistance was needed. The Committee,
therefore, undertook to assist special cases, whether they were
married people on the strength or not. The ladies of the Committee
kept in constant touch with each family either by correspondence or
by personal visit, and by degrees they were able to ensure that
every case was looked after.
 When the cold weather arrived, the needs of the men at the front
became of paramount importance, and the wives of officers, non-
commissioned officers, and men set to work to make warm mittens
and hand-made socks, the wool being provided to a great extent by
the Comforts Fund.
Owing to certain officers contributing large sums to the Comforts
Fund, which had already been generously supported by the officers,
Sir Reginald Thynne was able to send, in addition to what are called
comforts, newspapers, tobacco, and cigarettes every fortnight, as
well as footballs, boxing-gloves, and other things that the men love.
Colonel Streatfeild also decided to supplement the appliances
supplied by the War Office, and sanctioned the supply by the fund of
such articles as trench periscopes, telephones, and bicycles for
orderlies. Later, gramophones were provided, and when Christmas
came Sir Reginald Thynne was able to send a plum-pudding to each
man at the front. This necessitated 2000 plum-puddings being sent
in 1914, and 4000 in 1915 and 1916, in addition to a certain number
to the Grenadiers on the Brigade and Divisional Staffs. During the
last two years of the war, the supply of plum-puddings for all the
Expeditionary Forces was undertaken by the Director-General of
Voluntary Organisations.

Prisoners of War Fund

Early in the war the problem of how to deal with the Prisoners of
War had to be faced, and Sir Reginald Thynne, having organised the
Comforts Fund, now turned his attention to this at the request of
Colonel Streatfeild. The Grenadiers were fortunate in having far
fewer prisoners than other regiments, but the fact that there were
men of the Regiment at the mercy of a country, which had proved
itself capable of the most dastardly cruelty, was enough to warrant
energetic steps being taken at once to ensure that the men in
Germany should not starve.
Major-General Sir Reginald Thynne set to work to devise some
organisation by which parcels of food would reach the prisoners
regularly, and a Prisoners of War Fund, to which many old officers of
the Regiment contributed, was started, and in the initial stages was
partly financed by the Comforts Fund.
In the first place it was decided to send all men in Germany a
good parcel of food and some tobacco every fortnight, but this was
not enough, and a system was started by which many prisoners of
war of the Regiment were "adopted" by a lady belonging to the
Regiment, a wife, a mother, or a sister of an officer. The adopter was
asked to undertake the despatch of a parcel once a fortnight, so that
with the parcels from the Fund each prisoner received weekly a
sufficient supply of food. This worked admirably, but the labour
involved was necessarily heavy, since the men were constantly
moved from one place to another.
By an arrangement with the American Embassy in Berlin a
complete refit of outer and under clothing was sent to each prisoner
by Colonel Streatfeild, but these were not provided by the Prisoners
of War Fund.
This method of supplying food to the prisoners in Germany was
not altogether satisfactory. In the first place, men in good regiments
were much better looked after than those who belonged to
regiments where there was no organisation for the care of prisoners;
and in the second place, it was open to abuse. Some men, for
instance, wrote to various people in England and obtained by this
means more parcels than they could possibly want. One prisoner
managed by diligent writing to obtain as many as fifty parcels. The
difficulty of getting food into Germany increased as the war went on,
and it was soon found that the whole problem had become too big
for voluntary effort. Accordingly in October 1916 a Central Prisoners
of War Committee was formed under the auspices of the
Government, and the supply of regular food was officially taken in
hand with the aid of the American Embassy in Berlin. This did not
entail the abolition of the various regimental funds, but it ensured
every prisoner being provided with an adequate amount of food.
After this the packets of food were sent with a Red Cross label,
provided by the authorities, and no parcel could be sent, unless it
had been packed by the Central Committee, or under their authority,
as they were responsible that the parcels contained nothing that
contravened the regulations. No prisoner was allowed to receive
parcels from more than one authorised organisation.
The following memorandum was issued for the guidance of the
prisoners' relations and friends:

System of sending Parcels to Grenadier Prisoners of War in Germany

1. No parcels either of food, tobacco, tea, or clothing can now be sent by

private individuals to these prisoners, nor should monetary assistance be
given to any agency except our own. Books can be sent to them only through
authorised publishers, such as Mudie's, W. H. Smith, and Bumpus.
Gramophones, boxing-gloves, and a few other such articles can sometimes be
sent by special request through the Central Prisoners of War Committee, 4
Thurloe Place, S.W.7.
We cannot accept parcels from individuals to be forwarded to prisoners,
but only subscriptions to our funds.
2. Details of parcels are as follows:
(1) Assorted food parcels (weight under 11 lbs. gross) are sent three times
per fortnight to each prisoner at the cost of £6: 15s. per man per quarter, or
£2: 5s. per parcel per quarter. Each parcel contains 1 cake of soap, and
frequently other necessaries applied for by the men.
(2) 1 lb. of tea (in a separate parcel) is sent out per month to each man,
costing 1s. 8d. per month, duty free.
(3) 250 cigarettes or ½ lb. of tobacco, as preferred, is sent to each man (in
a separate parcel) costing 3s. 8d. per month, duty free.
(4) A separate supply of bread or biscuits, according to season, is sent to
the Camps by the Central Prisoners of War Committee, and each man should
receive 4 lbs. per week. In future we shall have to pay for this, and it will cost
us 8s. per man per month (based on 7s. 6d. per four weeks).
(5) A complete outfit of clothing is sent out to each man twice yearly.
3. We classify our subscribers as follows:
(a) Adopters, who subscribe for parcels to specified and named men,
paying £2: 5s. per quarter for each fortnightly parcel. In some cases an
adopter pays £4: 10s. for two, or £6: 15s. for three fortnightly parcels all sent
 to the same man; in other cases an adopter takes over two men or three
men, or more, and pays for one or more fortnightly parcels each. The names
of the senders cannot, owing to shortage of labour, be written on parcels, and
the subscriber writes to the prisoner to let him know what is being done for
him.
(b) Friends or relations, who subscribe monthly, or occasionally, for the tea,
tobacco, or bread, at the prices above quoted, or pay 7s. occasionally when
they wish to provide for one of the regular parcels.
(c) Givers of donations, of various amounts to be used as we think best.
N.B.—It is possible for relations of prisoners by applying to the Regimental
Orderly Room to get allotments made to them out of the prisoner's pay, in
order to enable them to subscribe to us. This can only be done when a
prisoner writes to say he wishes it, and defines the amount of the allotment.

These instructions were altered several times, and new rules and
conditions were added. Soon after the official system came into
force, there was an unfortunate hitch about the bread. The Central
Prisoners of War Committee, which had undertaken the supply,
found that the arrangements they had made for its manufacture and
despatch from Copenhagen were anything but satisfactory;
complaints from the prisoners showed that the system was not
working well. Steps were at once taken by the Central Prisoners of
War Committee to rectify the fault, and afterwards the supply was
carried out satisfactorily from Copenhagen and Berne.
One prisoner, who wished to inform his friends of the true state of
affairs, and who feared his remarks would not pass the Censor,
wrote on a postcard, "1 Corinthians iv. 11." The German Censor's
biblical knowledge was fortunately weak, and he allowed the card to
go. The text referred to was:
Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are naked, and
are buffeted, and have no certain dwelling-place.

Early in 1917 the relatives of the men in Germany began to hear

more frequently from them, and to learn how badly some of them
were being treated. Thus a considerable correspondence grew up
with these anxious people, as well as with the prisoners themselves,
and General Thynne had to ask the Lieutenant-Colonel to give him
some help. Lieutenant Bernard Samuelson, who was at that time
incapacitated for active service by wounds, therefore joined in the
work; in July of that year, General Thynne requiring a short holiday,
Lieutenant A. O. Whitehead (also wounded) helped; and when
General Thynne returned, and Lieutenant Samuelson, who had
rendered most able assistance, had rejoined for active duty,
Lieutenant Whitehead continued to work with General Thynne. Being
a business man with more than common capacity and experience,
Mr. Whitehead's assistance and powers of organisation were
invaluable, for the clerical work and correspondence had become
considerable, and he devoted himself to the work with the greatest
zeal and interest.
In the autumn of 1917 it became very difficult to procure the
necessary supplies of provisions; in fact, some essential articles were
absolutely unobtainable. It was, therefore, decided to ask the
Central Prisoners of War Committee to pack and despatch the
parcels, which they were able to do, as they had very large contracts
for supplies; and this they continued to do with most satisfactory
results until the cessation of hostilities, November 11, 1918.
During 1918 the number of prisoners greatly increased, principally
because the 4th Battalion had been surrounded by the enemy, when
under orders to hold the position at all costs near Merville, and,
whilst losing heavily in casualties, had had over 250 men captured.
The other Battalions lost some men captured during the fighting in
August and September, thus bringing the total up to 475, including
27 men interned in Holland, and 6 in Switzerland, besides several
badly wounded men repatriated, 3 who died in captivity, and 2 who
escaped.
Hospital Visiting Committee
President—Colonel Sir Henry Streatfeild, K.C.V.O., C.B., C.M.G.
Secretary—Mrs. H. St. L. Stucley.
Assisted by the ladies of the Regiment.
 The members of this Committee visited the sick and wounded
men of the Regiment in hospitals in the London district every week,
taking them cigarettes, books, and other comforts. The good work
done by this Committee cannot be too highly valued. The patients
appreciated the kindly sympathy of the Regiment conveyed by the
ladies, and looked forward to the weekly visit.
826 men were visited in the London hospitals, and the work of
the Committee was extended to provincial hospitals when visitors
were available.
Sergeants Past and Present Club
President—Mr. J. Hingley.
Hon. Treasurer—Mr. A. Haskell.
Hon. Secretary—Supt. Clerk W. Fawcett, M.B.E.
The Club has been inactive during the war, but was revived on the
return of the Battalions from France. Many old members maintained
their connection with the Club, and the total number of members is
now 230.
Old Comrades Association
President—Lieut.-Col. Lord F. G. Montagu-Douglas-Scott, D.S.O.
Hon. Treasurer and Secretary—Lieut.-Col. W. Garton, O.B.E., 87
Merton Hall Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19.
This Association numbered 4000 members. All Old Comrades who
required help were assisted from Regimental Funds, in the manner
most suitable to the needs of the applicants. The annual meeting of
the Association was held at Chelsea Barracks on March 29, 1919.
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales was present, and a large number of
members attended.
A Dinner was given at the close of the meeting by the Officer
Commanding 5th (Reserve) Battalion.

Relief and Charitable Work carried out at Regimental Headquarters

 Discharged Men
A letter was sent to all discharged men, offering assistance and
giving information regarding the Guards Employment Society.
Discharged men were encouraged to communicate with
Regimental Headquarters in all their troubles, and help was always
given in one form or another.
Many letters and applications were received, and all were
sympathetically replied to and assisted where necessary.
Memorial Fund
This Fund was founded in 1915 by sums of money given by
relatives to perpetuate the memory of Officers who have been killed
in action or died of wounds.
Various sums have been given to this Fund by relatives of
deceased Officers, and, in addition, the late Major-General Hon. W.
S. D. Home and Captain T. F. J. N. Thorne each bequeathed £1000
to the Fund. A total of £18,000 was invested in addition to the sum
of £2100 placed at the disposal of the Lieut.-Colonel, the interest of
which was paid to this Fund.
All money received was invested, and only the interest is used in
relieving distress amongst the widows, wives, and children, and
assisting discharged N.C.O.'s and men.
Roehampton Hospital Beds Endowment
An appeal was made in 1916 to Officers, past and present, to
enable Grenadier Guards Beds to be endowed in Queen Mary's
Convalescent Auxiliary Hospital, Roehampton, where limbless men
receive special treatment, are fitted with artificial limbs, and taught
how to use them.
A sum sufficient to endow eight beds for two years was obtained,
and sufficient donations have been received since to enable the
Lieut.-Colonel to renew the endowment of two beds for four years.
Star and Garter Hospital
 In June 1918, a room at the Star and Garter Hospital at Richmond
was endowed by G. H. Windeler, Esq., the father of the late Second
Lieutenant H. W. Windeler, the necessary funds having been
subscribed by the Boston friends of that officer and of the late
Second Lieutenant Hartley, Coldstream Guards, and Mr. Farnsworth,
French Foreign Legion. The room was named after these officers.
Nomination to the occupation of the room was in the hands of the
Officers Commanding Grenadier Guards and Coldstream Guards, the
right to nominate to run alternately, commencing with the Grenadier
Guards.
Holiday Homes
By the generosity of an Officer of the Regiment and his wife, a
number of the wives and children of warrant and non-commissioned
officers and men were sent to the seaside for a holiday every year.
These holidays began first in 1918, and have been greatly
appreciated.
 APPENDIX I

Appendix I.

THE CASUALTIES IN THE GUARDS DIVISION

Officers. Other Ranks.

Killed. Wounded. Killed. Wounded.
Grenadier Guards 203 242 4,508 6,939
Coldstream Guards 168 328 3,510 9,061
Scots Guards 107 149 2,072 4,002
Irish Guards 115 199 2,234 5,540
Welsh Guards. 34 55 822 1,700
Guards M.G. Regiment 21 47 187 2,090
Total 648 1,020 13,333 29,332
 APPENDIX II
THE TITLE "GRENADIERS"
During 1915 the whole Regiment was much
perturbed by the official use of the word "grenadier" Appendix II.
as applied to men in all regiments who were being
trained to throw bombs. This expression began to creep into official
documents in April, and about this time a memorandum was
published by General Headquarters on the training and employment
of "grenadiers." In June the Army Council addressed a circular letter
to officers commanding battalions, by which authority was given for
the training of a detachment in each battalion, consisting of one
officer, two sergeants, and 56 other ranks, as "grenadiers." Badges
for "regimental and battalion grenadiers" were described in some
additional paragraphs to the Dress Regulations, which were issued in
Army Orders in October.
Eventually Colonel H. Streatfeild decided to take up the matter
officially, and on November 29 sent the following letter to Major-
General Lord Cavan, commanding the Guards Division:
"I respectfully beg to bring to your notice, and to strongly protest against,
what I consider is an usurpation of the rights and privileges of the Regiment
under my command, by the establishment of 'Grenadiers' to all battalions of
the Army by Army Order of the 11th October 1915, and would venture to
suggest that the name of 'Grenadiers' given to Regimental Bomb Throwers be
altered to 'Bombers.'
"In the London Gazette of 29th July 1815 the First Regiment of Foot
Guards had bestowed upon it the title of 'First or Grenadier Regiment of Foot
Guards' in commemoration of their having defeated the Grenadiers of the
French Imperial Guard at the Battle of Waterloo.
"This distinction the Regiment has proudly borne for the past 100 years,
and it is a source of regret to all ranks that at this period, when there are four
battalions of the Regiment upon Active Service, this title, which was granted
exclusively to the Grenadier Guards as a reward for services in the Field,
should in any way be invalidated."
 On receipt of Colonel Streatfeild's protest, Lord Cavan wrote to
General Headquarters:
"I beg with great deference to raise a question of privilege. The word and
title Grenadier is now seen in all official documents to denote a man who
throws a bomb. This title was given to the First Guards for service rendered at
Waterloo, and they are naturally jealous of the honour."
"In conversation the word bomber is general, but if this is not sufficiently
dignified for official documents I most respectfully suggest that 'bomb
thrower' be the recognised title."

To this the Adjutant-General at General Headquarters in France

sent the following reply:
"The term bomb is officially confined to projectiles fired from trench
mortars or dropped from aeroplanes. Projectiles thrown by hand are
'grenades.'
"The G.O.C. Guards Division is in error in supposing that the Grenadier
Guards are the only Regiment in which the word grenadier forms part of the
title of the Regiment.
"It would appear that the term Grenadiers is merely an unofficial
abbreviation of Grenadier Guards, and does not appear in any official
documents in relation to that Regiment.
"The Grenade fired proper is the badge of many Regiments, and it would
seem that a claim to the sole use of the title 'Grenadier' has as little
foundation as one to be the only wearers of the Grenade badge.
"It would seem that Modern Warfare has necessitated a partial return to
the Grenadier Companies of former days which it is believed existed without
any prejudice to the rights of the Grenadier Guards."

Lord Cavan, however, could not let the matter rest there, and
again wrote to the Adjutant-General on December 22, meeting the
arguments put forward by him. He said:
"I beg respectfully to reply to the remarks of the A.G.
"In Para. 2. He says the G.O.C. Guards Division is in error in supposing that
the Grenadier Guards are the only Regiment in which the word 'grenadier'
forms part of the title of the Regiment. The G.O.C. Guards Division never
made this supposition, and is perfectly aware that the Indian Army contains
the 101st Grenadier and the 102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers, and there
 are also some Colonial Grenadiers, but he is not aware that any British
Regiment has the word grenadier as part of its title except the First Guards.
"Reference Para. 4. No claim to be the only wearers of a Grenade Badge
was made, but the title Grenadiers was officially given in the London Gazette
of July 1815 to the First Guards in commemoration of their having defeated
the Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo.
"The title of Grenadier Company is of course of ancient origin and was
almost universal. If resuscitated it would be welcome and would solve the
problem; if a report stated that 'the Grenadier Company of the —— Battalion
then attacked' no objection would be raised, but if the report was worded 'the
Grenadiers then advanced,' I consider it not only an infringement of privileges
but misleading to future historians.
"Had the weapon been the carbine or carabine or the Fusil the same
confusion would have arisen with the Carabineers or Fusiliers.
"It is in no carping spirit that this letter is written, but I most respectfully
beg to emphasise my point that the title 'Grenadiers' was a battle honour
given to the First Guards and as such should be respected."

Finding it impossible to get any redress in France, Colonel

Streatfeild in January 1916 appealed to the King, as Colonel-in-Chief
of the Regiment, and His Majesty promised to look into the question.
Nothing was done till March, and then at last, in deference to the
King's expressed wish, the Army Council decided that in future the
word "Bomber" should be used instead of "Grenadier." The decision
was embodied in the following Order:
War Office,
28th March 1916.
673. Bombers.
The term "Grenadier" will no longer be applied to men trained or employed
in the use of hand-grenades.
Such men will in future be designated "Bombers."
121/7862 (A.G. 1).
By Command of the Army Council,
(Signed) R. H. BRADE.
 APPENDIX III
OFFICERS KILLED IN ACTION OR DIED OF WOUNDS

Brigadier-General
Batt. Date.
Nugent, G. C., M.V.O. 31/5/15

Lieutenant-Colonels
Clive, P. A. (wounded 6/8/15 and 3/11/16) (attached Lancs. 5/4/18
Fus.)
1 Fisher-Rowe, L. R. 13/3/15
1 Hope, G. E., M.C. (Actg. Lieut.-Col., attached Lancs. 10/10/17
Fusiliers) (wounded 4/11/14)
2 Smith, W. R. A., C.M.G. 18/5/15
Trotter, E. H., D.S.O. (attached Liverpool Regiment) 8/7/15

Majors
2 Barrington-Kennett, B. H. 18/5/15
1 Colby, L. R. V. 25/10/14
Crichton, H. F. (Irish Guards) 1/9/14
1 Duberly, G. W. 13/3/15
2 Gordon-Lennox, Lord B. C. 13/11/14
3 Molyneux-Montgomerie, G. F. 22/10/15
1 Nicol, W. E., D.S.O. (wounded 29/5/15) 1/10/15
4 Ponsonby, Hon. C. M. B., M.V.O. (wounded 29/10/14) 27/9/15
Quilter, J. A. C. (M.E.F., Comdg. Hood Batt. Naval Brigade) 7/5/15
1 Stucley, H. St. L. 29/10/14
1 Weld-Forester, Hon. A. O. W. C., M.V.O. (wounded 1/11/14
29/10/14)

Captains
1 Baker, C. D. (wounded 25/1/16) 29/7/17
2 Beaumont-Nesbitt, W. H., M.C. (wounded 25/9/16) 27/11/17
 Blackett, W. S. B. (attached Leicester Yeo.) (wounded 25/11/14
18/11/14)
4 Burke, J. B. M., M.C. (wounded 6/8/17) 1/12/17
2 Carter, J. S. 27/9/18
2 Cecil, Hon. W. A. 16/9/14
4 Chapman, M., M.C. (wounded 6/7/16 and 25/11/17) 12/4/18
2 Cholmeley, Sir M. R. A., Bart. 24/12/14
2 Cunninghame, A. K. S. (slightly wounded 9/7/16) 25/9/16
1 Douglas-Pennant, Hon. G. S. 11/3/15
2 Derriman, G. L. (wounded 20/7/15) 9/8/15
1 Drury-Lowe, W. D., D.S.O. 25/9/16
4 Filmer, Sir R. M., Bart. (wounded 24/1/16) 26/1/16
1/4 Goschen, C. G. (wounded 23/7/15 and 11/9/16) 25/9/16
2 Gosselin, A. B. R. R., D.S.O. (wounded 14/9/14) 7/2/15
1 Graham, A. C. 10-12/9/16
3 Gunnis, G. G., M.C. (wounded 14-17/9/16) 13/10/16
4 Houstoun-Boswall, Sir G. R., Bart. (missing 27/9/15), 27/9/15
assumed to have died
2 Lloyd, M. K. A. (wounded about 24/10/14) 15/9/16
2 MacDougall, I. (missing 1/9/14) 1/9/14
3 Mackenzie, A. K. (wounded 14/9/14) 16/9/16
1 Malcolm, P. (wounded 27/9/15 and 16/4/17) 25/8/18
Maxwell, A. E. (wounded 8/10/14) (attached Naval Brigade) 9/10/14
3 Murray, W. R. C. (wounded 27/9/15) 25/2/17
3 Parker, R. W. (wounded 26/7/17 and 27/3/18) 28/3/18
4 Paton, G. H. T., V.C. 1/12/17
2 Payne-Gallwey, Sir W. T., Bart., M.V.O., assumed to have 14/9/14
died on or since
4 Penn, E. F. 18/10/15
4 Pixley, J. N. F. 12/10/17
1 Rennie, G. 29/10/14
1 Sartorius, E. F. F. (wounded 11/3/15) 5/4/15
1 Shelley, E. B. (wounded 10-12/9/16) 12/9/18
4 Sloane-Stanley, H. H., M.C. 13/4/18
3 Stanhope, Hon. R. P. (missing 14-17/9/16) 16/9/16
2 Stephen, D. C. L. 8/9/14
4 Stewart, W. A. L. (wounded 14/9/14) 25/9/16
2 Symes-Thompson, C. 18/11/14
4 Thorne, T. F. J. N. 27/9/15
1 Wellesley, Lord R. 27/10/14

Lieutenants
4 Abbey, N. R. 12/4/18
3 Anson, A. 11/10/15
1 Antrobus, E. 24/10/14
3 Asquith, R. 15/9/16
1 Bibby, J. P. 12/10/17
1 Brabourne, W. W., Lord 11/3/15
4 Boyton, H. J. 14/12/16
1 Byng, L. G., M.C. 24/8/18
1 Chamberlain, N. G. 1/12/17
4 Chitty, J. M. (on or since) 1/12/17
2 Congleton, H. B. F., Lord 10/11/14
1 Corry, A. V. L., M.C. (wounded 10/8/15) 10-12/9/16
M.G.C. Cottle, W. E. W. 31/7/17
3 Crabbe, C. T. E. 27/9/15
1 Darby, M. A. A. 11/3/15
1 Dashwood, W. J. (wounded 21/9/16) 2/8/17
2 Des Vœux, F. W. 14/9/14
1 Douglas-Pennant, Hon. A. G. S. 29/10/14
3 Dunlop, B. J. 31/7/17
4 Ellice, A. R. (wounded 25/9/16) 29/9/16
1 Ethelston, H. W. 13/3/15
4 Farquhar, R. 17/9/17
M.G.C. Fraser, J. C. (missing, believed drowned) 9/9/18
3 Gardner, C. G. (missing 14-17/9/16) 14-17/9/16
1 Gascoigne, I. C. (wounded 6/4/18) 12/4/18
2 Gwyer, C. 27/8/18
2 Harter, H. H. 9/10/17
2 Harvard, K. O'G. 1/8/17
M.G.C. Higginson, T. C. 15/9/16
1 Hughes, G. 5/8/18
1 Johnson, H. J. G. 7/8/17
4 Joicey-Cecil, J. F. J. 25/9/16
Keating, H. S. (attached Irish Guards) 20/1/15
2 Knatchbull-Hugessen, M.A., M.C. 25/9/16
2 Lawrence, G. F. 27/8/18
2 Lawson-Johnston, A. Mc. W., M.C. 22/2/17
1 Leeke, C. (wounded 7/4/16) 12/4/16
2 Lubbock, Hon. H. F. P. 4/4/18
4 Lyon, F. C., on or since 13/4/18
4 MacLear, B. G. H., M.C. 26/7/16
2 Manners, Hon. J. N. 1/9/14
2 Marshall, F. G. 22/3/15
Maurice, F. T. 29/10/18
2 Miller, F. W. J. M. 23/10/14
1 Morris, A. A. 27/9/18
2 Napier, R. G. C. (wounded 31/7/17) 2/8/17
2 Oliver, R. M. (wounded 26/8/18) 27/8/18
3 Orris, W. G. (wounded 9/2/17 and 28/3/18) 29/3/18
2 Parnell, Hon. W. A. D., M.C. 25/9/16
3 Pauling, G. F., M.C. (wounded 30/7/17) 25/3/18
4 Payne-Gallwey, M. H. F. 25/9/16
2 Ponsonby, M. H. (wounded 29/1/18) 27/8/18
4 Pryce, T. T., V.C., M.C. (Actg. Capt.) 13/4/18
Radcliffe, D. J. J. (attached Corps School) 31/10/17
4 Rolfe, R. H. (wounded 24/7/17 and 25/3/18) 22/4/18
3 Stainton, W. A. (missing 14-17/9/16) 15/9/16
2 Stocks, M. G. 10/11/14
4 Stratford, H. D. (wounded 9/10/17) 13/4/18
4 Tennant, Hon. E. W. 22/9/16
3 Tetley, J. C. D. 9/10/17
M.G.C. Thomas, O. C. (wounded 14/9/17) 1/12/17
4 Tompson, R. F. C. 11/9/16
2 Tudway, H. R. C. (wounded 11-13/11/14) 18/11/14
2 Tufnell, C. W. 6/11/14
1 Van Neck, P. 26/10/14
M.G.C. Vernon, H. D. 15/9/16
2 Welby, R. W. G. 16/9/14
2 Williams, E. G. 12/8/15
3 Worsley, J. F. (wounded 31/7/17), on or since 27/11/17
3 Wynne, E. H. J. 16/9/16

Second Lieutenants
Adams, C. J. N. 14/11/18
1 Alexander, H. 17/10/15
1 Anderson, A. D. 6/11/18
2 Arbuthnot, G. A. 25/9/16
2 Arbuthnott, J. (wounded 15/9/16) 16/9/16
Ayles, F. P. 1/6/18
2 Bailey, Hon. G. S. 10/8/15
1 Barber, G. E. 24/8/18
M.G.C. Bentley, F. D. 30/11/17
2 Blackwood, Lord I. B. G. T. 3/7/17
1 Burnand, C. F. 11/3/15
2 Burton, J. S. 16/5/16
Bury, H. S. E. (attached Scots Guards) 28/1/15
1 Carson, R. H. 4/9/17
2 Cecil, G. E. 1/9/14
1 Chapple, J. W. 31/7/17
1 Charteris, Hon. I. A. 17/10/15
1 Cholmeley, H. V. 7/4/16
2 Corkran, R. S. (wounded 7/6/15) 11/6/15
4 Constable, D. O. 25/9/16
2 Creed, C. O. (wounded 18/5/15) 2/6/15
1 Crisp, F. E. F. 5/1/15
4 Dawson-Greene, C. J. 25/3/18
4 Denman, R. C. 1/12/17
1 Dudley-Smith, C. J. 16/6/15
3 Durbin, P. 25/3/17
2 Finch, H. A. 27/8/18
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