Fluid-Structure-Soil Interaction Analysis of Elevated Water

Tank: Systematic Review

Jyoti B. Chouhan *1a and Dr. Anand M. Gharad 2b

1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,
Nagpur, India
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management,
Nagpur, India
(Received- , Revised- , Accepted- )

Abstract .Elevated water tanks serve a crucial role in ensuring a consistent and reliable water supply,
particularly in regions prone to seismic activity. This review paper aims to delve into the intricate
dynamics of fluid-structure-soil interaction within these tanks, emphasizing their behavior during seismic
events. Drawing from an extensive review of existing literature, the paper synthesizes insights on
advanced modeling techniques, notably Finite Element Analysis (FEA), to analyze fluid dynamics,
structural mechanics, and soil dynamics interaction. The findings shed light on the complex interplay of
factors influencing the performance of elevated water tanks during seismic events, emphasizing the
necessity of accounting for both fluid-structure and soil-structure interactions in their design and analysis.
By establishing a comprehensive synthesis of existing research, this paper lays a solid foundation for the
development of elevated water tanks capable of withstanding seismic challenges reliably.

Keywords: Elevated water tanks; Fluid-Structure-Soil Interaction; Seismic Analysis; Finite Element
Analysis

1. Introduction

Water supply infrastructure is a critical component of modern urban and rural settings, essential for
sustaining daily life, industrial operations, and emergency services. Elevated water tanks, specifically,
are integral to maintaining water pressure and ensuring an uninterrupted supply. These structures,
often towering above the ground, play a pivotal role in water distribution networks. However, their
elevated design also makes them susceptible to seismic forces, posing significant challenges in
seismically active regions.

The vulnerability of elevated water tanks during earthquakes stems from the complex interactions
between the fluid they contain, the structural framework, and the supporting soil. These interactions,
known as fluid-structure-soil interactions (FSSI), are multifaceted and require advanced analytical
approaches to understand and mitigate the risks involved. The behavior of these tanks under seismic
loads is influenced by numerous factors, including the dynamic response of the contained fluid, the
structural integrity of the tank, and the mechanical properties of the underlying soil.

The significance of fluid-structure interaction was starkly demonstrated by the devastating 1999
Mw7.4 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey, which inflicted severe damage on the liquefied gas tanks at the
Habas plant. Subsequent investigations, as highlighted by Sezen et al. (2008), revealed a critical
deficiency in the strength of the tanks' support columns. This underscores the imperative of robust
fluid-structure interaction (FSI) considerations in seismic evaluations, particularly in the design and
assessment of critical infrastructure such as storage tanks. Such insights serve as crucial lessons in
engineering practice, emphasizing the paramount importance of ensuring structural resilience against
seismic hazards through comprehensive analysis and design approaches that account for the dynamic
interaction between fluids and structures.

FSI has been a critical focus in understanding the dynamic behavior of liquid storage tanks during
seismic events. The foundation for this research was laid by Kim et al. (2002), who introduced a
seismic analysis method for cylindrical liquid storage structures. This method accounted for the
interior fluid and exterior soil medium, incorporating both horizontal and rocking motions. Their
study highlighted the critical role of FSI, verified through earthquake response analyses,
demonstrating its effectiveness for large liquid storage tanks on various soil conditions.

Shrimali and Jangid (2002) built on this foundation by investigating the earthquake response of
elevated liquid storage steel tanks isolated by linear elastomeric bearings. Their findings indicated
that seismic isolation significantly reduced the response, especially for tanks with stiff steel tower
structures. This research illustrated the practical benefits of incorporating seismic isolation techniques
to mitigate the impacts of earthquakes on liquid storage tanks.

Sarokolayi et al. (2008) evaluated the behavior of cylindrical concrete water tanks with central shafts
under earthquake conditions, considering FSI. Their findings, when compared with Iranian seismic
code suggestions, revealed significant differences, emphasizing the importance of FSI in ensuring
post-earthquake serviceability. Eswara et al. (2009) advanced the understanding of sloshing dynamics
through numerical simulations employing volume of fluid (VOF) techniques and arbitrary-
Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation. Using ADINA software for efficient FSI analysis, their
study showcased methods to reduce sloshing effects, with results compared to experimental data.

Rebouillat and Liksonov (2010) contributed to this field by summarizing recent advances in modeling
solid-fluid interaction in partially filled liquid containers, focusing on sloshing phenomena. Their
review covered numerical approaches for predicting sloshing wave characteristics, pressures on walls,
and stability effects, providing a comprehensive understanding applicable to industries such as
aerospace, naval, and transportation.

Omidinasab and Shakib (2012) examined the seismic responses of a large reinforced concrete
elevated water tank using finite element modeling and fluid-structure interaction analysis under
different earthquake scenarios. Their study demonstrated considerable variability in response,
depending on earthquake characteristics and tank frequency, with maximum responses varying based
on the tank's filling level.

Mansour and Nazri, (2021) assessed the significance of seismic forces in the design of frame-type
supporting structures for elevated water tanks (EWTs) and the impact of fluid-structure interaction
(FSI) on structural response. Using finite element modeling validated against American Concrete
Institute standards, their study employed push-over analysis (POA) and incremental dynamic analysis
to investigate FSI effects. The results revealed improved stiffness and ductility with seismic design
considerations and highlighted significant nonlinearities introduced by FSI under varying ground
motion characteristics.
Parallel to the advancements in fluid-structure interaction, significant progress has been made in
understanding the soil-structure interaction and its impact on the seismic behavior of liquid storage
tanks.Kim et al. (2002) not only focused on FSI but also emphasized the importance of soil-structure
interaction (SSI) in their seismic analysis method for cylindrical liquid storage structures. Their study
highlighted the critical role of soil conditions in influencing the seismic response of these structures.

Dutta and Mandal (2004) specifically investigated the impact of SSI on the dynamic characteristics of
elevated tanks with various staging configurations. Their research found significant effects on the
impulsive lateral period and torsional-to-lateral period ratio, providing validated analytical
formulations to enhance seismic design practices.

The importance of accurate SSI modeling was further emphasized by Tsipianitis et al. (2020), who
addressed its significant influence on the dynamic response of liquid-storage tanks, particularly in
coastal regions with soft soils. Their numerical analyses of cylindrical steel tanks subjected to diverse
ground motions provided insights into the dynamic behavior and distress of tanks with varying fixity
conditions, underscoring the need for precise modeling in seismic design and safety considerations.

Patel and Amin (2018) focused on the response reduction factor (R) for existing RC staging elevated
water tanks, analyzing their seismic performance considering soil flexibility. Their results indicated a
significant influence of soil flexibility on the R factor, period, and overall tank performance,
suggesting potential inaccuracies in design standards for soft soils compared to Indian Standards.

This comprehensive review of FSI and SSI research highlights the evolution of methodologies and the
importance of advanced modeling techniques in the seismic analysis of liquid storage tanks. From
foundational studies to recent advancements, these contributions collectively enhance the
understanding, resilience, and safety of liquid storage tanks in earthquake-prone regions. Since the
analysis of elevated water tanks relies heavily on both fluid mechanics and soil mechanics, this paper
has reviewed combined FSSI studies, which are crucial for the seismic or dynamic analysis of
elevated water tanks.

2. Overview of Foundational Research on FSSI in Elevated Water Tanks

This review delves into pioneering research on the FSSI of elevated water tanks, highlighting the
crucial advancements and methodologies developed over the years. It encompasses foundational
studies that laid the groundwork for understanding the dynamic behavior of these tanks during
seismic events, as well as more recent contributions that have refined our knowledge and improved
design practices. A detailed examination of these significant studies is presented in the literature
review below:

Livaglue and Dogangun (2005) present a methodology for evaluating seismic behavior in Fluid-
Elevated Tank-Foundation/Soil systems as shown in Fig.1, using a frequency-dependent cone model
and a spring-mass model, accounting for sloshing effects and soil-fluid interactions. They find that
softer soils increase roof displacements and decrease base shear and overturning moments. In 2006,
they review seismic design procedures for elevated tanks, showing that single lumped-mass models
underestimate base shear and overturning moments, recommending distributed added mass models.
Assumptions of rigid subsoil or ignoring lateral displacements can lead to incorrect seismic
assessments, especially for soft soils.
Continuing their work, Livaglue and Dogangun (2007) investigate seismic responses of elevated tanks
on various subsoils using finite element modeling with fixed-base and elastic media assumptions.
They find subsoil properties significantly affect seismic behavior, particularly impulsive modes and
lateral displacement. Soft soils can cause excessive displacements and instability, while base shear
and bending moments increase with higher Young’s modulus and lower Poisson’s ratio. Convective
modes, affecting roof design, have long periods. Changes in soil properties impact periods and mode
orders, requiring consideration of multiple modes. Coupling effects for perpendicular modes due to
3D earthquake motion are crucial in seismic design.

Fig.1 Dynamic Fluid-structure-Soil-Interaction

Algreane et al. (2011) examines the soil and water behavior of elevated concrete water tanks under
seismic load. Using Gasparini and Vanmarcke's method, artificial seismic excitation is generated and
applied at the bedrock, then considering seismic excitation based on one-dimensional nonlinear local
site effects. Comparisons are made between different analysis methods including direct nonlinear
dynamic analysis, mechanical models with and without soil-structure interaction (SSI), for single and
two-degree-of-freedom (SDOF, 2DOF), and finite element method (FEM) models. Superposition
modal dynamic analysis is employed, with SSI and FSI accounted for using direct and added mass
approaches, respectively. Results highlight significant effects on shear force, overturning moment,
and axial force at the base of elevated tanks.

Chaduvulaa et al. (2013) investigated the hydrodynamic effects on elevated water tanks considering
multiple base motions as a FSSI problem. Experimental tests on a scale model in Fig.2 showed
impulsive base shear and moment increasing with earthquake acceleration, while convective values
decreased with angular motion. Non-linearity in structure affected impulsive pressure, while
convective pressure increased with acceleration. Different seismic design forces for tanks are
suggested by various codes, with American standards offering detailed classifications compared to
Eurocode 8 and NZSEE.

Fig.2 Line diagram of experimental setup

Tehrani et al. (2013) proposes new lateral load patterns to assess the seismic responses of elevated
water tanks, using simple models like frame elements, Housner model, and Cone model. It
investigates the effects of soil type variations on these responses through Incremental Dynamic
Analysis (IDA) and Nonlinear Static Analysis (NSA). The study suggests more reliable lateral load
patterns based on comparison with IDA results. It highlights the sensitivity of structure behavior to
soil type and recommends considering soil flexibility and selecting appropriate SSI models in
practical projects.

Hashemi and Aghashiri (2017) analyze seismic base-isolated flexible rectangular containers using
lead rubber bearing (LRB) and friction pendulum system (FPS) isolators. Results show reduced
seismic responses like base shear and wall deflection, but increased sloshing height. The effectiveness
of isolation increases with flexibility but adversely affects sloshing height. Both LRB and FPS
systems reduce hydrodynamic pressure and are insensitive to interaction effects. Careful selection of
isolation system characteristics is recommended for optimal responses.

Maedeh et al. (2017) evaluated changes in natural sloshing frequency for vessels using numerical
finite element software, ACI-350 code, and analytical methods. They investigated natural frequency
considering rigid and flexible walls with soil-structure interaction (SSI) as shown in Fig. 3. Results
showed SSI and wall flexibility impacted frequency. SSI notably affected sloshing frequency,
especially with flexible walls. ACI-350 results aligned with numerical findings. New relations were
developed to consider FSSI and wall flexibility effects on sloshing frequency.
 Fig.3 The natural frequency values of vessel considering SSI effects and wall condition

Mellati (2018) proposed a pushover procedure for evaluating seismic responses of elevated water
tanks (EWT) on concrete shafts, considering soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions. Parametric
studies revealed that increased soil shear wave velocity decreased structural resistance, while larger
tank capacity and shaft stiffness increased dynamic capacity but raised brittle collapse risks. The
procedure accurately predicts mean IDA (Dynamic capacity curve) curves with errors in Fig.4 below
30%, especially away from transition areas.
Fig.4 Errors in the estimation of the dynamic capacity curves for the tank with different capacities in m3

Zhao and Zhou (2018) reviewed seismic response, SSI, base isolation, liquid-structure interaction,
sloshing, and uplifting in liquid storage tanks. They noted high stress from seismic motions and
thermal effects, the need for optimal design of members and connections, and the limitations of
traditional isolation systems. They suggested replaceable systems for better recovery, advocated for
stochastic analysis in seismic studies, and emphasized the need for efficient models to handle the
nonlinear sloshing behavior in tank design.

Joseph and Joseph (2019) used ANSYS to simulate the seismic behavior of concrete tanks on
different soil conditions through FSSI. They analyzed how soil properties affect dynamic behavior via
modal and transient analyses, examining displacement, hoop force, bending moment, and base shear.
Time history analyses under three earthquakes showed soil stiffness, earthquake frequency content,
and water fill level significantly impact seismic responses. Fundamental frequency decreases with soil
stiffness, and response displacement increases as soil stiffness decreases. High-frequency earthquakes
impact tanks on rigid bases more, while low stiffness soils are more affected by high PGA
earthquakes.

Cheng et al. (2020) studied the seismic response of elevated concrete water towers considering liquid-
solid-soil interaction (LSSI) under different seismic waves. Using finite element models and dynamic
time history analysis, they found that the tower's seismic response is most intense under near-field
pulse waves, followed by far-field long-period waves, and least under near-field no-pulse waves.

Zanni et al. (2020) conducted modal analyses of liquid in rigid, circular, and square tanks with coaxial
manholes using FEM models. They developed discrete impulsive-convective models for design,
highlighting that tank geometry significantly impacts sloshing mode accuracy. Applying these models
to a water tower under seismic motion confirmed the importance of geometry and soil-structure
interaction (SSI). SSI effects can be beneficial or adverse, depending on structural characteristics and
seismic frequency content. High water towers with unique tank geometries must consider tank
geometry and SSI effects in design.

Hernadez et al. (2021) experimentally studied the seismic response of a cylindrical liquid storage
tank, considering six factors: acceleration, displacement, hoop and axial stresses, sloshing, and uplift.
They analyzed material and geometrical nonlinear interactions due to sloshing and uplift, considering
fixity condition, base flexibility, and aspect ratio. Results, presented in radar plots, show that flexible
base amplifies tank response for aspect ratio ≥ 2, while rigid base shows smaller response for aspect
ratio < 2. The study confirms the importance of base flexibility and aspect ratio in tank response, with
recommendations aligning with seismic design guidelines. Using a nonlinear elastic stiffness model
for the tank base provided reasonable agreement with experimental results.

Chitte et al. (2022) discuss the importance of the response reduction factor (R) in seismic design of
structures, especially water tanks. Various international codes suggest R values ranging from 1 to 5.
IS 1893 (Indian code) uses R to account for over-strength, redundancy, and ductility, reducing design
forces to prevent collapse. However, there's no solid basis for these R values, and limited research
exists on the effect of viscous dampers. Finite element analysis, considering material and nonlinear
properties, is needed to study water tanks' seismic response under different conditions.

Chaithra et al. (2023) highlight the global importance of tanks for clean water and sanitation,
emphasizing the need for their operation post-earthquake. Safe design must consider forces and fluid-
tank wall interactions. This paper reviews the evolution of tank modeling techniques, soil-structure
interaction approaches, and base isolation systems. Rezaiee-Pajand et al. (2023) introduced an
analytical method to analyze the natural vibration characteristics of rectangular tanks containing
compressible fluid, surrounded by cohesive soil. They validated this method through finite element
analysis (FEA) and conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effects of various parameters on
natural frequencies.

Baharvanda et al. (2023) investigated the seismic performance of partially filled water storage tanks,
focusing on the impact of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Their
research highlights that while SSI has minimal influence on sloshing height, it significantly affects
impulsive response, particularly in tanks with shallow fill levels. The study emphasizes the
importance of employing flexible bases to mitigate sloshing and reduce stress amplitudes.

The research overview on FSSI in elevated water tanks is summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Overview of Research on FSSI in Elevated Water Tanks

SN Study Key Finding Methodology

1 Livaglue
Methodology for seismic evaluation of fluid-
and Cone model, spring-mass
elevated tanks. Soft soils increase roof
Dogangun model
displacements.
(2005)
2 Examined soil and water behavior of concrete
Algreane et Gasparini and Vanmarcke's
tanks. Significant effects of SSI and FSI on tank
al. (2011) method
response.

3 Chaduvulaa
Investigated hydrodynamic effects on water tanks.
et al. Experimental tests
Suggested seismic design force variations.
(2013)

4 Tehrani et Proposed new lateral load patterns for tank Incremental Dynamic
al. (2013) assessment. Studied effects of soil type variations. Analysis (IDA)

5 Hashemi
Analyzed seismic response of base-isolated
and Finite element analysis
containers. Recommended careful isolation
Aghashiri (FEA)
system selection.
(2017)

6 Maedeh et Evaluated changes in natural sloshing frequency. Numerical finite element

al. (2017) Developed new relations for sloshing frequency. software

7 Proposed a pushover procedure for tank seismic

Mellati et
evaluation. Accurately predicted mean IDA Pushover procedure
al. (2018)
curves.

8 Zhao and Reviewed seismic response and suggested

Zhou efficient models. Emphasized the need for Literature review
(2018) stochastic analysis.

9 Joseph and Simulated seismic behavior of concrete tanks.

Joseph Investigated effects of soil properties on tank ANSYS simulation
(2019) response.

10 Studied seismic response of concrete water

Cheng et
towers. Demonstrated the importance of Finite element models
al. (2020)
interaction effects.

11 Conducted modal analyses of liquid in tanks.

Zanni et al. Modal analyses, FEM
Highlighted importance of SSI effects in tank
(2020) models
design.

12 Hernadez Experimentally studied seismic response of liquid

Experimental testing, radar
et al. storage tanks. Recommended nonlinear elastic
plots
(2021) model.

13 Discussed importance of response reduction factor

Chitte et al. Literature review, finite
in tank design. Recommended finite element
(2022) element analysis
analysis.

14 Emphasized global significance of tanks.

Chaithra et
Advocated for safe design practices. Reviewed Literature review
al. (2023)
tank modeling evolution.
15 Rezaiee-
Developed analytical solution for tank vibration.
Pajand et Analytical solution
Validated approach using FE analysis.
al. (2023)

16 Baharvanda
Studied seismic behavior of partially filled tanks.
et al. Seismic analysis
Highlighted impact of SSI on impulsive response.
(2023)

3. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and
algorithms to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flows. When applied to elevated water
tanks, CFD involves simulating the behavior of fluids (water) within the tank to understand how they
interact with the structure of the tank and the surrounding soil. This includes analyzing the
distribution of water pressure, flow patterns, and the forces exerted on the tank walls and foundation.
There is a scarcity of research on CFD analysis of elevated water tanks. However, the studies that do
exist offer important understanding of the complex fluid flow dynamics within these structures. Key
findings from these studies are summarized below:

Nicolici, and Bilegan (2013) utilized a combination of CFD and FEA to model fluid-structure
interaction (FSI) in partially filled liquid containers. Their study successfully predicted sloshing
parameters like wave amplitude, frequency, and wall pressure. The research emphasized the benefits
of bidirectional FSI analysis and explored how tank geometry and input excitation affect sloshing.
The methodology was demonstrated to be effective for assessing dynamic sloshing loads and
provided valuable insights into nonlinear sloshing behavior.

Ganuga et al. (2014) developed a 3D, partitioned-based fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model to
analyze liquid sloshing in partially filled containers with various tank geometries. The study
examined the impact of rigid and flexible baffles on slosh loads. A standalone CFD model (Fig.5) was
validated against existing numerical and experimental data. The FSI model showed that flexible
baffles dampen slosh forces but result in higher wall pressures compared to rigid baffles.

Kim et al. (2017) investigated sloshing loads in prismatic tanks, exploring the effects of chamfered
shapes and proposing mitigation methods. Kang et al. (2019) evaluated hydrodynamic pressures in
cylindrical tanks underground motions, revealing significant increases due to vertical motion and
exploring the influence of water level and tank dimensions. Khati et al. (2020) focused on the seismic
behavior of RC-EWTs, analyzing sloshing effects under seismic forces and observing dynamic
pressure peaks at the tank center. Ahmad et al. (2022) studied sloshing in partially filled containers,
emphasizing the damping effect of baffles and the importance of considering slosh force frequency
and damping in design, particularly in space applications. Overall, these studies contribute valuable
insights into understanding and mitigating sloshing loads in various types of liquid containers under
different operating conditions.
Fig.5 VOF and corresponding static pressure plots at 2.2 s for 0.08 g load: a, b) FSI; a′, b′) standalone CFD
models.

4. Conclusions

In this comprehensive review, we have delved into the extensive body of research concerning fluid-
structure-soil interaction (FSSI) in elevated water tanks, which serve as crucial components in
providing global access to clean water and sanitation. A key focal point of this review is the profound
influence of soil properties on the seismic response of elevated water tanks. Studies have revealed that
factors such as soil stiffness, type, and characteristics significantly impact the dynamic behavior of
tanks during seismic events. Recognizing and comprehending these interactions are paramount for
ensuring the safety and stability of water storage infrastructure, particularly in regions prone to
earthquakes. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of incorporating soil-structure
interaction (SSI) considerations in the seismic design process. By accurately accounting for the
complex interplay between tank structures and underlying soil, engineers can better assess structural
responses and devise effective mitigation strategies, employing advanced modeling techniques and
simulation tools to simulate dynamic tank behavior under seismic loading conditions.

Furthermore, the review highlights the efficacy of base isolation systems in mitigating the seismic
response of water tanks. Through the implementation of technologies such as lead rubber bearings
(LRB) and friction pendulum systems (FPS), engineers can diminish the impact of seismic forces on
tank structures, bolstering their resilience and survivability during earthquakes. Overall, the review
underscores the imperative for ongoing research and development in the realm of fluid-structure-soil
interaction for elevated water tanks. By advancing our understanding of these intricate interactions
and embracing innovative design methodologies, we can fortify water storage infrastructure and
ensure the uninterrupted availability of clean water for communities worldwide, even in seismic-
prone regions. In conclusion, while limited, the existing research on CFD analysis of elevated water
tanks provides crucial insights into fluid-structure interactions, helping to better understand and
mitigate the dynamic sloshing loads these structures endure.
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