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Principles of Inheritance and Variation CBSE 12 PYQ

The document contains a series of questions related to the principles of inheritance and variation, focusing on Mendel's laws, inheritance patterns, and genetic crosses. It includes multiple-choice questions, very short answer questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions, covering topics such as Mendelian genetics, dihybrid crosses, and polygenic inheritance. The questions are designed to assess knowledge of genetics concepts as per the CBSE Class 12 Biology curriculum.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views31 pages

Principles of Inheritance and Variation CBSE 12 PYQ

The document contains a series of questions related to the principles of inheritance and variation, focusing on Mendel's laws, inheritance patterns, and genetic crosses. It includes multiple-choice questions, very short answer questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions, covering topics such as Mendelian genetics, dihybrid crosses, and polygenic inheritance. The questions are designed to assess knowledge of genetics concepts as per the CBSE Class 12 Biology curriculum.

Uploaded by

kirtiandtrisha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBSE Class 12 Biology PYQ

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Topic-1: Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)


1. In a certain species of insects, some have 13 chromosomes, and others have 14 chromosomes. The 13 and
14 chromosome-bearing organisms are: [CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]
(a) males and females, respec vely
(b) females and males, respec vely
(c) all males
(d) all females
2. According to Mendel, the nature of the unit factors that control the expression of traits were:
[All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) Stable
(b) Blending
(c) Stable and discrete
(d) Discrete
3. Given below are pairs of contras ng traits in Pisum sa vum as studied by Mendel. Iden fy the incorrect
pair: [All India 2022, Term-I]

Very Short Answer Ques ons (1 Mark)


4. A gene cist interested in studying varia ons and pa erns of inheritance in living beings prefers to choose
organisms for experiments with shorter life cycles. Provide a reason. [Delhi 2015]
5. Men on any two contras ng traits with respect to seeds in pea plants that were studied by Mendel.
[All India 2014]

Short Answer Ques ons (2 or 3 Mark)


6. Mendel published his work on the inheritance of characters in 1865, but it remained unrecognized un l 1900.
Give three reasons for the delay in accep ng his work. [Delhi 2014]

Topic-2: Inheritance of One Gene

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)

1. The probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a gene c cross can be obtained with the help of:
[All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) Test cross
(b) Back cross
(c) Punne square
(d) Linkage cross
2. In Pisum sa vum, the flower posi on may be axial (allele A) or terminal (allele a). What would be the
percentage of offspring with axial flower posi on if a cross is made between parents Aa × aa?
[All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%
3. A plant breeder crossed a purebred tall plant having white flowers with a purebred dwarf plant having blue
flowers. He obtained 2002 F₁ progeny and found that they were all tall with blue flowers. Upon selfing these F₁
plants, he obtained a progeny of 2160 plants. Approximately how many of these are likely to be short with blue
flowers? [All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) 1215
(b) 405
(c) 540
(d) 135
4. What would be the genotype of the parents if the offspring have the phenotypes in a 1:1 propor on?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) Aa × Aa
(b) AA × AA
(c) Aa × AA
(d) Aa × aa
5. A genotypic ra o of 1:2:1 is obtained in a cross between: [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) AB × AB
(b) Ab × Ab
(c) Ab × ab
(d) ab × abT
6. he gene that controls the ABO blood group system in human beings has three alleles - Iᴬ, Iᴮ, and i. A child has
blood group O. His father has blood group A and mother has blood group B. Genotypes of other offspring can
be: [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(i) IᴬIᴮ
(ii) Iᴬi
(iii) Iᴮi
(iv) ii
(a) (i), (ii), (iii)
(b) (i), (ii), (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii), (iv)
(d) (ii), (iv), (v)
7. The number of different types of gametes that would be produced from a parent with genotype AABBCc is:
[All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 8
8. Possibility of the blood groups of the children in a family where the father is heterozygous for blood group 'A'
and the mother is heterozygous for blood group 'B' would be: [All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) Blood groups 'A', 'B'
(b) Blood group 'O'
(c) Blood group 'AB'
(d) Blood groups 'A', 'B', 'AB', 'O'
9. What would be the genotype of the parents if the offspring have the phenotypes in a 1:1 propor on?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) Aa × Aa
(b) AA × Aa
(c) Aa × AA
(d) Aa × aa
10. In An rrhinum, RR is phenotypically red, rr is white, and Rr is pink. Select the correct phenotypic ra o in the F₁
genera on when a cross is performed between RR × Rr: [CBSE Sample Paper 2022-23]
(a) 1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White
(b) 2 Pink : 1 White
(c) 2 Red : 2 Pink
(d) All White

Asser on Reason/Two Statement Type Ques ons

11. Assertion: When white-eyed, yellow-bodied Drosophila females were hybridized with red-eyed, brown-
bodied males, and F₁ progeny was intercrossed, the F₂ ratio deviated from 9:3:3:1.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2022-23]
Reason: When two genes in a dihybrid are on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene
combinations is much higher than the non-parental type.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Very Short Answer Ques ons (1 Mark)


12. Name the type of cross that would help to find the genotype of a pea plant bearing violet flowers. [Delhi 2017]
13. By using a Punnett square, depict the genotypes and phenotypes of test crosses (where green pod color (G) is
dominant over yellow pod color (g)) in Garden pea with an unknown genotype. [Delhi 2023 Set-II]
14. British geneticist R.C. Punnett developed a graphical representation of a genetic cross called the "Punnett
Square." Mention the possible result this representation predicts of the genetic cross carried.
[Delhi 2019]
15. State a difference between a gene and an allele. [Delhi 2016]
Short Answer Ques ons (2 or 3 Mark)

16. (a) A man with blood group 'A' marries a woman with blood group 'AB'. The first child of this couple is found to
have blood group 'B'. Work out a cross to find the genotype of the father. Give the possible blood groups and
their genotypes of the children that could be born to this couple. (Use a Punnett square.)
(b) State the basis of the 'ABO' blood grouping in humans. [All India 2024]
17. Using the Punnett square, depict the genotypes and phenotypes of test crosses (where green pod color (G) is
dominant over yellow pod color (g)) in Garden pea with an unknown genotype. [Delhi 2023 Set-II]
18. State Mendel's law of dominance. How did he deduce the law? Explain with the help of a suitable example.
[Delhi 2020]
19. You are given a tall pea plant and asked to find its genotype. How would you find its genotype? Explain.
[Delhi 2019]

Long Answer Ques ons (5 Mark)


20.It is sometimes observed that the F₂ progeny has a phenotype that does not resemble either of the two parents
and has an intermediate phenotype. Explain by taking a suitable example and also work out the cross up to the
F₂ progeny. [Delhi 2023 Set-I]
21.Explain the genetic basis of blood grouping in the human population. [All India 2015]
22.In some cattle, the coat colors of red and white are controlled by a single pair of alleles. A calf which receives
the allele for red coat from its mother and the allele for white coat from its father is called a 'roan', and has an
equal number of red and white hairs in its coat.
(a) Is this an example of co-dominance or of incomplete dominance?
(b) Give a reason for your answer.
(c) With the help of a genetic cross, explain what will be the consequence phenotype of the calf when i. red is
dominant over white, ii. red is incompletely dominant. [CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]
23.Differentiate between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Substantiate your answer with one example
of each. [All India 2019]

Topic-3: Inheritance of Two Genes

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)


1. In the dihybrid cross that was conducted by Morgan involving ma ng between parental genera on for genes
yellow-bodied, white-eyed female Drosophila and wild type male Drosophila, up to the F₂ genera on is given
below: [All India 2022, Term-I]
Study the result obtained of the F₂ progeny. Select the correct op on from the given choices for the F₂ progeny.
(a) Parental type, 1.3% : Strength of linkage high
(b) Recombinant types, 1.3% : Strength of linkage low
(c) Parental type 98.7% : Strength of linkage high
(d) Recombinant types, 98.7% : Strength of linkage low
2. Which of the following statements indicate parallelism in genes and chromosomes? [ Sample Paper 2021-22]
(i) They occur in pairs
(ii) They segregate during gamete forma on
(iii) They show linkage
(iv) Independent pairs segregate independently
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii), and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii), and (iv)
3. A cross is made between tall pea plants having green pods and dwarf pea plants having yellow pods. In the F₂
genera on, out of 80 plants, how many are likely to be tall plants? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 45
(d) 60
4. Given below is a dihybrid cross performed on Drosophila. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of this cross? When yellow-bodied (y), white-eyed
(w) Drosophila females were hybridized with brown-bodied (y+), red-eyed males (w+), and F1 progenies were
intercrossed, F₂ genera on would have shown the following ra o:
(a) 1:2:1 because of linkage of genes
(b) 9:3:3:1 because of recombina on of genes
(c) Devia on from 9:3:3:1 ra o because of segrega on of genes
(d) Devia on from 9:3:3:1 ra o because of linkage of genes

Very Short Answer Ques ons (1 Mark)


5. Asser on: When the two genes in a dihybrid cross are situated on the same chromosome, the propor on of
parental gene combina ons is much higher than the non-parental type. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
Reason: Higher parental gene combina ons can be a ributed to crossing over between two genes.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explana on of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explana on of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Short Answer Ques ons (2 or 3 Mark)

6. Compare in any three ways the chromosomal theory of inheritance as proposed by Su on and Boveri with that
of experimental results on pea plants presented by Mendel. [All India 2019]
OR
(a) Explain linkage and recombina on as put forth by T.H. Morgan based on his observa ons with Drosophila
melanogaster crossing experiment. [All India 2019]
(b) Write the basis on which Alfred Sturtevant explained gene mapping.
7. Write the scien fic name of the fruit-fly. Why did Morgan prefer to work with fruit-flies for his experiments?
State any three reasons. [All India 2014]

Long Answer Ques ons (5 Mark)


8. Describe the dihybrid cross up to F₂ genera on as conducted by Gregor Mendel using pure lines of garden pea
for characters seed shape and seed color. [Delhi 2023 Set-III]
9. Why did T.H. Morgan select Drosophila melanogaster for his experiments? [Delhi 2020]
10. (a) How did he disprove Mendelian dihybrid F₂ phenotypic ra o of 9:3:3:1? Explain giving reasons.[Delhi 2020]
(b) How did he disprove Mendelian dihybrid F₂ phenotypic ra o of 9:3:3:1? Explain giving reasons.
11. (a) Write the scien fic name of the organism Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues worked with for their
experiments. Explain the correla on between linkage and recombina on with respect to genes as studied by
them. [All India 2018]
(b) How did Sturtevant explain gene mapping while working with Morgan?
12. State and explain the "Law of Independent Assortment" in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross. [All India 2017]

Topic-4: Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)

1. A single gene that controls the expression of more than one trait is said to show [Delhi 2024]

(a) Mul ple allelism


(b) Polygenic inheritance
(c) Incomplete dominance
(d) Pleiotropism

2. The number of different types of gametes that would be produced from a parent with genotype AABBCC is:
[All India 2022 Term-I]

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

3. How many types of gametes would be produced if the genotype of a parent is AaBB? [ Sample Paper 2021-22]

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

4. In human beings, where genotype AABBCC represents dark skin colour, aabbcc represents light skin colour, and
AaBbCc represents intermediate skin colour; the pa ern of gene c inheritance can be termed as:
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]

(a) Pleiotropy and codominance


(b) Pleiotropy and incomplete dominance
(c) Polygenic and qualita ve inheritance
(d) Polygenic and quan ta ve inheritance

5. At a par cular locus, the frequency of allele A is 0.8 and that of allele a is 0.2. What would be the frequency of
heterozygotes in a random ma ng popula on at equilibrium? [CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]

(a) 0.32
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.24
(d) 0.48

Topic-5: Sex Determination

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)

1. Which of the following animals exhibit male heterogamety? [All India 2022, Term-I]
(i) Fruit fly (ii) Fowl
(iii) Human (iv) Honey bee
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
2. Which of the following combina ons of chromosome numbers represents the correct sex determina on
pa ern in honey bees? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) Male 32, Female 16
(b) Male 16, Female 32
(c) Male 31, Female 32
(d) Female 32, Male 31
3. A couple has two daughters. What is the probability that the third child will also be a female?
[CBSE Solve Paper 2021-22]
(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%

Asser on Reason/Two Statement Type Ques on

4. Asser on (A): In birds, the sex of the offspring is determined by males. [Delhi 2024]
Reason (R): Males are homogame c while females are heterogame c.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explana on of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explana on of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Very Short Answer Ques ons (1 Mark)


5. A male honeybee has 16 chromosomes whereas its female has 32 chromosomes. Give one reason.
[All India 2016]
6. How many chromosomes do drones of honeybee possess? Name the type of cell division involved in the
produc on of sperms by them. [All India 2015]

Short Answer Ques ons (2 or 3 Mark)

7. The cytological observa ons made in a number of insects led to the development of the concept of gene c
chromosomal basis of sex determina on mechanism. Honey bee is an interes ng example to study the
mechanism of sex determina on. Study the schema c cross between the male and the female honey bees given
below and answer the ques ons that follow: [All India 2020]
(a) Iden fy the cell divisions 'A' and 'B' that lead to gamete forma on in female and male honey bees, respec vely.
(b) Name the process 'C' that leads to the development of the male honey bee (drone).
8. Explain the mechanism of 'sex determina on' in birds. How does it differ from that of human beings?
[All India 2018]

Long Answer Ques ons (5 Mark)


12. (a) Explain the mechanism of sex determina on in humans. [All India 2013]
(b) Differen ate between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with the help of an example of each.

Topic-6: Mutation

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)


1. What is the smallest part of a DNA molecule that can be changed by a point muta on?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]
(a) Oligonucleo de
(b) Codon
(c) Gene
(d) Nucleo de

Topic-7: Mutation

Mul ple Choice Ques ons (1 Mark)


1. Iden fy the category of gene c disorder depicted in the pedigree chart given below: [All India 2024]

(a) X-Linked recessive


(b) X-Linked dominant
(c) Autosomal recessive
(d) Autosomal dominant
2. Turner's syndrome in humans occurs due to [All India 2024]
(a) Aneuploidy
(b) Euploidy
(c) Polyploidy
(d) Autosomal abnormality
3. A person with trisomy of 21st chromosome shows [Delhi 2024]
(i) Furrowed tongue
(ii) Characteris c palm crease
(iii) Rudimentary ovaries
(iv) Gynaecomas a
Select the correct op on from the choices given below:
(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (ii)
4. Study the pedigree chart of a family showing the inheritance pa ern of a certain disorder. Select the op on that
correctly iden fies the nature of the trait depicted in the pedigree chart. [Delhi 2024]

(a) Dominant X-linked


(b) Recessive X-linked
(c) Autosomal dominant
(d) Autosomal recessive
5. If both the parents are carriers for thalassemia, the chances of an afflicted child being born to them is:
[Delhi 2024]
(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%
6. The cause of Klinefelter's syndrome in humans is: [All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) Absence of Y-chromosome
(b) Absence of X-chromosome
(c) Extra copy of an autosome
(d) Extra copy of an X-chromosome
7. In humans, rolling of the tongue is an autosomal dominant trait (R). In a family, both parents have the trait of
rolling their tongue, but their daughter does not show the trait, whereas the sons have the trait of rolling their
tongue.
The genotypes of the family would be: [All India 2022, Term-I]

8. Study the pedigree analysis of a human given below and iden fy the type of inheritance along with an example:
[All India 2022, Term-I]

(a) Sex-linked recessive, Haemophilia


(b) Sex-linked dominant, Vitamin D resistant rickets
(c) Autosomal recessive, Sickle-cell anaemia
(d) Autosomal dominant, Myotonic Dystrophy
9. The correct statement with respect to Thalassemia in humans is: [All India 2022, Term-I]
(a) α-Thalassemia is controlled by a single gene HBB.
(b) The gene for α-Thalassemia is located on chromosome-16.
(c) β-Thalassemia is controlled by two closely linked genes HBA-1 and HBA-2.
(d) In β-Thalassemia, the produc on of α-globin chain is affected.
10. Given below is a Karyotype of a human foetus obtained for screening to find any probable gene c disorder:
[All India 2022, Term-I]

Based on the Karyotype, the chromosomal disorder detected in the unborn foetus and the consequent symptoms
the child may suffer from are:
(a) Turner's syndrome: Sterile ovaries, short stature
(b) Down’s syndrome: Gynaecomas a, overall masculine stature
(c) Turner’s syndrome: Small round head, flat back of head
(d) Down’s syndrome: Furrowed tongue, short stature
11. Which of the following amino acid subs tu ons is responsible for causing sickle-cell anemia?
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]
(a) Valine is subs tuted by Glutamic acid in the α-globin chain at the sixth posi on
(b) Valine is subs tuted by Glutamic acid in the α-globin chain at the seventh posi on
(c) Glutamic acid is subs tuted by Valine in the α-globin chain at the sixth posi on
(d) Glutamic acid is subs tuted by Valine in the α-globin chain at the seventh posi on
12. What is the pa ern of inheritance in the above pedigree chart? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]

(a) Autosomal dominant


(b) Autosomal recessive
(c) Sex-linked dominant
(d) Sex-linked recessive
13. Placed below is a karyotype of a human being. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]

On the basis of this karyotype, which of the following conclusions can be drawn:
(a) Normal human female
(b) Person is suffering from Colour Blindness
(c) Affected individual is a female with Down’s syndrome
(d) Affected individual is a female with Turner’s syndrome
14. Rajesh and Mahesh have defec ve haemoglobin due to gene c disorders. Rajesh has too few globin molecules
while Mahesh has incorrectly func oning globin molecules. Iden fy the disorder they are suffering from.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22]

15. What should be the genotype of the indicated member? [CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]
Op ons:
(a) AA
(b) Aa
(c) XY
(d) aa

Asser on Reason/Two Statement Type Ques on

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explana on of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explana on of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
16. Asser on (A): In Thalassemia, an abnormal myoglobin chain is synthesized due to a gene defect. [Delhi 2023]
Reason (R): α-Thalassemia is controlled by genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16.
17. Asser on (A): Accumula on of phenylalanine in the brain results in mental retarda on in Phenylketonuria.
Reason (R): The affected person lacks phenylalanine, which is therefore not converted to tyrosine.
[All India 2022, Term-I]

Very Short Answer Ques ons (1 Mark)


18. The diagram below shows the sequence of amino acids in part of a haemoglobin molecule:
[CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24]

(a) If the base T was subs tuted with A, how would it affect the haemoglobin chain?
(b) Name the condi on and the effects associated with the above subs tu on.
19. Name the disorder in humans with the following karyotype: [Delhi 2019]
(a) 22 pairs of autosomes + XO
(b) 22 pairs of autosomes + 21st chromosome + XY
Short Answer Ques ons (2 or 3 Marks)

20. The chromosome number is fixed for all normal organisms, leading to species specifica on, whereas any
abnormality in the chromosome number of the fixed number of chromosomes in both males and females causes
disorders. In males, it is "44 + XY", and in females, it is "44 + XX". The human male is heterogame c, meaning he
produces two types of gametes, one with "22 + X" and another with "22 + Y" chromosomes, respec vely. The
human female, on the other hand, is homogame c (i.e., produces only one type of gamete with "22 + X"
chromosomes). Some mes, an error may occur during meiosis of the cell cycle, where the sister chroma ds fail to
segregate, leading to nondisjunc on. This results in the produc on of abnormal gametes with an altered
chromosome number. Upon fer liza on, such gametes develop into abnormal individuals. [Delhi 2023 Set-I]
(a) State what is aneuploidy.
(b) If during spermatogenesis, the chroma ds of sex chromosomes fail to segregate during meiosis, write the
different types of gametes with an altered chromosome number that could possibly be produced.
(c) A normal human sperm (22 + Y) fer lizes an ovum with a karyotype (22 + XX). Name the disorder the offspring
thus produced would suffer from and write any two symptoms of the disorder.
OR
(c) Name a best known and most common autosomal aneuploidy in humans and write any two symptoms.
21. Generally, it is observed that human males suffer from haemophilia more than human females, who rarely
suffer from it. Explain, giving reasons. [All India 2020]

22. Two children, A and B, aged 4 and 5 years, respec vely, visited a hospital with a similar gene c disorder. Girl A
was provided enzyme-replacement therapy and was advised to revisit periodically for further treatment. Boy B,
however, was given a therapy that did not require revisits for further treatment. [All India 2019]
(a) Name the ailments the two girls were suffering from.
(b) Why did the treatment provided to Girl A require repeated visits?
(c) How was Girl B cured permanently?
23. Give names of Mendelian disorders along with their symptoms. [All India 2019]
24. Write down a short note on the gene c disease known as Thalassemia. [All India 2019]

Long Answer Ques ons (5 Marks)


31.(i) Why is sickle-cell anaemia, a human blood disorder, so named?
(ii) Explain the gene c basis that results in the expression of this disorder.
(iii) Work out a cross to explain how normal parents may have a sickle-cell anaemic child. [All India 2024]
ANSWER KEY
Topic-1: Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

1. (c) Males and females, respectively. (1 Mark)


2. (c) According to Mendel, the natures of unit factor that control the expression of trait were
stable and discrete. (1 Mark)
3. (c) The dominant pod colour of Pisum sativum is green colour while recessive pod colour is
yellow in colour. (1 Mark)
4. A geneticist prefers to choose organisms for experiments with shorter life cycle because it
helps the geneticist to study many generations in the shorter life spans of those organisms.
(1 Mark)
5. The two contrasting traits related to the seeds of pea plant that were studied by Mendel are
as follows:
Seed shape: Round seeds and Wrinkled seeds
Seed colour: Yellow and Green (1 Mark)
6. Three reasons that are responsible for the delay in accepting Mendel’s work:
Lack of communication and publicity.
His concept of factors or genes as discrete units that did not blend with each other was not
accepted.
Mendel’s approach to explain biological phenomena with the help of mathematics was also
not accepted. (3 Marks)

Topic-2: Inheritance of One Gene

1. (c) Reginald Punnett, an English geneticist, established one of the simplest methods for
calculating the mathematical chance of inheriting a given feature. Punnett square became
popular as a result of his technique. It’s the simplest graphical method for determining all
conceivable genotype combinations in children. (1 Mark)

2. (b) When cross is occur between axial (Aa) and terminal (aa) then,
As shown in Punnett square, the phenotype ratio of Axial flower is 50% and terminal flower is 50%.
(1 Mark)

3. (b) The cross between pure breed of tall plant with white colour flower (TTbb) with pure
breed of short plant and blue flower (ttBB). Then the F₁ progeny will be:

Tall plant with blue flower: 9

Tall plant with white flower: 3

Dwarf plant with blue flower: 3

Dwarf plant with white flower: 1

Therefore, the probability of short plant with blue flower is:


3/16 of 2160 = 405 (1 Mark)

4. (d) A × aa (1 Mark)
5. (b) Ab × Ab (1 Mark)
6. (ii), (iii), (iv),(v) (1 Mark)
7. (d) Three genes A, B, and C control skin colour in humans where the dominant forms A, B,
and C are responsible for dark skin colour and the recessive forms ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ for light
skin colour. Hence, the type of gametes produced by the parent with genotype AABBCc is 4.
(1 Mark)
8. (d) If the father is with heterozygous A blood group (IᴬIᴼ) and mother with heterozygous B
blood group (IᴮIᴼ), then the progeny of such parents are:

Phenotype blood group of IᴬIᴮ - (AB blood group)

IᴮIᴼ (B blood group)

IᴬIᴼ (A blood group

IᴼIᴼ (O blood group) (1 Mark)


9. (d) Aa × aa (1 Mark)
10. (c) 2 Red: 2 Pink (1 Mark)
11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (1 Mark)
12. Test cross is used for the determination of genotype of pea plant bearing violet flowers.
(1Mark)
13. (d) The test cross between green pod colour (GG) and yellow pod colour (gg) in garden pea.

Hence, the genotype and phenotype of this test cross is 1:1. (1 Mark)

14. The Punnett square helps in understanding the production of gametes by the parents and
formation of the zygotes in F₁ and F₂ generations. The Punnett square is a graphical
representation for the calculation of probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a
genetic cross. (1 Mark)

15. The difference between gene and allele is as follows:


16. (a) Phenotype of Man’s blood group: A
Genotype of Woman’s blood group: AB
Phenotype of child: B

For the blood group of the child to be B, the man's genotype should be Ai. Then the
genotype of the child is Bi.

Possible genotypes of children that could be born to this couple:

(2 Marks)

(b) The basis of ABO blood grouping in humans is multiple allelism, where three alleles govern the
same character. (1 Mark)

17.

In this example, the unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous.

In this example, the unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive (gg) individual.
The dominant allele G represents green pod colour, while the recessive allele g represents
yellow pod colour. The genotypes of the resulting offspring can be read from the Punnett
square.

The possible genotypes of the offspring are GG and Gg. GG individuals will have green pods. Gg
individuals will also have green pods because the green colour is dominant. Only gg individuals
will have yellow pods. The phenotypic ratio of the offspring from this test cross will be 1:1 (half
will have green pods, half will have yellow pods). The genotypic ratio will be 1:1 meaning half of
the offspring will be homozygous dominant (GG) and half will be heterozygous (Gg). (3 Marks)
18. Mendel’s law of dominance states that characteristics are controlled by discrete units called
factors (genes). They occur in pairs. In a dissimilar pair of factors, one member dominates
(dominant) over the other (recessive).

This law is used to explain the expression of only one of the parental characters in a
monohybrid cross in the F₁ generation. The expression of both alleles in the F₂ generation.
He also explained the proportion of 3:1 obtained at the F₂ generation. (3 Marks)

Diagrammatic Representation of an Example of Mendel’s Law of Dominance:

19. A test cross is used to determine the genotype of a pea plant. In this, a tall plant is crossed
with a dwarf plant. In the F₁ genera on, all the progeny obtained are tall. So, the genotype of
the tall plant is TT. In the F₂ genera on, 50% tall plants and 50% dwarf plants are obtained.
The genotype of the tall plant is Tt.

Diagramma c representa on of Test Cross:


20. If the F₁ progeny has a phenotype that does not resemble either of the two parents, this
could be due to incomplete dominance or codominance. Incomplete dominance is seen in
cross-pollina on experiments between red and white Snapdragon plants. The allele that
produces the red colour (R) is not completely dominant over the recessive allele that
produces white colour (r). The resul ng offspring are pink. (5 Marks)
21. The inheritance of human blood group is an example of codominance and mul ple alleles.
ABO blood grouping in humans is controlled by I gene. The plasma membrane of red blood
cells has sugar polymers that determine blood type. The I gene has three alleles: Iᴬ, Iᴮ, and i.
The Iᴬ and Iᴮ alleles are dominant over i, and both Iᴬ and Iᴮ express their respec ve sugars.
This phenomenon is called codominance. Hence red blood cells have both A and B types of
sugars. There are three different alleles and there are six different genotype of human ABO
blood group. (2½ Marks)
22. (a) Codominance (1 Mark)

(b) Codominance is a condi on where both alleles for a trait are expressed equally. (1Mark)

(c) (i) If pure-breeding red-coated ca le are represented as RR and pure-breeding


white-coated ca le are rr, then red is dominant over white. A cross between RR and rr will
produce red-coated (RR) and white-coated (rr) ca le in a ra o of 3:1.

Parents : RR (Red) X rr (White)

Gametes : R

(ii) If red-coated and white-coated ca le produce pink colour on a cross then,


they exhibit incomplete dominance in the inheritance of coat colour due to
which they produce pink coloured coat upon hybridisa on.

If pure brooding rod coated ca les are represented as 'RR' and pure breeding
white coated as them the pink coated ca les are ‘Rr’
A cross between 'RR' and 'r' would produce pink coated ca les (Rr) and white
coated ca le (rr) in the ra o of 1:2:1

Parents: RR (Red) Xin (White)

Garments : R W

F1 Generation – 1:2:1 (1½ Marks)

23. The difference between incomplete and co-dominance are ass follows

Topic-3: Inheritance of Two Genes

1. (c)
2. (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) (1 Mark)
3. (d)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. The chromosomal theory of inheritance given by Su on and Boveri and experimental results
presented by Mendel can be compared in the following ways:
1. In a diploid organism, the factors (genes) and chromosomes occur in pairs.
2. Both chromosomes as well as genes segregate at the me of gamete forma on such that only
one of each pair is transmi ed to a gamete. So, a gamete contains only one chromosome of a
type and only one of the two alleles of a trait.
3. Each pair of chromosomes and gene segregates independent of another pair.
4. The paired condi on of both chromosomes and Mendelian factors is restored during
fer lisa on. (3 Marks)

or

(a) T.H. Morgan studied X-linked genes in Drosophila and observed that when two genes in a
dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the propor on of parental gene
combina ons was much higher than the non-parental type. He a ributed this to the physical
associa on or linkage of the two genes on a chromosome and coined the term linkage. The term
recombina on describes the genera on of non-parental gene combina ons. (1½ Marks)
(b) Alfred Sturtevant used the frequency of recombina on between gene pairs on the same
chromosome as a measure of distance between them and mapped their posi on on the
chromosome. (1½ Marks)
7. The scien fic name of the fruit fly is Drosophila melanogaster.
Morgan preferred to work with fruit flies for his experiments because:
 They are easily grown on a simple synthe c medium in the laboratory.
 They complete their life cycle in about two weeks, and single ma ng could produce a large
number of offspring.
 There was clear differen a on of sexes, as male and female flies are easily dis nguishable.
(2 Marks)
8. In the dihybrid cross with pea plants, Mendel crossed two pea plants with a set of two
contras ng characteris cs, for example- the seed color as well as seed shape. He crossed a pea
plant with round, green seeds with one having yellow, wrinkled seeds. The plants obtained in the F1
genera on were then self-crossed and the phenotypic ra o of the plants obtained in the F2 is
known as Mendel’s dihybrid ra o, which resulted in 9:3:3:1. (2½ Marks)
9. (a) T.H. Morgan selected Drosophila melanogaster for his experiments because he found that fruit flies
are suitable for studies as:
 They could be easily grown on simple synthe c medium in the laboratory.
 They tend to complete their life cycle in about two weeks and a single ma ng could produce a large
number of progeny flies.
 Sexes are clearly differen ated between male and female flies.
 They exhibit several types of hereditary varia ons that can be observed with a low-power
microscope. (2½ Marks)
(b) Morgan carried out many dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study the genes that were sex-linked.
These crosses were similar to the dihybrid cross performed by Mendel in peas. He hybridized yellow-
bodied, white-eyed females to brown-bodied, red-eyed males and intercrossed their F1 progeny.
 He then observed that the two genes did not segregate independently to each other and the F2
ra o deviated significantly from the 9:3:3:1 ra o.
 He observed that the genes were located on the X-chromosome and saw quickly that when the two
genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the propor on of parental gene
combina ons were much higher than the non-parental type.
 According to Morgan, this is because of physical associa on or linkage of the two genes and he
coined the term linkage.
 It is used to describe this physical associa on of genes on a chromosome and is called
recombina on. It is a term used to describe the genera on of non-parental gene combina ons. (2½
Marks)

10. Same answer ques 9

11. (a) Drosophila melanogaster - Morgan carried out several dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study
genes that were sex-linked.Morgan and his group knew that the genes were located on the X
chromosome and saw that when two genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome,
the propor on of parental gene combina ons was much higher than the non-parental type.Morgan
a ributed this to linkage and coined the term linkage to describe the physical associa on of genes on a
chromosome. He also coined recombina on to describe the genera on of non-parental gene
combina ons.Morgan and his group also found that when genes were grouped on the same
chromosome, some genes were very ghtly linked (showed very low recombina on) while others were
loosely linked.Morgan's student Alfred Sturtevant used the frequency of recombina on between gene
pairs on the same chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes and mapped their
posi ons on the chromosome.(2½ Marks)

(b) Alfred Sturtevant expressed the frequency of recombina on between gene pairs present on the
same chromosome as the distance between those genes. He then mapped the posi ons of genes on the
chromosome. Today, gene maps are used as a star ng point in genome sequencing.
(2½ Marks)

12. The law of independent assortment states that "when pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid,
segrega on of one pair of characters is independent of other pair of characters." This law was proposed by
Mendel, based on the results of dihybrid crosses, where inheritance of two traits was considered
simultaneously Independent assortment is not applicable for the genes located on the same chromosome,
i.e., linked genes. The following cross between a pure-breeding plant with yellow, round seeds and
another pure-breeding plant with green, wrinkled seeds can be taken as an example to explain this law.
(2½ Marks)
Topic-4: Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropy

1. (d)
2. (d) Three genes A, B, and C control skin colour in humans, with the dominant forms A, B, and C
responsible for dark skin colour, and the recessive forms a, b, c for light skin colour. The type of
gametes produced by the parent with genotype AABBCc is 4. (1 Mark)
3. (b) 2 (1 Mark)
4. (d) Polygenic and quan ta ve inheritance (1 Mark)
5. (a) 0.32 (1 Mark)

Topic-5: Sex Determina on

1. (a) Males produce two different types of gametes:


 Either with or without X chromosome
 Or some with X chromosome and some with Y chromosome
Such types of sex determina on mechanisms are designated as male heterogamety.
Example: Human beings, Drosophila (1 Mark)
2. (b) Male: 16, Female: 32 (1 Mark)
3. (b) 50% (1 Mark)
4. (d) (1 Mark)
5. Male honeybees are formed by the process of parthenogenesis, which involves the development of
unfer lized eggs.
 The unfer lized eggs carry only half the number of chromosomes (i.e., 16 chromosomes, haploid).
 Female honeybees are developed from fer lized eggs and have 32 chromosomes (1 Mark)
6. In honeybees, the females are diploid and males are haploid (total 16 chromosomes). Males develop
from unfer lized eggs, and these eggs undergo mito c divisions to produce more haploid cells (1 Mark)
7. (a) ‘A’ Female honeybees are diploid, so meiosis takes place for gamete forma on. ‘B’ Male
honeybees are haploid, so mitosis takes place for gamete forma on. (1½ Marks)
(b) Honeybees are classified into three categories: Queen, Drone, and Worker Bees.Male honeybees are
called drones.Male honeybees develop from unfer lized female eggs (parthenogenesis), which is called
Arrhenotoky.Arrhenotoky is a type of parthenogenesis, in which unfer lized eggs develop into males.
(1½ Marks)
8. In birds, sex determina on is of ZW-ZZ type: Males are homogame c (ZZ) Females are heterogame c
(ZW)

Thus, in human beings, the chromosomal mechanism of sex determina on is XX-XY type:
 Human male is heterogame c (XY)
 Human female is homogame c (XX) (2 Marks)
12. (a) The chromosome pa ern in the human female is XX, and in the male, it is XY.The haploid gametes
produced by the female (ova) have the sex chromosome X, while in the male (sperms), the sex
chromosome could either be X or Y.Hence, 50% of the sperms carry the X chromosome, whereas the
other 50% carry the Y chromosome.A er the fusion of male and female gametes, the zygote carries
either XX or XY, depending on whether the sperm carrying X or Y chromosome fer lized the ovum.Zygote
carrying XX would develop into a female baby, and XY would become a male baby.Thus, it is concluded
that the sex of a child is dependent on the father, not on the mother.
(2½ Marks)
(b) The difference between male and female heterogamety:
Topic-6: Muta on
1. (d) Nucleo de (1 Mark)

Topic-7: Gene c Disorders

1. (c) Autosomal recessive


2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (d) The given pedigree analysis shows us the inheritance pa ern of an autosomal recessive disorder,
Thalassemia.
5. (a) Only 25% chances are there for a child to be born with Thalassemia.
6. (d) Klinefelter’s Syndrome is a gene c disorder caused due to the presence of an addi onal copy of
the X chromosome, resul ng in a karyotype of 47, XXY (1 Mark)
7. (b)
8. (d) Representa ve pedigree analysis is the example of an autosomal dominant trait, Myotonic
dystrophy. (1 Mark)
9. (b) Thalassemia is controlled by a single gene HBA1 on chromosome 11 of each parent and occurs
due to a muta on of one or both genes.In Thalassemia, produc on of the β-globin chain is affected.
Thalassemia is controlled by two closely linked genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16 of each
parent (1 Mark)
10. (a) Turner’s Syndrome is a disorder caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosomes (i.e.,
45, X0).Such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary (1 Mark)
11. (d) Glutamic acid is subs tuted by Valine in the β-chain at the sixth posi on.(1 Mark)
12. (b) Autosomal recessive
(1 Mark)
13. (c) Affected individual is a female with Down syndrome (1 Mark)
14. (b)
15. (d) aa (1 Mark)
16. (d) In thalassemia, the forma on of abnormal hemoglobin molecules results in anemia, which is
characteris c of the disease. Thalassemia is controlled by two closely linked genes HBA1 and HBA2
on chromosome 16 of each parent, and it is observed due to muta on or dele on of one or more of
the four genes. (1 Mark)
17. (c) The affected individual lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine into
tyrosine.mAs a result, this phenylalanine is accumulated and converted into phenylpyruvic acid and
other deriva ves.Accumula on of these in the brain results in mental retarda on.(1 Mark)
18. (a) CTT would become CAT, which codes for valine. Thus, valine would replace glutamic acid at that
point.(½ Mark)
(b) Sickle cell anemia, the mutant hemoglobin molecule, undergoes polymeriza on, leading to the
change in the shape of RBCs from biconcave disc to elongated sickle-like structure (½ Mark)
19. (a) 22 pairs of autosomes + XO occurs in Turner syndrome.The total number of chromosomes is 45
with XO.Females with Turner syndrome are sterile as their ovaries are rudimentary.Such females
also lack other secondary sexual characters (½ Mark)
(b) 22 pairs of autosomes + 21st chromosome + XY occurs in Klinefelter's syndrome. It is a gene c
disorder caused due to the presence of an addi onal copy of the X chromosome, resul ng in 47,
XXY chromosomes.Such males have overall masculine development, but they have feminine
development such as breast development. Such males are sterile. (½ Mark)
20. (a) Failure of segrega on of chroma ds during the cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of a
chromosome, called aneuploidy.(1 Mark)
(b) If sister chroma ds fail to separate during meiosis II, the result is:One gamete that lacks that
chromosomeTwo normal gametes with one copy of the chromosomeOne gamete with two copies
of the chromosom (1 Mark)
(c) Klinefelter’s Syndrome is a gene c disorder caused due to the presence of an addi onal copy of
the X chromosome, resul ng in a karyotype of 47, XXY.Such an individual has overall masculine
development; however, feminine development (breast, i.e., gynecomas a) is also expressed.Such
individuals are sterile. (1 Mark)
OR
(c) Down’s Syndrome is an autosomal aneuploid abnormality, caused due to a gene c disorder.It is
the presence of an addi onal copy of chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21).The symptoms shown
in an individual include: Short stature with a small round head Furrowed tongue Par ally open
mouth Broad palm with characteris c palm crease Physical, psychomotor, and mental development
is retarded. (1 Mark)
21. Hemophilia is a Recessive X-Linked Gene c DisorderHemophilia is more common among males than
females because males inherit only one X chromosome.Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal
chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (total 46 chromosomes).Females have XX
chromosomes, while males have XY chromosomes.Male offspring inherit their X chromosome from
their mother and Y chromosome from their father.Males have only one X chromosome, and if this X
chromosome carries a muta on, they suffer from hemophilia.Females, having two X chromosomes,
are usually carriers because this is a recessive disorder, so they pass it to male offspring. (3 Marks)
22. (a) The two girls are suffering from a gene c disorder resul ng in adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency, caused due to the dele on of its gene that codes for the adenosine deaminase enzyme.
(1 Mark)
(b)Girl A was treated by enzyme replacement therapy, in which func onal ADA is given to the
pa ent by injec on.This technique is not completely cura ve as it requires repeated infusion. (1
Mark)
(c)Girl B was treated using gene therapy, where the gene isolated from marrow cells producing ADA
was introduced into cells at an early embryonic stage to provide a permanent cure (1 Mark)
23. According to Mendelian gene cs, inheritance pa erns follow inheritance from two carrying
parents.
Phenylketonuria
This gene c disorder is autosomal recessive in nature.It is an inborn error caused due to the
decreased metabolism level of the amino acid phenylalanine.In this disorder, the affected person
does not have the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine.As a result, phenylalanine
accumula on takes place in the body and is converted into many deriva ves that result in mental
retarda on.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder.Being a recessive disorder, it is expressed only in
homozygous recessive condi ons.Human males have only one copy of the affected gene in cells,
which is sufficient to cause the disorder (XʰY).Since it is an X-linked recessive muta on, it is more
frequent in males.Females carry two X chromosomes and must have both copies of the affected
gene to show the disorder (XʰXʰ).Females who are heterozygous (XʰX) are carriers but do not suffer
from the disease.If hemophilia were a Y-linked disorder, it would have been expressed only in
males, as males carry one copy of the Y chromosome and can express both recessive and dominant
Y-linked genes.(3 Marks)
24. This is a type of disorder in which the body makes an abnormal amount of hemoglobin. As a result,
a large number of red blood cells are destroyed, leading to anemia. (3 Marks)
It is an autosomal recessive disease.
The defect could be due to either muta on or dele on, which ul mately results in reduced
synthesis of one of the globin chains (α and β chains) that make up hemoglobin.This causes the
forma on of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, resul ng in anemia, which is characteris c of the
disease.
Thalassemia can be classified according to which chain of the hemoglobin molecule is affected:
α Thalassemia: Produc on of α globin chain is affected.
β Thalassemia: Produc on of β globin chain is affected.
α Thalassemia is controlled by two closely linked genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16 of
eachparent.It is observed due to muta on or dele on of one or more of the four genes. The more
genes affected, the fewer alpha globin molecules produced.
β Thalassemia is controlled by a single gene HBB on chromosome 11 of each parent and occurs due
to muta on of one or both the genes.
Thalassemia differs from sickle-cell anemia in that the former is a quan ta ve problem (reduced
number of globin molecules), while the la er is a qualita ve problem (incorrect hemoglobin
produc on).
31. (i) The sickle cell anemia is named so because the mutant hemoglobin molecule undergoes
polymeriza on under low oxygen tension, causing a change in RBC shape from a biconcave disc to an
elongated sickle-like structure. (1 Mark)
(ii) This is an autosomal linked recessive trait that is transmi ed from parents to offspring when both
parents are carriers (heterozygous).
 The disease is controlled by a single pair of alleles (HbA and Hbs).
 Out of three possible genotypes, only homozygous individuals (HbsHbs) show the diseased
phenotype.
 Heterozygous individuals (HbA Hbs) appear normal but are carriers. They have a 50% probability of
passing the mutant gene to their offspring, leading to the sickle-cell trait.
 The defect occurs due to the subs tu on of Glutamic Acid (Glu) with Valine (Val) at the 6th posi on
of the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin.
 This subs tu on results due to a single base muta on at the sixth codon (GAG to GUG).(2 Marks)
(iii) Cross showing normal parents who are carriers of sickle cell anemia and the chances of having a
sickle cell anemic child:

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