Unit-1 Introduction

Intelligence might be defined as the ability to learn. and perform suitable techniques to solve problems
and achieve goals, appropriate to the context in an uncertain, ever-varying world.

What is AI?

 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power.“

 AI :- "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

 In 1955 John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial intelligence” which is the first
use of the word.

 “Giving machines ability to perform tasks normally associated with human intelligence.”

 AI can cause a machine to work as human. i.e AI = Machine + human intelligence.

 It refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines or computer systems.

 It involves the development of algorithms, software, and hardware that enable machines to perform
tasks that typically require human intelligence.

 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems
very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
 With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival of
humans can be at risk.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

The goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are broad and often depend on the specific applications or fields
in which AI is employed. However, some overarching goals of AI include:

1. Automation of Tasks
 Automating repetitive, time-consuming, or labor-intensive tasks to improve efficiency and reduce
human error. Examples include manufacturing processes, data analysis, and customer support.

2. Enhancing Human Capabilities

 Assisting humans in making decisions, solving complex problems, or performing tasks that are
beyond human capabilities due to scale, speed, or complexity. For example, AI helps in medical
diagnoses, scientific research, and financial analysis.

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3. Developing Intelligent Systems
 Creating systems that can perceive, learn, reason, and make decisions in a way that mimics
human intelligence. This includes natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and
decision-making systems.

4. Personalization
 Providing customized experiences, such as recommending products, curating content, or tailoring
learning materials based on individual preferences and behaviors.

5. Advancing Scientific Discovery

 Assisting researchers in analyzing vast datasets, identifying patterns, and generating insights to
accelerate discoveries in fields like medicine, physics, and climate science.

6. Improving Accessibility
 Developing technologies that aid individuals with disabilities, such as voice recognition for
hands-free control, real-time translation, or assistive devices.

7. Solving Global Challenges

 Addressing large-scale issues like climate change, resource allocation, disaster management, and
disease prevention using predictive models and AI-driven solutions.

8. Fostering Creativity
 Enabling creative processes by generating art, music, writing, and other forms of content, or by
assisting artists and creators in their work.

9. Creating General Intelligence

 Pushing the boundaries of AI research toward the development of Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI), systems capable of performing any intellectual task a human can do.

10. Ensuring Ethical Use

 Ensuring that AI is used responsibly to promote fairness, transparency, and the well-being of
humanity, while mitigating risks like bias, misuse, or unintended consequences.

These goals often overlap and evolve as technology advances and societal needs change. The pursuit of
these goals involves a balance between technical innovation, ethical considerations, and addressing
practical challenges.

AI Perspectives (Approaches)
 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

 Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach

 Thinking Rationally: The “Laws Of Thought” Approach

 Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

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1. Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
 The Turing Test, proposed by British mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing in 1950.
 designed to convince the people that whether a particular machine can think or not
 Involves an interrogator who interacts with one human and one machine. Within the given time the
interrogator has to find out which one is human and which one is machine.

To pass a Turing test, a computer must have following capabilities:

Ø Natural language processing: - It must be able to communicate successfully in English.

Ø Knowledge representation: - to stores what it knows and hears.

Ø Automated reasoning: - Answer the questions based on the stored information’s.

Ø Machine learning: - Must be able to adapt in new circumstances.

2. Thinking Humanly: Cognitive approach

 Make the machines with mind. Cognition means the action or process of acquiring knowledge and
understanding through thought, experience and senses.

 This approach defines, Systems should solve problems the same way humans do.

3. Think Rationally: The “Laws of thought” Approach

 This approach helps to thinking rightly.
 It requires 100% knowledge for thinking right.
 Too many computations required.

For example:

 Ram is a man

 Man is mortal (of a living human being)

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->Ram is mortal

 Two main obstacles to this approach:

1. It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in formally as required by logic.

2. There is big difference between solving a problem in principle than in practice.

4. Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

 Doing/Behaving rightly.

 Maximizing expected performance.

 A rational agent is a computer program that uses logical reasoning and the ability to make decisions
to determine its following action.

 An excellent example of a rational agent is a chess player. A chess player can analyze the board and
determine which moves will result in the most advantageous outcome for itself.

History of AI
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This technology is
much older than you would imagine.

Birth of AI: 1950-1956:- This range of time was when the interest in AI really came to a head. Alan
Turing published his work “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which eventually became The Turing
Test, which experts used to measure computer intelligence.

 Year 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which proposed a test of
machine intelligence called The Imitation Game.
 Year 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur Samuel developed a program to play chess, which is
the first to ever learn the game independently.
 Year 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial intelligence” which is the
first use of the word, and how it came into popular usage.
AI maturation: 1957-1979 :- The time between when the phrase “artificial intelligence” was created,
and the 1980s was a period of both rapid growth and struggle for AI research.

 Year 1959: Arthur Samuel created the term “machine learning” when doing a speech about teaching
machines to play chess better than the humans who programmed them.
 Year 1965: Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg created the first “expert system” which was a
form of AI programmed to replicate the thinking and decision-making abilities of human experts.
 Year 1979: James L. Adams created The Standford Cart in 1961, which became one of the first
examples of an autonomous vehicle.

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AI 1979 To Till Date: - That brings us to the most recent developments in AI, up to the present day.
We’ve seen a surge in common-use AI tools, such as virtual assistants, search engines, etc.

 Year 1980: The first expert system came into the commercial market, known as XCON (expert
configurer). It was designed to assist in the ordering of computer systems by automatically picking
components based on the customer’s needs.
 Year 1985: An autonomous drawing program known as AARON is demonstrated at the AAAI
conference.
 Year 1986: Ernst Dickmann and his team at Bundeswehr University of Munich created and
demonstrated the first driverless car (or robot car). It could drive up to 55 mph on roads that didn’t
have other obstacles or human drivers.
 Year 1988: A computer programmer named Rollo Carpenter invented the chatbot Jabberwacky,
which he programmed to provide interesting and entertaining conversation to humans.

 Year 1997: Deep Blue (developed by IBM) beat the world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, in a
highly-publicized match, becoming the first program to beat a human chess champion.
 Year 1997: Windows released a speech recognition software (developed by Dragon Systems).
 Year 2000: Professor Cynthia Breazeal developed the first robot that could simulate human emotions
with its face,which included eyes, eyebrows, ears, and a mouth. It was called Kismet.
 Year 2006: Companies such as Twitter, Facebook, and Netflix started utilizing AI as a part of their
advertising and user experience (UX) algorithms.
 Year 2010: Microsoft launched the Xbox 360 Kinect, the first gaming hardware designed to track
body movement and translate it into gaming directions.
 Year 2011: Apple released Siri, the first popular virtual assistant.
 Year 2020: OpenAI started beta testing GPT-3, a model that uses Deep Learning to create code,
poetry, and other such language and writing tasks.

Foundation of AI
The foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses several key concepts, theories, and
methodologies that form the basis for the development of intelligent systems. Here are some foundational
elements of AI:

1] Philosophy: - The philosophy of AI provides a conceptual framework for understanding and critically
evaluating the nature and impact of artificial intelligence on society, culture, and the human condition. It
encourages interdisciplinary dialogue among philosophers, scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and
technologists to navigate the complex ethical and existential challenges posed by AI technologies.

2] Economics: - Economics plays a significant role in shaping the development, deployment, and impact
of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and it also contributing to informed decision-making and
responsible governance of AI technologies.

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3] Psychology: - Psychology plays a significant role in the development of artificial intelligence (AI)
systems, particularly in understanding human cognition and behavior to create more intelligent and
human-like AI. psychology provides valuable insights into human cognition, behavior, and social
interaction, which inform the design, development, and application of AI technologies that are more
intelligent, adaptive, and human-centered. Integrating psychological principles with AI research enhances
our understanding of both human intelligence and artificial intelligence, paving the way for more
effective and beneficial AI systems in various domains.

4] Sociology: - Sociology plays a crucial role in understanding the societal implications, adoption
patterns, and ethical considerations of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.

5] Linguistics: - Linguistics plays a fundamental role in artificial intelligence (AI) by providing insights
into the structure, meaning, and use of language, which are essential for natural language processing
(NLP) and communication between humans and machines.

6] Neuroscience: - Neuroscience plays a significant role in shaping artificial intelligence (AI) through the
study of the brain's structure, function, and information processing mechanisms.

7] Mathematics: - Mathematics provides the theoretical foundation and computational tools necessary
for the development, analysis, and optimization of AI algorithms and systems, enabling AI researchers to
tackle a wide range of real-world problems and advance the state of the art in artificial intelligence.

8] Computer Science: - Computer science provides the theoretical foundations, computational tools, and
engineering practices necessary for the design, development, and deployment of AI technologies across
various domains and applications.

9] Control Theory: - Control theory, a branch of engineering and mathematics, plays a crucial role in
artificial intelligence (AI) for designing systems that can make decisions and control their behavior in
dynamic environments.

AI Ethics and Responsible AI

AI ethics and responsible AI encompass the principles and practices that guide the development and
deployment of artificial intelligence systems to ensure they are fair, transparent, accountable, and
safeguard human interests. The focus on ethics and responsibility in AI addresses the potential risks and
implications of AI technologies on society, individuals, and the environment. Here are some key aspects
of AI ethics:

 Fairness and Bias: AI systems are trained on data, and if that data is biased, the AI system will also be
biased. This can lead to unfair outcomes, for example, in loan approvals or job applications.

 Transparency and Explain ability: Many AI systems are complex, making it difficult to understand
how they arrive at decisions. This lack of transparency can make it hard to hold developers or users
accountable for the AI's actions.

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 Privacy: AI systems often require a lot of data to function, which can raise privacy concerns. It's
important to ensure that personal data is collected, used, and stored responsibly.

 Accountability: As AI systems take on more decision-making roles, determining who is responsible

when things go wrong becomes more complex. Establishing clear accountability mechanisms is essential
to ensure that AI can be safely and ethically integrated into society.

 Safety and Security: AI systems can be vulnerable to hacking or misuse. It's important to build
safeguards to prevent AI from being used for malicious purposes.

Applications of AI

AI has a wide range of applications across various domains, revolutionizing industries and enhancing
human capabilities. Here are some notable applications of AI:

1. Healthcare: AI is used for medical image analysis, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, personalized
treatment plans, predictive analytics for patient outcomes, and virtual health assistants.

2. Finance: AI powers algorithmic trading, fraud detection, risk assessment, credit scoring, customer
service chatbots, personalized financial advice, and robo-advisors.

3. Retail: AI is applied in recommendation systems, demand forecasting, supply chain optimization,

inventory management, customer service automation, and personalized shopping experiences.

4. Transportation: AI enables autonomous vehicles, route optimization, traffic management, predictive

maintenance for vehicles and infrastructure, and ride-sharing platforms.

5. Manufacturing: AI is used for predictive maintenance, quality control, supply chain optimization,
production planning, robotics, and process automation.

6. Customer Service: AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants provide 24/7 support, handle routine
inquiries, and improve customer engagement through personalized interactions.

7. Education: AI aids in adaptive learning, personalized tutoring, intelligent content creation, student
performance analysis, and educational content recommendation.

8. Marketing and Advertising: AI powers targeted advertising, customer segmentation, sentiment

analysis, content optimization, and predictive analytics for marketing campaigns.

9. Cybersecurity: AI is employed for threat detection, anomaly detection, malware analysis, user
behavior analytics, and automated response to security incidents.

10. Smart Home: AI enhances smart home devices, enabling voice assistants, home automation, energy
management, security monitoring, and predictive maintenance for household appliances.

11. Agriculture: AI is used for crop monitoring, yield prediction, precision farming, pest detection, soil
analysis, and autonomous agricultural machinery.

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12. Entertainment: AI-driven content recommendation systems personalize movie and music
recommendations, while AI-generated content, such as artwork and music, is gaining traction.

13. Environmental Conservation: AI is applied in wildlife conservation efforts, climate modeling,

pollution monitoring..

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