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Power System Analysis and Design Fifth Edition J.
Duncan Glover Digital Instant Download
Author(s): J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas Overbye
ISBN(s): 9788131516355, 8131516350
Edition: 5th
File Details: PDF, 22.29 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
This page intentionally left blank
 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
FIFTH EDITION

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 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
FIFTH EDITION

J. DUNCAN GLOVER
FAILURE ELECTRICAL, LLC

MULUKUTLA S. SARMA
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY

THOMAS J. OVERBYE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

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 Power System Analysis and Design, c
 2012, 2008 Cengage Learning
Fifth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma,
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or
and Thomas J. Overbye
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 TO LOUISE, TATIANA & BRENDAN, ALISON & JOHN, LEAH, OWEN,
ANNA, EMILY & BRIGID

Dear Lord! Kind Lord!

Gracious Lord! I pray
Thou wilt look on all I love,
Tenderly to-day!
Weed their hearts of weariness;
Scatter every care
Down a wake of angel-wings
Winnowing the air.

Bring unto the sorrowing

All release from pain;
Let the lips of laughter
Overflow again;
And with all the needy
O divide, I pray,
This vast treasure of content
That is mine to-day!
James Whitcomb Riley

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 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
FIFTH EDITION

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 CONTENTS

Preface xiii
List of Symbols, Units, and Notation xix

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
Case Study: The Future Beckons: Will the Electric Power
Industry Heed the Call? 2
1.1 History of Electric Power Systems 10
1.2 Present and Future Trends 17
1.3 Electric Utility Industry Structure 21
1.4 Computers in Power System Engineering 22
1.5 PowerWorld Simulator 24

CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals 31
Case Study: Making Microgrids Work 32
2.1 Phasors 46
2.2 Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 47
2.3 Complex Power 53
2.4 Network Equations 58
2.5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 60
2.6 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 68
2.7 Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase Versus
Single-Phase Systems 74

CHAPTER 3 Power Transformers 90

Case Study: PJM Manages Aging Transformer Fleet 91
3.1 The Ideal Transformer 96
3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 102
3.3 The Per-Unit System 108
3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 116
3.5 Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase
Two-Winding Transformers 121
3.6 Three-Winding Transformers 126
3.7 Autotransformers 130
3.8 Transformers with O¤-Nominal Turns Ratios 131

vii

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 viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4 Transmission Line Parameters 159

Case Study: Transmission Line Conductor Design Comes of Age 160
Case Study: Six Utilities Share Their Perspectives on Insulators 164
4.1 Transmission Line Design Considerations 169
4.2 Resistance 174
4.3 Conductance 177
4.4 Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 178
4.5 Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase
Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 183
4.6 Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing,
Bundled Conductors 185
4.7 Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors
and Earth Return 193
4.8 Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 199
4.9 Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase
Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 201
4.10 Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing,
Bundled Conductors 204
4.11 Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors
and Earth Return 207
4.12 Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces
and at Ground Level 212
4.13 Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 215

CHAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 233

Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies 234
5.1 Medium and Short Line Approximations 248
5.2 Transmission-Line Di¤erential Equations 254
5.3 Equivalent p Circuit 260
5.4 Lossless Lines 262
5.5 Maximum Power Flow 271
5.6 Line Loadability 273
5.7 Reactive Compensation Techniques 277

CHAPTER 6 Power Flows 294

Case Study: Future Vision 295
Case Study: Characteristics of Wind Turbine Generators
for Wind Power Plants 305
6.1 Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations:
Gauss Elimination 311
6.2 Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations:
Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel 315
6.3 Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations:
Newton–Raphson 321

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 CONTENTS ix

6.4 The Power-Flow Problem 325

6.5 Power-Flow Solution by Gauss–Seidel 331
6.6 Power-Flow Solution by Newton–Raphson 334
6.7 Control of Power Flow 343
6.8 Sparsity Techniques 349
6.9 Fast Decoupled Power Flow 352
6.10 The ‘‘DC’’ Power Flow 353
6.11 Power-Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 354
Design Projects 1–5 366

CHAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 379

Case Study: The Problem of Arcing Faults in Low-Voltage
Power Distribution Systems 380
7.1 Series R–L Circuit Transients 382
7.2 Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded
Synchronous Machine 385
7.3 Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 389
7.4 Bus Impedance Matrix 392
7.5 Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 400
Design Project 4 (continued ) 417

CHAPTER 8 Symmetrical Components 419

Case Study: Circuit Breakers Go High Voltage 421
8.1 Definition of Symmetrical Components 428
8.2 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 433
8.3 Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 441
8.4 Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 443
8.5 Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 445
8.6 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase
Two-Winding Transformers 451
8.7 Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase
Three-Winding Transformers 456
8.8 Power in Sequence Networks 459

CHAPTER 9 Unsymmetrical Faults 471

Case Study: Fires at U.S. Utilities 472
9.1 System Representation 473
9.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault 478
9.3 Line-to-Line Fault 483
9.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 485
9.5 Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices 492
Design Project 4 (continued ) 512
Design Project 6 513

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 x CONTENTS

CHAPTER 10 System Protection 516

Case Study: The Future of Power Transmission 518
10.1 System Protection Components 525
10.2 Instrument Transformers 526
10.3 Overcurrent Relays 533
10.4 Radial System Protection 537
10.5 Reclosers and Fuses 541
10.6 Directional Relays 545
10.7 Protection of Two-Source System with Directional Relays 546
10.8 Zones of Protection 547
10.9 Line Protection with Impedance (Distance) Relays 551
10.10 Di¤erential Relays 557
10.11 Bus Protection with Di¤erential Relays 559
10.12 Transformer Protection with Di¤erential Relays 560
10.13 Pilot Relaying 565
10.14 Digital Relaying 566

CHAPTER 11 Transient Stability 579

Case Study: Real-Time Dynamic Security Assessment 581
11.1 The Swing Equation 590
11.2 Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System
Equivalents 596
11.3 The Equal-Area Criterion 598
11.4 Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation 608
11.5 Multimachine Stability 613
11.6 A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model 621
11.7 Wind Turbine Machine Models 625
11.8 Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 632

CHAPTER 12 Power System Controls 639

Case Study: Overcoming Restoration Challenges Associated
with Major Power System Disturbances 642
12.1 Generator-Voltage Control 652
12.2 Turbine-Governor Control 657
12.3 Load-Frequency Control 663
12.4 Economic Dispatch 667
12.5 Optimal Power Flow 680

CHAPTER 13 Transmission Lines: Transient Operation 690

Case Study: VariSTAR8 Type AZE Surge Arresters 691
Case Study: Change in the Air 695
13.1 Traveling Waves on Single-Phase Lossless Lines 707
13.2 Boundary Conditions for Single-Phase Lossless Lines 710

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 CONTENTS xi

13.3 Bewley Lattice Diagram 719

13.4 Discrete-Time Models of Single-Phase Lossless Lines
and Lumped RLC Elements 724
13.5 Lossy Lines 731
13.6 Multiconductor Lines 735
13.7 Power System Overvoltages 738
13.8 Insulation Coordination 745

CHAPTER 14 POWER DISTRIBUTION 757

Case Study: The Path of the Smart Grid 759
14.1 Introduction to Distribution 770
14.2 Primary Distribution 772
14.3 Secondary Distribution 780
14.4 Transformers in Distribution Systems 785
14.5 Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems 795
14.6 Distribution Software 800
14.7 Distribution Reliability 801
14.8 Distribution Automation 804
14.9 Smart Grids 807

Appendix 814
Index 818

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 The system of purchase of commissions in the army was abolished by an
Act of Parliament introduced by Mr. Cardwell in 1871.

Arrabiati.
The party of the Medici, during the existence of the Florentine Republic,
established in 1493.

Arras, Congress of.

The first instance of a congress of the European Powers, held at Arras in
1435. All the leading States were represented, and an attempt was made to
settle the peace of Europe, but the rival claims of France and England, the
two countries most immediately concerned, proved irreconcilable, and no
solution was arrived at.

Arras, Treaty of.

During the Congress of Arras, in 1435, France succeeded in detaching
Burgundy from the English alliance, and a treaty was signed by which the
Duke of Burgundy acknowledged the sovereignty of Charles VII, but
stipulated that he himself should be freed from personal homage during his
own and Charles’ lifetime. In return his claim was admitted to the
Boulonnais, and he received Mâcon, Arcis-sur-Aube and Auxerre.
Burgundy renounced the English alliance, and France that of the Emperor.

Arrière Fief.
Land held by the vassal of a vassal is an arrière fief of the overlord.

Artels.
Associations of workmen in Russia, living and working together, and
dividing the profits of each job. They are sometimes of a temporary nature
and sometimes more nearly resembling a guild, as in the case of the bank
porters, where the association is responsible to the employers for the acts of
its members.
Articles.
See Eleven, Five, Forty-two, Henry, Lambeth, Louvain, Nine,
Schmalkald, Six, Ten, Thirty-nine, Thirty-three.

Articles, Lords of the.

The Committee which prepared measures to be submitted to the Scottish
Parliament was so called.

Articles of Henry.
See Pacta Conventa.

Articles of Prague.
The confession of faith of the Hussites, issued by John Zisca in 1420.

Articuli super Cartas.

Twenty clauses added to Magna Charta, when it was confirmed by
Edward I during the Parliament of 1300. The most important are those
dealing with purveyance, the jurisdiction of the officers of the Crown, and
the jury system.

Arya Somaj.
A Hindu sect founded by Dayânandu Sarasvati (died 1882). While
reforming many of the grosser superstitions of the Brahminical faith, its
followers still hold by the doctrinal teachings of the Vedas.

Aschaffenburg, Concordat of.

An agreement between the Emperor Ferdinand III and Pope Nicholas V,
in 1448, regulating the Papal rights in ecclesiastical matters in Germany.
The Pope surrendered the right of appointing arbitrarily to all benefices, but
retained it for those falling in during each alternate six months. He retained
the annates, and gave the chapters the right of electing to bishoprics, except
in the case of translations, or of the appointment of some notoriously unfit
person.
Ashbourne’s Act, Lord.
See Irish Land Act, 1885.

Ashburton Treaty.
A treaty between England and the United States, signed in 1842, finally
settling the boundary line between Canada and the States. This treaty is also
known as the Treaty of Washington.

Asiento.
The right to trade in slaves with the American Colonies was claimed by
Spain, and was at different periods granted by treaty to France or to
England. The permission thus granted was known as the Asiento.

Assassination Plot.
A Jacobite plot in 1696, to assassinate William III. He was to be shot
while returning from hunting in Richmond Forest. It is probable that James
was privy to it, but the actual ringleader was Sir George Barclay. The plot
was discovered, and several of the leaders convicted and executed.

Assassins.
The followers of the Old Man of the Mountain, Hassan ben Sabah, who
founded the sect on the borders of the Caspian Sea about 1090. The motto
of the Society was “To the faithful nothing is forbidden,” and its adherents
were guilty of the foulest murders. Among its other well-known victims
was Conrad of Montferrat, in 1192.

Assertion of the Seven Sacraments.

The book written by Henry VIII against Luther, which procured for him
from Leo X the title of Defender of the Faith.

Assignats.
An issue of paper money authorized by the French National Assembly in
December, 1789, secured on the lands and buildings of the church, which
were to be confiscated and sold. They were largely forged by Royalists and
others, and went to an extraordinary discount; thus in February, 1796, a
gold louis of 20 francs was worth on the Paris Bourse 5,300 francs in
assignats.

Assize of Arms.
A reorganization of the old Militia of England, carried out by Henry II in
1181.

Assize of Bread.
An ordinance of Henry III of England in 1266, regulating the prices to
be charged by bakers, in accordance with the fluctuations in the value of
corn.

Assize of Clarendon.
An ordinance issued by Henry II in 1166, to provide for the trial of
criminal cases in the Shire Courts. It was ordained that twelve men should
be selected from each hundred, and four from each township, to determine
whether there were any criminals in their district, and if so to present them
for trial. This is the origin of the Grand Jury system. This Assize also
abolished trial by compurgation.

Assize of Northampton.
An ordinance issued by Henry II in 1176, confirming and strengthening
the Assize of Clarendon.

Assize of Woodstock.
An ordinance issued by Henry II in 1184, containing regulations for the
government of the royal forests. Many of the rules were very oppressive,
and were considerably modified by the Charter of Forests, in 1217.

Association, The.
 A bond drawn up by the Council and nobles of England in 1584,
whereby the signatories bound themselves to take arms against all who
should attempt to harm the person of Queen Elizabeth. It was signed by
Catholics and Protestants alike, and Parliament was speedily summoned to
endorse it.

Association, The.
A union of the Eastern counties, formed in 1643, with the object of
keeping the civil war beyond its borders.

Association Treaty.
A treaty, signed in 1682, between Holland, Sweden, the Emperor and
certain German Princes, pledging the signatories to defend the treaties of
Utrecht and Nimeguen. It provided that any of the contracting parties
accused of violating the provisions of these treaties should submit the
matter to the arbitration of the other signatories, who, in the event of his
refusal, agreed to unite against him in arms. Similar provisions were agreed
to to meet the case of a non-signatory power violating the peace of Europe
and refusing to submit to arbitration.

Associations Act, Ireland.

An Act passed in 1826, directed mainly against the Catholic Association.
It restricted the right of meeting of political associations, and forbade the
levying of subscriptions or the administration of oaths.

Associations Law, 1833.

A law passed by the French Government in 1833, forbidding any
association, even literary or religious, to exist without Government
authorization.

Associations Law, 1901.

A law passed by the French Assembly in 1901, requiring all religious
associations engaged in teaching or charitable work to apply to the
Government for authorization. It was specially aimed at associations like
the Assumptionist Fathers, who had taken an active part in politics in
opposition to the Government. In 1902 the law was strenuously enforced by
M. Combes, the French Premier, against many harmless communities of
nuns and others engaged in teaching, causing serious disturbances in
Brittany and other Catholic centres.

Assurance, The.
A form of oath exacted in Scotland after the accession of William III
from all persons holding positions of trust. It set forth that William was
King not only de facto but de jure and by just title, and was intended to
discriminate, in the Church, between those Episcopalians who were at heart
Jacobites, and those who were honestly ready to accept the new régime.
About a hundred Episcopalian divines took the oath, and were permitted to
retain their benefices.

Assured Lords.
The Scottish lords captured at Solway Moss, and allowed to return to
Scotland under the obligation to further the interests of Henry VIII, in 1542.
Among them were the Earl of Angus, Lords Cassilis, Glencairn, and
Maxwell.

Assysthement.
The ancient Scottish law of the assessment of the value of a life, to be
paid by the murderer.

Astor Place Riot.

A serious riot in New York in 1849, arising out of a dispute between
Macready, the English actor, and Edwin Forest, the American actor. A mob
of 20,000 men attacked the Astor Place Opera House, where Macready was
playing in “Macbeth,” and it was found necessary to call out the troops in
order to quell the disturbance.

Ataman.
The chief of a community of Cossacks. The office was elective.
Ateliers Nationaux.
Government workshops established in Paris in 1848 to provide work for
the unemployed. Within the year the workers rose against the Government,
and erected barricades in the streets of Paris. They were, however, promptly
suppressed by General Cavaignac, and their leaders arrested and
condemned to transportation.

Attainder, Act of.

An Act passed by the Irish Parliament, summoned by James after the
landing of William III in England in 1689. The Act contained a list of
between two and three thousand names, and was made the vehicle of many
private vengeances.

Attalik Ghazi.
The title bestowed on Yakoub Beg, the leader of the revolt against China
in Kashgar in 1870. The revolt was suppressed in 1877, after the death of
Yakoub Beg.

Atterbury’s Plot.
A Jacobite plot to depose George I in 1722, and to place the old
Pretender, James Edward, on the throne. The ringleaders were Lord Orrery,
Lord North, Lord Gower, and Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester. The plot
included a plan for an expedition under James and Lord Ormonde, to sail
from Spain. The scheme, however, was disclosed to the British Minister in
Paris, and the leaders, including Atterbury, were arrested.

Audiencias.
The final courts of appeal in South America, under Spanish rule. They
were eleven in number, and in addition to their judicial functions, acted as
advisory boards to the Viceroys and Captains-General.

Augmentations, Court of.

 A Court appointed by Henry VIII, after the dissolution of the
monasteries, to deal with all questions arising out of the confiscation of the
Church Lands.

Augsburg, Confession of.

A statement of the Protestant doctrine drawn up by Melancthon at the
Diet of Augsburg, in 1529.

Augsburg, League of.

A league between the Emperor, Spain, the Netherlands, Sweden,
Bavaria, and the circles of Suabia and Franconia, formed in 1682, to
preserve the peace of Europe against the encroachments of Louis XIV. The
war, which began in 1688 and was ended by the Peace of Ryswick in 1697,
is known as the War of the League of Augsburg.

Augsburg, Peace of.

See Religious Peace.

Aulic Council.
A tribunal established by the Emperor Maximilian I in 1501. It was
reorganized by Rudolf II, to deal with questions arising out of the
interpretation of the Peace of Augsburg, during the counter-reformation in
Germany. The Council accompanied the Emperor, having no fixed place of
meeting, and was almost entirely under the domination of the Court, and
thoroughly Catholic in its tendencies.

Aurum Reginae.
See Queen’s Gold.

Ausculta Fili, Bull.

A bull, also known as the Greater Bull, issued by Pope Boniface VIII
against Philip IV of France in 1302. It calls on Philip to cease his opposition
to the claims of the Church, and reminds him that he holds his throne only
by the goodwill of the Pope. The bull was publicly burnt in Philip’s
presence.

Ausgleich.
The agreement settling the economic relations between Austria and
Hungary. The first Ausgleich was signed in 1867, for a period of ten years,
and was renewed with slight variations in 1877 and 1887. The Austrian
Reichsrath refused to sanction the Ausgleich of 1897, and it was
promulgated by what is known as the Dictatorship paragraph of the
Austrian Constitution, in other words by Imperial decree. In 1899 it was
amended by the Szell formula, by which M. Szell, the Hungarian premier,
stipulated that if the Ausgleich were not formally renewed before the end of
1902, the economic union between the two countries should come to an end
in 1907. On New Year’s Eve, 1902, a new Ausgleich, to run for ten years,
was agreed to by the Austrian and Hungarian Premiers.

Austin Riots.
An outbreak of the Coloured League against the White League, at
Austin, Mississippi, in 1874. Several sanguinary engagements took place, in
which the blacks were worsted, and many killed.

Austrägal Court.
A court consisting of several members of the Germanic Confederation,
convened to decide whether questions pending between one of the
Confederated States and a foreign power could be taken up by the
Confederation as a whole.

Australasian League.
A society established in Melbourne in 1851, under the auspices of the
Rev. John West, to secure “by moral means only” the abolition of the
transportation of convicts to any part of the Australasian continent.

Australian Colonies Act.

 An Act passed in 1849, separating Victoria from New South Wales, and
providing a constitution for the new colony, as well as for Tasmania, South
Australia, and (subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions) Western
Australia.

Australian Commonwealth Act.

An Act to give force to the Constitution drafted by Australian statesmen
for the union into a Commonwealth of the Colonies of New South Wales,
Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania,
power being reserved to New Zealand to enter the union if she so desire.
The Act provides for the establishment of a central Government, with the
control of the customs, postage, and certain other matters, each colony
retaining its own Parliament, with power to manage its internal affairs as
before. Considerable difference of opinion arose as to the right of appeal
from the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth to the Privy Council, and it
was finally enacted that in the case of constitutional questions affecting the
rights of the Commonwealth or individual States no appeal should lie,
unless the Supreme Court certified that the matter was one which should be
determined by the Privy Council.

Austrian Succession, War of the.

The war which broke out in 1741, in connexion with the Pragmatic
Sanction of Charles VI. It was ended by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in
1748.

Auto de fe.
The Act of Faith, the name given to the ceremony which accompanied
the execution of persons condemned for heresy by the Inquisition in Spain
and Portugal. The last Auto de Fe took place at Valencia, in 1826.

Avignon Captivity.
The period of seventy years during which the Popes resided at Avignon,
practically in a condition of vassalage to the French Crown. It lasted from
1305 to 1377, or from the Papacy of Clement V to that of Gregory XI. It is
also known as the Babylonish Captivity.

Avignon, Reunion of.

From the time of the return of the Popes to Rome in 1377, until 1791,
Avignon was, with certain short intervals, governed by Papal Legates. In the
latter year, by a decree of the National Assembly, it was reunited to France,
and this reunion was acknowledged by the Pope, by the Treaty of Tolentino
in 1797.

Ayankeeados.
The name given by the Mexicans to the sympathizers with America
during the Mexican War of 1846.
B

Babington Plot.
A plot set on foot by Babington and a Jesuit, named Ballard, in 1585, to
assassinate Queen Elizabeth. Letters secured by Walsingham were said to
have proved the complicity of Mary Queen of Scots, and led to her
imprisonment at Fotheringay, and subsequent trial and execution.

Babylonish Captivity.
See Avignon.

Back Lane Parliament.

An assembly of Delegates from the whole of Ireland, which met in
Dublin in 1792. They prepared an address expressing their loyalty to the
throne, and asking for the franchise.

Baconists.
The Liberal Party in Virginia in 1676, who rose in rebellion under
Nathaniel Bacon. The name was afterwards adopted by the Maryland
Liberals in 1678.

Badger State.
The popular name of the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A., from the badger in
its coat of arms.

Badinguet.
A nickname of Napoleon III. It was the name of the workman in whose
clothes he escaped from the Château of Ham, in 1846.
Bag and Baggage Policy.
The policy advocated in speech and pamphlet by Mr. Gladstone in 1876
(while in opposition), at the time of the Bulgarian Atrocities. It was to the
effect that if Turkey would not reform the administration of her Christian
provinces, she must be turned out of Europe “bag and baggage.”

Bagimont’s Roll.
A valuation of the ecclesiastical benefices of Scotland, compiled by
Bagimont of Vicci in 1274. On this valuation the tithes payable to the
Roman See were computed, up to the time of the Reformation.

Bailli.
In French feudal times the bailli was the representative of the king in the
territories of the great feudal lords. He held a court which took cognizance
of matters concerning the rights of the Crown, and outside the jurisdiction
of the feudal courts.

Baiser de Lamourette.
A reconciliation between the extreme parties in the French Legislative
Assembly in 1792, effected by the persuasive eloquence of Lamourette,
Bishop of Lyons. It was purely emotional and irrational, and only lasted a
few days. It is also called the Norman Reconciliation.

Balafré, Le.
The sobriquet of Henry de Guise (1550-1589).

Balkan Agreement.
An agreement between Austria and Russia, officially communicated to
the Balkan States in 1897, by which the parties announced their intention of
maintaining the status quo in the Balkan Peninsula.

Ballarat Reform League.

 An association of miners, formed at Ballarat (Victoria) in 1854, to
agitate for reforms in the administration of the goldfields, as well as for
certain political reforms, including manhood suffrage, payment of
members, and short Parliaments. The more militant members eventually
took up arms against the Government.

Ballot Act.
The Act to substitute secret for open voting at Parliamentary elections
was passed in 1871.

Banbury Man.
A term applied to the Puritans during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries.

Banda Oriental.
The old name of the Republic of Uruguay.

Bandes d’Ordonnance.
A body of 3,000 cavalry which formed the only standing army of the
Netherlands, circ. 1550.

Bank Charter Act, 1833.

An Act renewing the charter of the Bank of England, originally granted
in 1694. It made the notes of the bank legal tender, and provided that the
notes issued should bear to the specie in hand a ratio not exceeding three to
one.

Bank Charter Act, 1844.

By this Act it was provided that the Bank of England should not issue
notes in excess of £14,000,000, unless a corresponding reserve of specie
were held. It also restricted the note issue of other banks, and provided that
no banks established after the passing of the Act should have the right to
issue notes.
Bar, Confederation of.
A league of Polish nobles, formed in 1876, with the object of dethroning
Stanislas Augustus (Poniatowski), and freeing the country from foreign
influence.

Barbarossa.
Frederick II, Emperor of Germany (1152-1190), so called from his red
beard.

Barbons.
The name given to Sillery, Jeannin, and Villeroy, the veteran councillors
of Louis XIII, circ. 1612.

Barcelona, Treaty of, 1493.

A treaty between Charles VIII of France and Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain, by which Roussillon and Cerdagne were restored to the Crown of
Arragon.

Barcelona, Treaty of, 1529.

A treaty between Charles V and Pope Clement VII, by which the
Emperor undertook to proceed to Rome to receive the crown at the Pope’s
hands, and to take all the steps in his power to check the spread of the
reformed religion.

Bardo, Treaty of.

A treaty between France and Tunis, signed in 1861. The Bey recognized
the French right to occupy military positions securing the frontier and the
sea coast. France in return guaranteed to the Bey his personal security, and
that of his dynasty and dominions. She also undertook the due execution of
all treaty obligations to foreign powers, but for the future reserved the right
to control all the international relations of the Bey.

Barebone’s Parliament.
 A Parliament summoned by Cromwell on July 4, 1653, which lasted
only till December 12 of the same year. It took its name from one of its
members, a leather merchant named Praise-God Barebone, and it was also
known as the Little Parliament.

Bari, Council of.

At this council, summoned by Pope Urban II in 1098, the orthodox
doctrine of the Holy Ghost was established.

Barmecides.
A celebrated Persian family, who rose to the highest offices of state
under the Abbaside Khalifs. One of their number, Jaafar, was the favourite
Vizier of Haroun-al-Raschid. For some reason not sufficiently explained by
the Arab historians, Haroun, without warning, caused the whole family,
numbering over a thousand, to be massacred in 802.

Barnburners.
Bands of agricultural labourers who, from 1830 to 1833, endeavoured,
by burning ricks and farm buildings, to terrorize the landlords into the
concession of improved conditions. The threatening letters written to their
employers were generally signed “Captain Swing.”

Barnburners.
A name given to the Radical wing of the Democratic party in New York
in 1844. The Barnburners joined the Freesoilers in 1848.

Baroda Commission.
A commission appointed in 1875, composed of three Europeans and
three natives, to investigate the charge against the Gaekwar of Baroda of
attempting to poison Colonel Phayre, the English Resident. The
commission disagreed, the Englishmen considering the charge proved,
while the natives were of the contrary opinion. Lord Northbrook, however,
decided on deposing him.
Barons, League of the.
A league of the Barons of Northern France, under Peter, Count of
Brittany, during the regency of Blanche of Castile, in support of the rights
of their order against the usurpations of the Crown.

Barons’ War.
The war which broke out under Simon de Montfort in 1263, in
consequence of the failure of Henry III to fulfil his various engagements to
his Barons. The war lasted till 1267, though only desultory fighting took
place after the death of de Montfort at the battle of Evesham in 1265.

Barrackpur Mutiny.
A mutiny of the 42nd Native Infantry Regiment in 1826, the reason
assigned being the harsh treatment to which they were subjected by their
officers. The mutiny was promptly suppressed.

Barricades, Journée des.

May 12, 1588, on which date Henri III sent his Swiss Guards to oppose
the return to Paris of Henri de Guise. The Parisian mob formed barricades
of paving stones, from behind which they shot down the Swiss. The same
name has been given to other days on which the Parisians have erected
barricades against the constituted authorities.

Barrier Treaty, First.

A treaty between England and Holland, signed in 1709, by which
Holland agreed to recognize the Protestant succession in England, and to
make the expulsion of the Pretender a sine qua non of peace with France. In
return England guaranteed to Holland a barrier line of strong places,
including Nieuport, Lille, Ryssel, Tournay, Maubeuge, Charleroi and
Namur.

Barrier Treaty, Second.

 A treaty between England and the Netherlands signed in 1713, by which
the line of fortresses, as set out in the Barrier Treaty of 1709, was altered,
somewhat to the disadvantage of the Dutch. The Treaty of Utrecht in the
same year confirmed the principle of the Barrier.

Barwalde, Treaty of.

A treaty signed in 1631 between Louis XIII. and Gustavus Adolphus,
providing for the security of the Ocean and the Baltic, with liberty of
commerce to the ships of both nations. It was also provided that the forts on
both seas and in the Canton of the Grisons should be demolished.

Bashi-Bazouks.
Turkish irregular troops, generally recruited amongst the Kurds and
other Asiatic tribes in the Ottoman Empire. They became notorious during
the Bulgarian atrocities of 1875.

Basilikon Doron.
A book written in 1599 by James VI of Scotland (afterwards James I of
England), containing advice on the art of government, and intended for the
instruction of his eldest son, Henry.

Basle, Council of.

A council summoned by Martin V, but held under Eugenius IV, in 1433.
The council abolished many of the privileges claimed by the Popes,
including annates and the reservation of benefices. Finding the Pope
obdurate in his refusal to accept their decrees, they suspended and finally
deposed him.

Basle Treaties.
Two treaties made by Napoleon with Prussia and Spain respectively in
1795, by which he detached these two powers from the European coalition.
His bribe to Prussia was the withdrawal of the French troops from the right
bank of the Rhine, while the inducement offered to Spain was the return to
her of the Spanish half of the island of San Domingo.
Basle, Treaty of.
A treaty between Austria and the Swiss Cantons in 1499, whereby the
virtual independence of the thirteen cantons was recognized.

Bassein, Treaty of.

A treaty between the British and Baji Rao II, Peshwa of Poonah, signed
in 1802. The Peshwa agreed to receive a subsidiary force, and to pay for its
maintenance; to admit into the Mahratta States no European hostile to
England; to surrender all claims to Surat, and to remain the faithful ally of
the English. This treaty practically put an end to the Mahratta
independence.

Bastard of Orleans.
Jean Dunois (natural son of Louis of Orleans), the famous French
general (1402-1468), was so called.

Bastille.
The famous state prison of Paris, built in 1370 by Charles V, and
destroyed by the mob in 1789, at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Bates’ Case.
A case decided in 1606, in the reign of James I, in which the judges held
that it was lawful for the King to raise the customs duties without the
consent of Parliament.

Bath, Order of the.

An order of knighthood, founded by Henry IV in 1399. From the time of
Charles I it lapsed, until revived by George I in 1725 as a military order,
which it remained until 1845, when it was established on its present basis
with a military and a civil division.

Bats, Parliament of.

See Club Parliament.
Battles.
See Brothers, Chapter of Mitton, Clan Chattan, Clouds, Death Ride,
Dingaan, Dysiefald, Eperons, Field of Mourning, Giants, Glorious,
Herrings, Last, Loose Coat, Nations, Seven Days, Soldiers, Spurs, Standard,
Thirty, Three Emperors.

Bavarian Succession, War of the.

A war between Austria and Prussia, arising out of the failure of the male
line of the Bavarian princely house. No fighting took place, and the pending
questions were settled by the Peace of Teschen in 1779.

Bay State.
A name given to the State of Massachusetts, U.S.A., from the old name
of the Colony, namely “Massachusetts Bay.”

Bayonne Decree.
A decree issued by Napoleon in 1808, ordering that all foreign vessels
then in French ports should be seized.

Bayou State.
The State of Mississippi, U.S.A., is so called from the number of creeks
or bayous along its shores.

Bear State.
Arkansas, U.S.A., is so called from the bears that in former days infested
its forests.

Béarnais, Le.
Henri IV of France was so called from Béarn, his native province.

Beau Sabreur, Le.

 The sobriquet of Joachim Murat, Napoleon’s best cavalry leader, created
by him King of Naples.

Beauclerc.
The sobriquet of Henry I of England, in allusion to his scholarship,
which was superior to that of most mediæval monarchs.

Bec, Compromise of.

An arrangement between Henry I and Anselm, Archbishop of
Canterbury, in 1106, by which the long standing dispute as to the King’s
right of investiture was settled. By this arrangement the King retained the
right of exacting from the Bishops the oath of fealty and homage,
surrendering the purely formal right of bestowing the ring and crozier.

Bedchamber Question.
The difficulty that arose between Queen Victoria and Sir Robert Peel, on
the resignation of the Melbourne Ministry in 1839. Through some
misunderstanding the Queen thought that Peel wished her to change all the
ladies holding Court appointments, a step she refused to take. It ended in
Peel refusing to take office, and Lord Melbourne coming back.

Bedford Protest.
A protest signed by a hastily summoned meeting of the minority of the
House of Lords in March, 1766, on the night that the repeal of the Stamp
Act, imposing stamp duties on the American Colonies, passed that House.
The signatories to the protest were headed by the Duke of Bedford.

Beggars, The.
See Gueux.

Beggars of the Sea.

A company of Dutch privateersmen, commissioned by the Prince of
Orange, circ. 1570, to prey upon Spanish commerce. Their chief was
William de la Marck.

Beggars, The Wild.

A brotherhood of freebooters, who, under the guise of a revolutionary
faction, infested the Netherlands about 1568.

Behring Sea Fisheries.

The question as to the right of Canadian sealers to capture seals in
Behring Sea (known as Pelagic Sealing), after being long in dispute, was
submitted to arbitration in 1892. The United States claimed to have
acquired from Russia, by the purchase of Alaska, the exclusive right to the
seal fisheries of the Behring Sea, alleging that this right had always been
claimed by Russia, without protest from Great Britain, and that their interest
in the seal herd justified them in putting a stop to pelagic sealing. In 1893
the arbitrators decided that the United States had not acquired any such
exclusive right. Further, as authorized by the terms of the reference, they
made the following regulations: all sealing within sixty maritime miles of
the Probyloff Islands to be forbidden; a close time for seals to be
established, and all sealing vessels to be licensed.

Bekcagsog, Convention of.

A treaty between Great Britain and Sweden, by which Great Britain
undertook to pay 12,000 men to be employed in Pomerania in aid of the
coalition against Napoleon in 1805.

Bel Anglais, Le.

A name given by the French to John Churchill, the great Duke of
Marlborough.

Belgian Neutrality Treaty.

The neutrality of Belgium being threatened by the Franco-German War
in 1870, treaties were signed by Great Britain with France and Germany
respectively, by which the belligerents agreed to respect the neutrality of
Belgium during the war and for one year after its close, from which date the
Treaty of London of 1839 was again to become operative.

Belgrade, Treaty of.

A treaty between Austria and Russia on the one hand, and Turkey on the
other, by which Austria surrendered Wallachia and Servia, while Russia
withdrew from her conquests in Moldavia and Bessarabia, and renounced
her rights of navigation in the Black Sea. This treaty was signed in 1739,
after the capture of Belgrade by the Turks.

Bell the Cat.

The sobriquet of Archibald Douglas, the “great” Earl of Angus, which he
earned by undertaking to take the lead in removing James III of Scotland
from the pernicious influence of Cochrane, Earl of Mar, in 1481.

Belski.
One of the two factions of nobles who between them ruled Russia during
the minority of Ivan IV (The Terrible), circ. 1533. The other faction was
that of the Chouiski.

Belted Will.
Lord William Howard (1563-1640), Warden of the Marches, was so
called.

Benares, Treaty of.

A treaty signed in 1773 between Warren Hastings and the Vizier of
Oude, by which it was stipulated that an English force should be lent to
Oude for service against the Rohillas, the Vizier paying forty lacs down and
two lacs per month for their services. Further, Hastings agreed to cede
Oorah and Allahabad to Oude, in return for an annual tribute of fifty lacs of
rupees.

Benedictines.
 The first regular monastic order, founded by St. Benedict in 527.

Benefit of Clergy.
The right claimed by the Church to withdraw its members from the
jurisdiction of the secular courts, to be dealt with by the ecclesiastical
courts. In the dark ages “clerk” was held to cover all who could read, but
with the spread of education after the Renaissance, the abuse of this
definition became intolerable, and in 1532, an act was passed limiting the
right of pleading benefit of clergy, in cases of felony, to those of the rank of
sub-deacon and above.

Benevolences.
An arbitrary method of taxation without the consent of Parliament,
introduced by Edward IV of England. Benevolences were declared illegal
by the Parliament of Richard III.

Bengal Land Law.

An Indian Act passed in 1859, by which the proprietary rights of the
cultivators under the Zemindari system in Bengal were recognized with
certain restrictions.

Bengal Mutiny.
An agitation in the East India Company’s regiments in 1795-6 for the
assimilation of the conditions of pay and pensions to those established by
Lord Cornwallis in the Civil Service. The Company handled the matter with
very little discretion, promoting one of the leading malcontents to an
important post, but Lord Wellesley on his arrival took stern measures, and
the embryo mutiny quickly subsided.

Bergara, Convention of.

The surrender of the Carlists under General Maroto in 1839, which
ended the great Carlist war.
Berlin Congress.
A congress held at Berlin in 1878, after the conclusion of the Russo-
Turkish war. The outcome of the Congress was a Treaty, which modified
the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano. By its provisions Roumania, Servia
and Montenegro were made independent States, the latter also obtaining a
port on the Adriatic. The northern portion of Bulgaria was made a self-
governing State, under the suzerainty of the Porte, and the southern portion,
known as Eastern Roumelia, remained Turkish territory, but under a
Christian governor. Austria was to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Roumania returned a portion of Bessarabia to Russia, while in Asia Turkey
ceded Ardalian, Kars, and Batoum to Russia. It is of this treaty that Lord
Beaconsfield used the famous phrase “We have brought back Peace with
Honour.”

Berlin Decree.
A decree issued by Napoleon in 1806, proclaiming the Continental
Blockade.

Berserker.
The bravest champions of the Vikings were so called, perhaps because
they fought in their shirts, without coats of mail. They seem in battle to
have worked themselves into a kind of frenzy, known as the Berserk rage,
somewhat resembling that of the Mohammedan “Ghazi.”

Berwick, Treaty of.

A treaty between Charles I and the Scotch in 1639, following Charles’
abortive attempt to invade Scotland, by which it was agreed that a free
Scottish Parliament should be held, in return for which concession the royal
castles were to be returned, and the army of the Covenanters disbanded.

Bessborough Commission.
A commission, under the chairmanship of the Earl of Bessborough,
appointed to report on the Irish Land Laws. Following on its report, Mr.
Gladstone introduced the Irish Land Bill of 1891.
Betterment.
The increase in the value of property in a certain limited area, owing to
municipal improvements, such as roads and bridges. Certain municipal
reformers advocate the levying of a special rate from persons thus
benefiting, instead of throwing the whole cost of the improvements upon
the ratepayers as a body.

Betting Act.
See Cockburn’s Act.

Bezaaygeld.
A tax levied in Holland about the middle of the eighteenth century on
seed put into the ground.

Bianchi.
A sect of fanatics who appeared in Italy in 1399. They dressed always in
long white garments, and lived entirely on bread and water. They are said to
have brought about a remarkable improvement in the morals of the time,
but they were nevertheless opposed by the Pope.

Bianchi and Neri.

The two factions of the Guelf party in Florence, circ. 1300. Modern
Italian society is divided into sections, also bearing these two names, of
which the former are supporters of the House of Savoy, while the latter
uphold the temporal claims of the Vatican.

Biatagh.
A tenant in Ireland, in the Celtic times, who held his land on the tenure
of providing hospitality for travellers.

Bien Aimé, Le.

The sobriquet of Louis XV of France (1715-1774).
Bien Public, Guerre du.
An insurrection against Louis XI of certain malcontent nobles, aided by
the Dukes of Burgundy, Brittany, and Bourbon. It was ended by the Treaty
of Conflans, in 1465.

Big Beggarman.
Daniel O’Connell was so called by the Irish landlords.

Bill of Right.
The Act passed by the Convention Parliament in 1689, embodying as a
statute the Declaration of Rights accepted by William III.

Bills of Exchange Act.

An Act passed in 1882, codifying the various acts and decisions relating
to Bills of Exchange. It is practically the only codification in the law of
Great Britain.

Bimetallists.
The advocates of a monetary system which would place gold and silver
on the same basis for coinage purposes, by making silver legal tender to any
amount, and establishing a fixed ratio of value between the two metals.

Birkenhead, Wreck of the.

The Birkenhead, a troopship, was wrecked near the Cape of Good Hope
in 1852. There were not sufficient boats to save all on board, and while the
women and children were all saved, the troops stood to attention on the
main deck, and went down with the ship.

Birmingham Riots.
An outbreak in Birmingham in 1791, directed against Dr. Priestley, who
had organized a dinner of sympathizers with the French Revolution, to
celebrate the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. Dr. Priestley’s house and
library were wrecked.
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