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Ch2 Traffic Flow Characteristics Part1

The document outlines key concepts in Transportation and Traffic Engineering, including roadway components, traffic flow parameters, capacity, level of service, and traffic safety. It provides detailed definitions and examples of traffic flow characteristics such as volume, density, speed, time headway, space headway, gap, and clearance. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding these parameters for effective traffic management and control.

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2 views

Ch2 Traffic Flow Characteristics Part1

The document outlines key concepts in Transportation and Traffic Engineering, including roadway components, traffic flow parameters, capacity, level of service, and traffic safety. It provides detailed definitions and examples of traffic flow characteristics such as volume, density, speed, time headway, space headway, gap, and clearance. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding these parameters for effective traffic management and control.

Uploaded by

abdelrhmantaie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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by

Ghada Salah Moussa

Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Assiut University
Transportation and Traffic Eng.
1. Roadway Main Components’ Characteristics

2.
o Traffic Flow Characteristics

3. Capacity and Level of Service

4. Traffic Studies

5. Traffic Control Systems

6. Parking

7. Traffic Safety
Transportation and Traffic Eng.
1. Roadway Main Components’ Characteristics

2. Traffic Flow Characteristics


2.1. Traffic Flow Parameters
2.2. Relations Describing Traffic Stream

3. Capacity and Level of Service


4. Traffic Control Systems
5. Traffic Studies
6. Parking
7. Traffic Safety
Traffic Flow Parameters
2.1. Traffic Flow Parameters

1. Volume (V) & Flow rate (Q) –veh/h


2. Density (K) – veh/km or veh/mile
3. Speed (U) – Km/hr or mph
4. Time Headway (ht) – sec/veh
5. Space Headway “Spacing” (hd) – m/veh or ft/veh
6. Gap (g) – sec/veh
7. Clearance (c) – m/veh or ft/veh

Remember, units are critical!


Volume (V) & Flow rate (Q)
“veh/h”

• Volume (V) “veh/h”


is the actual number of vehicles passing a point on
a road or a lane during a specified time period.

• Flow rate (Q) “veh/h”


is the equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass
a point on a highway lane during a time period less
than 1 hour.
Volume (V) & Flow rate (Q)
“veh/h”
• Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = (0.8-0.96)
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Volume (V) & Flow rate (Q)
“veh/h”
• Example # 1

Number of
Time Period
vehicles
8:00 – 8:15 700
8:15 – 8:30 800
8:30 – 8:45 750
8:45 – 9:00 600

V ? , Qdesign ? , PHF ?
Volume (V) & Flow rate (Q)
“veh/h”
• Solution
Number of
Time Period Q “veh/h”
vehicles
8:00 – 8:15 700 2800
8:15 – 8:30 800 3200
8:30 – 8:45 750 3000
8:45 – 9:00 600 2400

V= , Qdesign = , 𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 𝑉
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
Density (K)
“veh/km or veh/mile”
“veh/km/lane or veh/mile/lane”
• Number of vehicles occupying a given length
of a lane or a roadway during a period of time.
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖
𝐾=
𝑇×𝐿
L, T

if 𝑛
ti=T
𝐾=
𝐿
Desnity (K)
• Example # 2:
Vehicle ti (sec)
A 4 L= 1000 m
B 5 T= 2 min
C 3 K ???
D 7
𝑛
• Solution: σ𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖
𝐾=
𝑇×𝐿
4+5+3+7
𝐾= = veh/m = veh/km
120 × 1000
Density (K)

• Example # 3:
4 vehicles over 600 feet of
roadway. K ??

• Solution: 𝑛
𝐾=
𝐿
4
𝐾= = veh/ft
600

= veh/mile
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Time mean speed (𝑼𝒕 )
“kph or mph”
• Average speed of vehicles measured at a
point/location over a roadway during a period of
time.
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑈𝑖
𝑈𝑡 =
𝑛

• Example #4:
U1=50 mph, U2 =60 mph and U3= 40 mph
(50 + 60 + 40)
• Solution: 𝑈𝑡 = = mph
3
Speed (U)
“km/h or mph”

• Speed is the distance traversed by a vehicle in unit


time .
• Speed Types:
i. Design speed
ii. Operating speed
iii. Free-flow speed
iv. Running speed
v. Time mean speed (avg. spot speed)
vi. Space mean speed (avg. travel speed)
Space mean speed (𝑼𝒔 )
“kph or mph”

• average speed of vehicles over a roadway


segment during a period of time.
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑛
σ𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖

L, T

if 𝑛×𝐿 𝑛
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑛 =
xi=L σ𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 σ𝑛 1
𝑖=1 𝑈
𝑖
Relation b/w Time mean speed (𝑼𝒕 )
& Space mean speed (𝑼𝒔 )
• Time mean speed is always greater than or equal
to space mean speed.
𝜎𝑈𝑆 2
𝑈𝑡 = 𝑈𝑠 +
𝑈𝑠

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑈𝑖 − 𝑈𝑠 2
𝜎𝑈𝑠 2 =
𝑛−1
Time Headway ( ht )
“sec/veh.”
• Time between the front of two successive
vehicles passing a fixed point on a roadway.

t1=0 sec
t2=3sec
Note ht1-2=3sec
1 Units???
ℎഥ𝑡 = hr= 3600 sec
𝑄
Space Headway “Spacing” (hd)
“m/veh or ft/veh”
• The distance between the front of two successive
vehicles in a traffic stream at a certain time.

hd1-2
1 Note
ℎ𝑑 = Units??? mile= 5280 ft
𝐾 Km =1000 m
Space Headway “Spacing” (hd )
“m/veh or ft/veh”

Space headway
Gap (g)
“sec/veh”
• Time between successive vehicles passing a
fixed point on a roadway.

t1=0 sec
t2=2.5sec
𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑟 g1-2=2.5 sec
𝑔ҧ = ℎഥ𝑡 −
𝑈𝑡 , lcar = 6 m or 20 ft
Clearance (c)
“m/veh or ft/veh”
• The distance between the back of a vehicle and the
front of the following vehicle at a certain time.

𝑐ҧ = ℎ𝑑 − 𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑟

, lcar = 6 m or 20 ft Clearance
Time Headway (ht), Spacing (hd)
Gap (g) and Clearance (c)

Clearance (m or ft) lcar (m)


Gap (sec)

Spacing (m)
Time Headway (sec)
𝑛
Density Flow

𝑄𝐴 = Q = 𝑈𝑠 × 𝐾
𝑇

𝑈𝑠
Speed

𝑈𝑡

ℎഥ𝑡 ℎ𝑑

𝑔ҧ 𝑐ҧ
Example # 5: Sheet #7 Pro.#2

• An observer noted that the traffic stream on a


freeway lane displayed average vehicle headways
of 2.5 sec at a space mean speed of 90 km/h.
Estimate the density, rate of flow, average
spacing and clearance of this traffic stream
assume the average length of vehicles is 6 m.
• Example # 5: Sheet #6 Pro.#2
ℎഥ𝑡 = 2.5 sec , 𝑈𝑠 = 90 km/h, lcar = 6 m
K, Q, ℎ𝑑 , 𝑐ҧ ????
• Solution:
1
ℎഥ𝑡 = Q
𝑄

Q = 𝑈𝑠 × 𝐾 K

1
ℎ𝑑 = ℎ𝑑
𝐾

𝑐ҧ = ℎ𝑑 − 𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑟
Questions??

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