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The document provides a test bank for the 5th edition of 'Action Research Improving Schools and Empowering Educators' by Mertler, along with links to additional test banks and solution manuals for various educational texts. It includes a series of questions and answers related to data analysis, qualitative and quantitative research methods, and statistical tests. The content is aimed at helping educators and researchers improve their understanding of research methodologies and data analysis techniques.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
25 views42 pages

21553

The document provides a test bank for the 5th edition of 'Action Research Improving Schools and Empowering Educators' by Mertler, along with links to additional test banks and solution manuals for various educational texts. It includes a series of questions and answers related to data analysis, qualitative and quantitative research methods, and statistical tests. The content is aimed at helping educators and researchers improve their understanding of research methodologies and data analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

dobamothango12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 6: Analyzing Data
Test Bank

1. Which of the following is not generally considered a step in qualitative data analysis?
a. Developing general conclusions and theories
b. Making observations as a precursor to data collection
c. Formulating tentative hypotheses
d. Writing the research report
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 171
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. One special challenge of inductive analysis of qualitative data is:


a. Reducing the data into bite-size chunks that can easily be discarded, if necessary
b. Remembering that you are trying to reduce the volume of information you have collected by organizing
the data into patterns and identifying themes in the data for the purpose of constructing a framework that
can be used to describe the data collected
c. Trying to reduce the data to one specific idea or theme
d. Minimizing and simplifying the data to make them easier to analyze
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: pp. 172-173
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. A(n) _______ is used to group data according to similar characteristics to facilitate effective data
analysis.
a. Analysis plan
b. Organizational scheme
c. Coding scheme
d. Inductive analysis
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 173
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. It is important to employ a coding scheme when beginning data analysis because:


a. Coding schemes enable the researcher to see patterns in the data that have been collected.
b. Coding schemes make it easier for researchers to describe the main features and characteristics of the
data they have collected.
c. Coding schemes help identify contradictions or conflicts in collected data.
d. All of these are important reasons to develop a strong coding scheme.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: pp. 173-174
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Schwalbach (2003) has suggested that researchers should consider engaging in a process of
introspection while coding data for analysis. Why is introspection important in action research?
a. Because introspection is required by the researchers’’ code of ethics.
b. Because it helps ensure that the researcher remains objective and emotionally unattached to the data,
permitting the researcher to inspect and interpret the data with a more open-minded perspective.
c. Because introspection is the opposite of reflection, and both are necessary components of an effective
study.
d. Because introspection guarantees that the researcher will develop an emotional attachment to the
data, ensuring more powerful results for the study.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 176
Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What method of data analysis incorporates the main processes of inductive analysis, including
reduction and organization of collected data, while also incorporating a complex, iterative process of
collection and coding?
a. Constant comparative method
b. Comparative method
c. Inductive method
d. Reductive method
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 177
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Why is quantitative data analysis considered a deductive, rather than inductive, process?
a. Because the researcher begins by identifying a key question to be answered or hypothesis to be
tested, then proceeds to gather information to determine how the question or hypothesis connects to
broad themes in education.
b. Because in a deductive research study quantitative methods must always be used.
c. Because the researcher begins by identifying a given topic of interest and narrowing it down to
questions that can be answered or hypotheses than can be tested.
d. None of these answers explains why quantitative data analysis is considered a deductive process.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 178
Difficulty Level: Hard

8. _______ are simple mathematical procedures that serve to simplify, summarize, and organize relatively
large amounts of numerical data.
a. Measures of dispersion tendency
b. Descriptive statistics
c. Inferential statistics
d. Differential statistics
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 178
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. _______ are statistical procedures that indicate, with a single score, what is typical or standard about a
group of individuals and are commonly used to describe the collective level of performance, attitude, or
opinion of a group of study participants.
a. Inferential statistics
b. Central statistical measures
c. Measures of collective tendency
d. Measures of central tendency
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. What is the mean of the following data set: 15, 25, 25, 35, 50?
a. 25
b. 50
c. 75
d. 150
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application/analysis
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In what kind of situation might the mean of a data set not be an accurate reflection of the
phenomenon being examined?
a. When one or more scores is a significant outlier (i.e., a score or piece of data is much higher or lower
than the mean without that score)
b. When all scores are very high or very low
c. When the mean cannot be calculated correctly
d. When there are no score outliers
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Which of the following is not a category of descriptive statistics?


a. Measures of relationship
b. Measures of central tendency
c. Measures of reflection
d. Measures of dispersion
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The ____ is the measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring score in a set of
scores.
a. Median
b. Mean
c. Measure of dispersion
d. Mode
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Identify the mode in the following set of scores: 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 17, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 25, 50.
a. 10
b. 11
c. 22
d. 50
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application/analysis
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. What is the name given to the various measures of the degree and relationships of variables to each
other in a quantitative research study?
a. Correlation coefficients
b. Reflective statistics
c. Differential statistics
d. Range
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. In a quantitative data set, the _____ is calculated by subtracting the lowest score in the set of data
from the highest score.
a. Median
b. Range
c. Mode
d. Mean
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Identify the range of the following data set: 5, 10, 15, 25, 50.
a. 45
b. 105
c. 50
d. 55
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application/analysis
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A quantitative researcher seeking to represent his or her data visually may choose to represent it in
which of the following ways?
a. On a frequency distribution table
b. In a histogram
c. Both frequency distribution tables and histograms are visual representations of quantitative data
d. Neither frequency distribution tables nor histograms are appropriate ways to represent data visually
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 182
Difficulty Level: Hard

19. What is the primary goal of using inferential statistics in a quantitative research study?
a. To calculate the mean of a given data set
b. To infer the likelihood of selecting a representative sample of a population before data collection begins
c. To determine how unlikely a statistical result is to be repeated in a pair of members of a given sample
population
d. To determine how likely a given statistical result is for an entire population based on a smaller subset
of the population
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 184
Difficulty Level: Hard

20. What kind of statistical test is appropriate to use in a research design where two groups (usually a
control group and an experimental group) are compared with one another on a common dependent
variable?
a. Test of practical significance
b. Independent-measures t test
c. Alpha level test
d. P-value test
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 186
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Suppose an action researcher would like to compare how two sets of students who were taught
differently performed on a test of their knowledge afterward. What kind of statistical test could the
researcher use to evaluate the statistical significance of the difference between the performance of the
two groups?
a. A test of practical significance
b. An alpha-level test
c. A differential measurement test
d. An independent-measures t-test
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application/analysis
Answer Location: p. 186
Difficulty Level: Hard

22. One of the most important concepts to keep in mind when conducting correlational research is the old
adage that correlation is not causation. What does this mean in practical terms?
a. Simply establishing a correlation between two or more variables does not mean that one caused the
other(s).
b. The correlation between or among a set of variables is never the cause of their relationship.
c. Simply establishing a link between or among a set of variables does not also establish causal links
between or among them.
d. All of these answers are accurate.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 182
Difficulty Level: Hard

23. _______ is a variation of the independent measures t-test, with the key difference being that this type
of test is appropriately applied in research designs where there are more than two groups.
a. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
b. Repeated measures test
c. T-test
d. P-value test
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 186
Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Suppose a researcher is more interested in determining the number of girls versus the number of
boys who prefer to have study guides provided prior to taking a test, as opposed to evaluating the
difference in their test scores. What kind of test would be appropriate for comparing the number of
students who preferred the study guide for both girls and boys?
a. Independent measures t-test
b. ANOVA
c. Chi-square test
d. P-value test
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application/analysis
Answer Location: p. 187
Difficulty Level: Hard

25. When test results can be used to compare the performance of a student or group of students to the
whole population of students who took the test, the results are said to be:
a. Criterion referenced
b. Norm referenced
c. Standardized
d. Equalized
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 188
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. On a ______ test, student performance is measured not against other students but against specific
criteria the test was designed to measure.
a. Norm referenced
b. Standardized
c. Equalized
d. Criterion referenced
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 188
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. One way to avoid being overwhelmed when trying to use empirical test data to make decisions about
their classes or individual students is for teacher-researchers to:
a. Only focus on data that other researchers have determined to be important or meaningful
b. Select only students who will score on their tests as participants in the study
c. Focus on national percentile ranks and their associated confidence bands to establish a baseline for
analyzing local test scores
d. Write the test questions themselves
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 189
Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Which of the following is not a software program or package researchers might use to analyze
quantitative data?
a. ANOVA
b. SPSS
c. SYSTAT
d. StatCrunch
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: pp. 189-190
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A researcher who would like to use both quantitative and qualitative data in a research study should
consider conducting a _______ research study.
a. Statistical
b. Differential
c. Mixed methods
d. Qualitative
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 196
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is not a key concern to be aware of when writing up the results of a qualitative
research study?
a. Make every effort to be impartial
b. Only include information essential to the study in the final report
c. Include references to yourself where they are warranted
d. Include representative samples to enhance the presentation
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 199
Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False
1. When expressing quantifiable data using numerals in a quantitative research report, it is generally
acceptable to use numerals for numbers greater than 10 but to spell any values less than 10.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 199
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. When reporting the results of a quantitative study, numerical data should generally be reported in
ascending order (i.e., from least to greatest).
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 200
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. When conducting inductive analysis of qualitative data, one challenge is to reduce the volume of data
collected into a framework that enables the presentation of the study’s findings.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 173
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. When coding data in a research study, it is not often necessary to reread narrative data that have
already been collected.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 173
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. It is important to be on the lookout for data that contradict or conflict with patterns or trends you have
already identified when analyzing data as part of a research project.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 174
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Advanced computer software has been developed that is capable of completing all aspects of data
analysis for researchers.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 178
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Computer software has been developed to assist in the analysis of data, but it cannot replace the
efforts of researchers who must analyze data themselves in order to do it well.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 178
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The analysis of quantitative data is typically conceptualized as a deductive process, not an inductive
one.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Measures of central tendency, dispersion, and relationship are all basic categories of descriptive
statistics used by researchers.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The arithmetic average of a set of scores is known as the mode.


Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 179
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The mean of the following set of scores is 25: 15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 32.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 180
Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Median, mode, and mean are all measures of the central tendency of a set of numerical data.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: pp. 179-180
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Researchers cannot use the concept of standard deviation to determine the average distance of
scores away from the mean.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 181
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In a histogram, scores are arranged from highest to lowest, moving down a table.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 182
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Most standardized tests report both norm-referenced results and criterion-referenced information.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 188
Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay
1. What issues should researchers be aware of when using standardized test scores as a source of data
in an action research project, particularly with regard to interpretation of scores?
Ans: Standardized test scores typically arrive having already been “analyzed” in the sense that they have
already been given meaning by test makers or by test agencies (such as state departments of education)
responsible for giving the tests. There is, however, a science to interpreting them. Researchers may
consider looking at scale scores, grade equivalent scores, percentile ranks, and stanines when
interpreting standardized test data to evaluate the impact of changes in instruction on standardized test
scores.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: pp. 188-189
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. How can inferential statistics assist an action researcher in the process of data analysis? What are
inferential statistics good for from a research perspective?
Ans: The goal of inferential statistics is to determine how likely a given statistical result is for an entire
population based on a smaller subset or sample of the population. Inferential statistics are most useful
when a researcher wants to compare groups to one another.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 184
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. There are three basic categories of descriptive statistics employed by researchers: measures of central
tendency, measures of dispersion, and measures of relationship. Describe each procedure, and explain
how it might be useful in an action research project.
Ans: Measures of central tendency indicate, with a single score, what is typical or standard about a group
of individuals. Measures of central tendency are often used when a researcher is interested in describing
the collective level of performance, attitude, or opinion of a group. Measures of dispersion indicate
differences within a group of scores—a measure of dispersion may be calculated when a researcher is
interested in understanding the spread of scores on a given test or tool. Measures of relationship indicate
how variables are related to each other. While correlations do not indicate causation, researchers may be
interested in knowing if two or more variables impact others and in what ways.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: pp. 179-181
Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Why is it important for researchers to take the time to develop coding schemes for the data they have
collected as part of the data analysis phase of a research project?
Ans: Coding enables researchers to organize and categorize collected data, making it easier to see
patterns and themes that may exist in the data. Researchers might consider engaging in a constant-
comparative process of analysis once codes have been established to ensure that themes and patterns
are recognized effectively.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: p. 173
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Qualitative researchers typically rely on inductive analysis of data when conducting research projects.
What is the goal of inductive analysis, and how does it differ from deductive analysis?
Ans: Inductive analysis involves the organization of collected data to identify important themes and
patterns that exist in them and follows a three-step process of organization, description, and
interpretation. The goal, ultimately, is to recognize patterns in the data in order to provider richer, fuller
explanations of their meaning. In deductive analysis, the goal is to provide specific answers to posed
research questions or test hypotheses.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: p. 172-173
Difficulty Level: Medium
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endeavor to retain. To be taken at first at bedtime, and after a few
days twice a day, in cases of obstinate rheumatic affections.

Anti-Spasmodic Injections.
Form I.

Take of castor (not the oil) one drachm, and beat it well with the
yolk of an egg; then add a half pint of water. This is frequently given
with the best results to women suffering from spasms of the womb,
accompanied with hysterics.

Form II.

Take of assafœtida two drachms, to which add from one half to


three-quarters of a pint of thin water gruel, and mix well together.
This is considered very useful in hysteria, colic, convulsions of
children, &c., and for relief of severe pain in the bowels.

Injections for Worms.[2]


Form I.

Take of powdered aloes from ten to fifteen grains, and of starch


mucilage one gill. Steep well together, and strain. The same quantity
of warm sweet oil or even lamp oil is very useful in these cases, and
is known to be a powerful exterminator of pin worms. It may be
injected twice a day, if deemed necessary. For this purpose alone,
the Improved Injecting Apparatus becomes, in the hands of parents,
a valuable means of removing one of the most frightful sources of
disease in children.
[2] Worms and their Symptoms.—The worms which mostly infest
the human body are the long round worm, the maw or pin worm,
the tape worm, and the fluke worm. The long round worm is from
four to twelve inches in length, and about as large round as a
common pipe stem. This worm is quite common in children, and
not unfrequently crawls out at the mouth. It is of a brownish or
ash color. The maw or pin worm is generally from two to four
inches in length, and of a white color. This worm is most common
to children, but is not unfrequently met with in grown persons
also. They are frequently found in the intestines in the form of a
ball, in such quantities as to prevent the medicines which are
usually administered from operating. As a general thing, the
symptoms are a bad fetor or smell to the breath, frightful dreams,
itching about the navel, pain in the belly, and gnawing about the
stomach, itching in the nose, frequent dry cough, with tickling in
the throat, constant hunger, and yet the system becomes weak,
the head generally becomes affected, face pale and of a yellowish
cast. These symptoms, either singly or together, denote worms.
Injections are considered a most efficient mode of expulsion, and
are much recommended by physicians.

Form II.

Take of sifted wood soot six drachms; to which add half a pint of
water. Boil and strain. This injection is useful in destroying thread
worms in children. It should be given half an hour before the child
goes to bed, and should be administered several days in succession.

Form III.

Take of chamomile flowers half an ounce, of aloes one drachm, of


common salt one ounce, and boiling water one pint. Steep the
chamomile and aloes for ten minutes; then strain, and add the salt.

Aromatic Injection.
Steeped anise seed or carraway, so commonly given by the mouth
to infants, in flatulency, may be used in the form of injections for the
same purpose, by making an infusion of the seeds. Take, of the
seeds of either one half an ounce, and of boiling water a pint. Steep
for fifteen minutes and strain. This may be often repeated, if
required.

Yeast Injection.
Take of barley gruel one gill, to which add one gill of yeast. This
injection is found extremely efficient in typhoid fever, and useful in
preventing the offensive odor of stools in various complaints.

Tobacco Injection.
Take of tobacco leaves from fifteen to twenty grains; to which add
one pint of boiling water. Steep for an hour and strain. This injection
is recommended in cases of strangulated hernia by many
distinguished French and English physicians; and also for obstinate
constipation, retention of urine, flooding after child-birth, &c. This
injection should be used with the utmost caution, and never without
the sanction, or, perhaps, even under the eye of a physician. Lobelia,
which is sometimes substituted for tobacco, is liable to the same or
more stringent objections, and should be used with the same care.

Quinine Injections.

Form I.

Take of flaxseed tea one gill, to which add from twelve to fifteen
grains of quinine. Injected warm, this enema is found to have a
powerful and immediate effect in intermittent fevers. It may be
repeated every four or six hours, as the case may require.

Form II.

Take of quinine five or six grains, and of sulphuric acid eight


drops; to which add half a pint of water. This enema is sometimes
used for expulsion of worms from the rectum, and is considered very
effective by physicians generally.

Camphor Injection.
Take of powdered camphor five grains, and one gill of gum arabic
mucilage, or flaxseed tea. Mix well and administer warm. This is
highly esteemed in cases of dysentery.

Ox Gall Injection.
Take of ox gall flesh one ounce, to which add one pint of warm
water. This has been strongly recommended by Doctors Clay and
Alnatt, of England, for cases of obstinate constipation and hardened
fæces. Cases are on record in England where numerous other
injections had been used, all of which failed; upon which an injection
of ox-gall was administered, and success was the instantaneous
result.

Nutritious Injections.

Form I.

In cases where nourishment cannot be taken by the mouth,


injections of strong beef tea or broth may be thrown up the rectum,
to the extent of from half a pint to a pint at a time. A case is cited
where life was prolonged in this manner alone for ten weeks or
more.

Form II.

Take of starch or tapioca one drachm. Boil in half a pint of veal


broth, without salt, and three yolks of eggs. Beat well together and
strain. Administer tepid. This is an admirable support to nature
where food is not easily borne upon the stomach.

Nitrate of Silver Injection.[3]


Take of nitrate of silver half a grain, to which add half a pint of
water; to be retained after injection several hours, if possible. The
strength may be increased to three grains for each injection. Dr.
Trask, in his "Notes on Hospital Cases," in his Journal of October,
1850, mentions a case of severe chronic diarrhœa, in which, after
using several strong injections of sulph. zinc, sugar of lead, opium,
tannin, etc., with no effect, he injected a solution of thirty grains of
nitrate of silver, with a common glass syringe. It was not retained a
moment, he says, and caused a good deal of tenesmus for some
time. After this injection, another of starch and laudanum was
immediately administered, and a very decided diminution in the
number of discharges followed. The next day but one, an injection of
fifteen grains of nitrate of silver was given, followed by the injection
of starch and laudanum, and in eight days from the first injection of
the caustic, the patient was able to walk about the house.
[3] This injection should never be administered, save by the
advice or under the eye of a physician.

Vaginal Injections.
Vaginal injections should first be given in quantities sufficient to
thoroughly cleanse the vaginal canal; and then, in quantities of
about a gill, should be administered and retained as long as from ten
to twenty minutes, if possible. The temperature of the injections
may vary with the state of the patient, and be either hot or cold.
Warm injections may afford a speedy relief to some, while upon
others they have no effect. In cases of leucorrhœa, if copious,
injections of tepid water, three or four times a day, will be found to
be very beneficial. In falling of the womb, injections of cold water in
quantities of a quart at a time, have been administered with good
results. In some cases of leucorrhœa an astringent injection may be
required. The injection for this complaint mostly recommended by
physicians consists of a decoction of white oak bark, (see Astringent
Injections,) and can be used warm or cold, as best suits the patient.
However, in all cases of vaginal complaints, unless they are very
mild, legitimate medical advice should always be had; physicians in
regular standing being the most reliable in all critical cases.
Application to them should therefore be made at once, or evil
consequences may be the penalty of neglect.
TESTIMONY OF EMINENT
PHYSICIANS.
From the venerable and distinguished Dr. James Jackson, No. 3
Hamilton Place, Boston.
Boston, December 21, 1855.
I have seen Mr. Lewis's Improved Portable Syringe, and I think it is
a very neatly made instrument, and that it is an excellent apparatus
for family use.
James Jackson.

From Dr. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff.


Boston, December 5, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Sir: Your Portable Syringe, constructed for medical use, combines
so much of the needful with the convenient, that I have no doubt of
its proving invaluable in many cases where others, from their
construction, will be entirely useless.
Nathaniel B. Shurtleff.

From Dr. Walter Channing.


Boston, December 17, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Dear Sir: I have examined your Improved Syringe, and find it will
perfectly answer the purpose for which it is designed, either for self
or family use.
Walter Channing, M. D.

From Henry G. Clark, M. D., Surgeon at the Massachusetts General


Hospital, and City Physician of Boston.
Boston, December 11, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Dear Sir: I have thoroughly examined the Improved Portable
Syringe manufactured by you, and think it one of the very best I
have seen.
Yours truly,
Henry G. Clarke.

From Dr. M. S. Perry, No. 16 Rowe Street.


Boston, December 12, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Dear Sir: I received your Improved Syringe, and have examined it
very carefully. I think it is all you recommend it to be. Simple and
durable in mechanism, and convenient in its form, it is certainly a
good family instrument.
Respectfully yours,
M. S. Perry.
Also recommended by the following distinguished physicians of
this city:
Dr. Henry J. Bigelow, Surgeon to Mass. Gen. Hospital.
Dr. J. V. C. Smith, Mayor of Boston.
Dr. D. H. Storer, and many others.

From Dr. Theo. Kittredge, Waltham, Mass.


Waltham, December 21, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Dear Sir: Your Improved Syringe, of which I have made a
thorough trial, is the most simple and convenient apparatus I have
ever seen, and for durability it cannot be excelled. Its simplicity of
construction is certainly of the greatest importance, particularly to
country physicians, who are frequently under the necessity of
repairing their own instruments, and are greatly perplexed by the
common apparatus being so often out of order.
Theodore Kittredge, M. D.

From Joseph M. Wightman, Esq., the celebrated Philosophical


Instrument Manufacturer, No. 33 Cornhill, who is well known
throughout the United States.
Boston, November 8, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Dear Sir: After a thorough trial of your 'Improved Portable
Syringe,' during severe sickness in my family, I am gratified to give
my decided opinion in favor of its construction, as admirably adapted
to the purpose, and also in regard to the excellent workmanship and
convenient arrangement of the various parts. These qualities
combined with 'Hard Ball Valves,' which operate as well with those
injections of which gruel forms a part, as with those more fluid,
render it invaluable to those who are obliged to resort frequently to
the use of such an instrument for the purpose, and have suffered
from having those of other constructions so often out of order as to
be a continual source of annoyance and expense.
Yours truly,
J. M. Wightman, 33 Cornhill.
OPINIONS OF DRUGGISTS.
From Thomas Hollis, an old and long-established Druggist, No. 23
Union Street.
Boston, December 3, 1855.
Mr. Thomas Lewis.
Sir: I have examined your Improved Portable Syringe, and regard
it as a most admirable instrument. Compact and simple in its
construction, it is easily managed, and not liable to get out of order,
and is well adapted for all the purposes for which it is intended.
Thomas Hollis.

The following opinion, expressed by the principal wholesale and


retail Druggists of this city, shows with what favor the new
instrument has been received by the trade generally:—

Boston, November 16, 1855.


The undersigned having carefully examined Lewis's Improved
Portable Syringe, are satisfied as to its excellence, and believe it to
be superior to any instrument of the kind before offered to the
attention of the trade.
Henshaw, Edmands & Co., 36 India Street.
Reed, Cutler & Co., 33 India Street.
Brown & Knapp, 49 India Street.
Brewers, Stevens, & Cushing, 90 and 92 Washington St.
Charles T. Carney, 138 Washington Street.
Wilson, Fairbank & Co., 43 and 45 Hanover Street.
Reed, Austin & Co., 34 India Street.
Thayer, Hovey & Co., 6 Faneuil Hall Square.
Carter, Colcord & Preston, 86 Hanover Street.
Weeks & Potter, 154 Washington Street.
A. L. Cutler & Co., 43 India Street.
B. O. & G. C. Willson, 18 Central Street.
Smith & Melvin, 325 Washington Street.
Joseph T. Brown, Corner Bedford and Washington Streets.
Thomas Restieaux, 29 Tremont Street.
J. W. Phelps, 68 Tremont Street.
Henry D. Fowle, 71 Prince Street.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

From the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.

The editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, under date
of Dec. 6, 1855, speaking of Lewis's Improved Portable Syringe,
says:—
"Portability, durability, neatness, and efficiency are qualities which
render any apparatus as nearly perfect as possible, and they are
certainly possessed by this. The piston moves admirably, and its
action requires hardly any more exertion from the person working it
than does that of the elastic bottle attached to certain of these
instruments.
"There is a great convenience, it is true, in avoiding the use of the
pump, as is effected by Dr. Mattson in his arrangement, and the
stream of fluid is thrown (or can be) more continuously; but the
lasting nature of the metallic chamber and rod, together with the
ease of working the latter, are equivalent excellences.
"This apparatus is adapted to both rectal and vaginal uses, and a
small pipe is added for use in the case of children.
"One great advantage claimed by the proprietor, and which
commends itself at once to the judgment, is the simple construction,
and more than that, the lasting nature of the valves. A ball,
accurately fitting, supplies the place of the leather or India rubber
valves most commonly employed. It is evident that an important
object is here attained; the valves cannot get out of order. If, in
taking the syringe apart, the ball should accidentally drop, it tells its
story as it falls, and is instantly replaced; no renewal is needed,
except there be actual loss, when a common marble, if round, will
answer the purpose.
"There are many occasions when it is necessary to use a thick,
tenacious fluid for injections; for such purposes, this syringe can
have no rival. With delicate flapping valves, these substances would
decidedly interfere, and continual change and repair be demanded.
With this simple and efficient arrangement, we can hardly conceive it
possible for the instrument to get out of working order. In cases
where it is imperative to give nourishing enemata, such as gruel,
broths, &c., the above conditions are absolutely essential to success,
and also to the final integrity of the apparatus.
"As a general thing, the more simple the machinery, the easier its
use, and the more universal its application. Complicated
arrangements, while they are far more readily disordered, puzzle the
unskilful, and sometimes even foil the accustomed hand: their fate
is, commonly, to be thrown by in disgust.
"Those who need such aids (and there are few who do not,
occasionally, at least,) cannot do better than to supply themselves
with this instrument. Every family should possess effectual artificial
means of this description, to meet those exigences to which the
sluggishness of nature or disordered health may give rise. Were
enemata more used in this country, we could safely dispense with
much purgative medicine given by the mouth; and when this can be
done, we are sure that physicians as well as patients will gladly
embrace the opportunity.
"Printed directions accompany each box which contains the
syringe. For travellers it is perfectly adapted, not only from its
compactness, but from the ease of cleansing it. It is afforded at the
very reasonable price of three dollars and fifty cents, and it deserves
a large sale."

From the Boston Daily Journal, Dec. 18, 1855.


"Lewis's Improved Portable Syringe.—This is a new and beautiful
instrument, which is worthy the attention of Physicians and families,
and which we are confident will come into general use for the
purposes for which it is intended. It is perfectly simple in its
construction, and very efficient in its action, and it can be used by
an invalid without any assistance or difficulty, and is not in the least
liable to get out of order."

From the Boston Daily Chronicle, Dec. 5, 1855.

"Valuable Medical Invention.—The attention of physicians and others


interested, is called to an Improved Portable Syringe, invented and
sold by Mr. Thomas Lewis, No. 166 Washington street, of this city.
We have seen the instrument alluded to, and although there are
many now in use for the same objects, yet we have the authority of
several of our first physicians for saying that none approach this
invention in perfectedness of plan or execution. The syringe is plainly
and simply constructed, not liable to get out of order, and can be
used with the utmost facility by the invalid. Directions for its use are
plainly and amply set forth on the case, and each instrument is fully
warranted."

From the Boston Daily Evening Telegraph, Dec. 3, 1855.

"Portable Syringe.—Our attention was called a few days since to an


improved Portable Syringe for domestic use, which is of great value.
It is superior to any other which has yet been invented, and must,
we think, be preferred by physicians and others who are obliged to
use such an instrument. While it is very simple in its construction, it
is perfectly adapted for the purposes for which it is designed. Its size
is such as to make it a very portable and convenient apparatus for
traveller's use."
From the Worcester Mass. Journal of Medicine, April, 1856.

Lewis's Improved Portable Syringe: We take occasion to call the


attention of our readers to the "Domestic Injecting Apparatus"
manufactured by Thomas Lewis, No. 166 Washington Street, Boston.
It is decidedly the best construction of metalic syringe that we have
ever seen. It has many important advantages over any other form of
syringe. Its construction is such that the valvular apparatus seldom
gets out of place. It is small and convenient, enclosed in a neat box,
and may be conveniently carried in almost any way. The objections
commonly urged against the metalic syringe, are in this
improvement wholly obviated. Its long flexible tube allows a
convenient self-application. Persons having the syringe need not the
aid of an assistant.
Connected with the syringe are full directions with reference to its
use, and the advantages to be derived from it. The mass of people
are but little aware of the great benefits derived from the frequent
use of common water injections. This want of practical knowledge
arises more from the want of a good instrument than any other
cause. We can strongly recommend Lewis's Improved Syringe in this
particular. Physicians themselves would always find it advantageous
to recommend a good instrument of the kind to their patients.

From the New Hampshire Journal of Medicine.

Lewis's Improved Portable Syringe, which is advertised in this number,


will be found on examination and in use to be one of the most
perfect instruments in the market. It is so simple and its several
parts fit with so much accuracy that there is little chance of its
getting out of repair, and its price is so low as to place it within the
reach of every family who desire an injecting apparatus.
From the Boston Weekly Dispatch.

Improved Portable Syringe, or Domestic Injecting Apparatus;


manufactured by Thomas Lewis, Boston.—There has been a great
variety of attempts to perfect an instrument of this sort for Domestic
Use. The French have led the way. We remember, while in Paris, to
have examined a great variety of Syringes, and also while in
England. Before leaving Liverpool, we paid £1 for one, which we
supposed would never need repair; but it has failed. We have taken
great pains to secure the best article in this country; for, to a
dyspeptic such as we have been for twenty years, the Syringe is
invaluable. In passing through Washington Street, we accidentally
met with the instrument now on our table, and which we have tried
with complete success. We think we must say that Mr. Lewis has
really met the want of the community in producing a Syringe at once
portable, simple, and combining all that will be desired. We
understand that Dr. Jackson and other eminent physicians of our city
have recommended it for general use. We trust Mr. Lewis will be
amply rewarded for his excellent labor in the extensive sale of his
instrument. Call at 166 Washington Street.

From the Boston Advertiser.

We were shown to-day, an instrument manufactured by Mr. Thomas


Lewis, 166 Washington Street, which in its operation is superior to
any we have ever seen before. It is simple and effective, dispensing
altogether with Leather or Rubber valves, (which are so liable to get
out of order,) and instead round mineral balls are used, these, by the
peculiar construction of the parts, can never get out of place, or
wear so as to prevent its perfect operation at all times.
It is so constructed that it may be used without assistance, and is
well adapted to children, as well as adults. The importance of every
family having one of these instruments is fully set forth by the
testimony of the medical faculty of this city, which is furnished in a
small book, which contains full directions, receipts, &c.
LEWIS'S
IMPROVED
ELASTIC SYRINGE.
View of Lewis's Improved Elastic Syringe.

DESCRIPTION.

A—Elastic Bag.
B—Metallic coupling, joined to C by a screw.
C—Metallic Valve Chamber, containing a Valve.
D—Metallic Tube through which the fluid is drawn into the
Instrument.
E—Metallic Valve Chamber, (discharge valve,) containing a
Valve to which is connected by a screw, the flexible tube.
F—Flexible Tube to which is attached as they may be needed,
the different Pipes.
G—Pipe for Injecting the Bowels of Adults.
H—Small Pipe for Injecting the Bowels of Children.
I—Vaginal Tube, (for Female Uses.)

DIRECTIONS FOR USE—FOR SELF-ADMINISTRATION. The Elastic


Bag A should be clasped by the right hand, the end of the metallic
tube D resting in the basin containing the fluid intended for use, the
left hand being employed in directing the terminal tube G. By
compressing the Bag with the hand and then loosening the grasp, it
will immediately fill itself with the fluid. By the next compression of
the hand upon the Bag, the fluid thus drawn into the Instrument will
be forced through the Flexible Tube, and out of the terminal Pipe. By
this means either a large or small quantity of fluid can be used
without any difficulty or any alteration of the Instrument whatever.
For Injecting the Bowels of Children. Use the small Pipe H.
For Female Uses. Attach the Pipe I. (For further particulars see
Pages 22 to 37 inclusive.)
The Valves, and the care of the same. These consist of small Metallic
Balls, and are operated in an Improved Chamber or cavity, which
allows them to always work well in any position, and without that
liability to stick and become wedged, which is the case with all
valves of different form. They are pronounced by the most eminent
judges to be greatly superior to the flat India Rubber or Leather
Valves,which are so soon acted upon by the fluid as to become
utterly useless as well as being often drawn into the body of the
Instrument, thereby preventing its working, and causing great
perplexion.
N. B. After using any thick injection, all sediment which have
collected in the Valve Chambers, C and E, should be thoroughly
removed, as it may cause an obstruction to the workings of the
Valves.
☞ Be careful and not put the Instrument away wet, or it will injure
the Box.
The Flexible Tube. The reader will observe that the couplings to
which the Flexible Tube is attached is made with a neck which is
inserted into the orifice of the tube, the compression of which, when
on, holds it firmly in its place. If the Flexible Tube should at any time
be injured so as to be unfit for use, a new one can be obtained of
the Proprietor, or his Agents, and forwarded to any place by Express
or Mail, and it can be readily attached by any person.
N. B. Price of Flexible Tube 25 cents.
☞ For Formulas for injections, see pages 22 to 37 inclusive.
BUSINESS NOTICE.
LEWIS'S IMPROVED PORTABLE SYRINGE,

Or Domestic Injecting Apparatus;

IS MANUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BY THE PROPRIETOR,

THOMAS LEWIS,

No. 166 WASHINGTON STREET,

BOSTON.
MARK WORTHLEY, 166 Washington Street, } AGENTS.
B. S. CODMAN & CO., 57 Tremont Row, }

BOSTON, MASS.

☞ All orders directed as above will receive prompt attention.☜

☞ Also for sale by the Druggists generally throughout the United


States and the Canadas.
☞ All Instruments manufactured by the subscriber are put up with
great care and attention and warranted perfect in every respect;
they are accompanied by a Book of Directions for use, stamped with
the Proprietor's Patent Trade Mark. None are genuine unless so
stamped, and all persons are hereby cautioned against infringing on
the same.

T. LEWIS.
Transcriber's Notes
1.Simple typographical errors were silently corrected.
2.Some illustrations have been moved for reader text continuity.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RULES AND
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